The diagram shows a human cell and some of its contents.
1
(a) Choose words from this list to label the diagrams.
chromosome cytoplasm gene nucleus
(3)
(b) Choose words from this list to complete the sentence.
a body cell an egg cell a gamete a sperm cell
In the cell above, the chromosomes are found in pairs so this cell must be
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
The diagram shows an evolutionary tree for the great apes.
2
Page 1 of 19
(a) (i) How many years ago did chimpanzees evolve?
million years ago
(1)
(ii) Which animal shown in the diagram is the most distant relative of hominids?
(1)
(b) Charles Darwin is well known for his theory of evolution.
(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Darwin’s theory states that evolution happens by a process
mutation
called natural selection.
variation.
(1)
(ii) People did not accept Darwin’s theory when it was first published.
Give one reason why his theory was not accepted at first.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 2 of 19
One type of soil bacterium produces a poison. The poison kills some insects that feed on cotton
3 plants.
A cotton plant
© Michael Valdez/iStock
(a) Cotton plants can be genetically modified to produce this poison.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
The gene that codes for the production of the poison is cut from the
an insect.
chromosome of the soil bacterium.
the cotton plant.
an enzyme.
This is done using a microorganism.
scissors.
soil bacterium.
The gene is then transferred to the cells of the cotton plant.
insect pests.
(3)
Page 3 of 19
(b) Read the following statements about genetically modified (GM) cotton.
• GM cotton reduces the need to use pesticides.
• GM cotton may kill useful insects.
• GM cotton produces higher yields.
• GM cotton may cause wild plants to produce the poison.
• Some people will not wear clothes made from GM cotton.
Some people do not agree with growing GM cotton plants.
Other people think it is a good idea to grow GM cotton plants.
Use information given in the statements to answer the following question.
Suggest one economic advantage and two environmental disadvantages of growing
GM cotton plants.
One economic advantage:
Two environmental disadvantages:
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 4 of 19
The figure below shows flamingos. Flamingos are birds. They have long legs.
4
They can walk in deep water and use their long necks to reach food in the mud.
How would Darwin have explained the evolution of the flamingo’s long neck?
Use the correct answer from the box to complete each sentence.
mutation natural selection sexual reproduction variation
In a population of flamingos there are birds with different lengths of neck.
This range of differences in neck length is called .
The flamingos with longer necks are better adapted to feed in deeper waters.
They are more likely to survive than flamingos with shorter necks.
This is an example of .
The surviving flamingos pass on their genes for a longer neck to their offspring
during .
(Total 3 marks)
Page 5 of 19
A student carried out a survey of eye colour in her class.
5
Her results are shown in the figure below.
Eye colour
(a) What type of variable is eye colour?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
categoric continuous control
(1)
(b) (i) How many people in the class had blue eyes?
Number of people with blue eyes =
(1)
(ii) How many people were in the student’s class?
Number of people in the class =
(1)
(iii) Give one conclusion that can be made from the data in the figure above.
(1)
Page 6 of 19
(c) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
a cell a gene nucleus
Eye colour is controlled by .
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
mother’s milk enzyme sex cells
The information for eye colour is passed from parents to offspring in the
.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
These young rabbits look like their parents. This is because information about characteristics
6 such as fur colour is passed from parents to their young.
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
body chromosomes clones cytoplasm
genes nucleus sex
Information is passed from parents to their young in cells.
Each characteristic, e.g. fur colour, is controlled by .
The structures which carry information for a large number of characteristics are
called .
The part of the cell which contains these structures is called the .
(Total 4 marks)
Page 7 of 19
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
7
bones extinct fossils
muscles rocks
In the past some types of animals and plants have died out.
They have become .
We know about these animals and plants because we find them as .
Sometimes the hard parts of animals such as did not decay.
In other cases the bodies of animals and plants were replaced by minerals.
You can still see their shape in .
(Total 4 marks)
(a) (i) Darwin’s theory of evolution states that all species of living things have evolved from
8 simple life forms.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Simple life forms first developed on Earth more than
3 thousand years ago. 3 million years ago. 3 billion years ago.
(1)
(ii) Darwin’s theory of evolution was not accepted when he first suggested it.
Give one reason why.
(1)
Page 8 of 19
(b) Figure 1 shows an evolutionary tree for the ‘bigcats’.
(i) How long ago did the lion evolve?
million years ago
(1)
(ii) Which animal is the closest relative to the tiger?
(1)
Page 9 of 19
(c) Figure 2 shows a tiger. Tigers are large, striped animals. Tigers live and hunt in grassland
and forest areas of Asia. They feed on animals such as deer.
© Jupiterimages/PHOTOS.com/Thinkstock
Suggest how stripes help the tiger to survive in its habitat.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) In sexual reproduction a sperm cell joins with an egg cell.
9
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box.
bladder kidney liver lung ovary testis
(i) The organ in which a sperm cell is made is the
(1)
(ii) The organ in which an egg cell is made is the
(1)
(b) What name is given to the process in which sperm cells and eggs cells join together?
(1)
(c) Two new cells are formed from one cell by asexual reproduction.
Page 10 of 19
How, genetically, does the nucleus of new cell C compare with:
(i) the nucleus of the other new cell B;
(1)
(ii) the nucleus of the original cell A?
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
The diagram shows how a Labrador can be crossed with a Poodle to produce a Labradoodle
10 puppy.
(a) (i) What is the name of Cell A shown above?
(1)
Page 11 of 19
(ii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
The sperm cell and Cell A are types of
embryo. gamete. gene.
The type of reproduction shown in the diagram is called
asexual reproduction. tissue culture. sexual reproduction.
(2)
(b) The Labradoodle puppy has some characteristics of each of its parents, but it is not
identical to either parent.
(i) Give one characteristic of the Labradoodle puppy which is similar to the Labrador
father but not the Poodle mother.
(1)
(ii) Give one characteristic of the Labradoodle puppy which is similar to the Poodle
mother but not the Labrador father.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Sometimes an adult offspring will show a distinct variation from its parents, like a zebra
11 appearing to have no stripes.
Page 12 of 19
(a) (i) Changes of this sort are called
(1)
(ii) Which part of the cell has chemically changed to cause this variation? Circle the
correct answer.
Cytoplasm gene membrane nucleus
(1)
(b) Give a cause of this type of chemical change in a cell.
(1)
(c) Use zebras as an example to explain the term species.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
12
coal dinosaurs extinct fossils rocks
Many animals and plants which once existed have died out.
They are now .
We know about them because their remains formed
which are found in .
(Total 4 marks)
Bacteria and viruses can reproduce quickly inside the body and make people feel ill.
13
(a) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
antibodies antitoxins toxins
Bacteria and viruses make us feel ill because they produce .
(1)
Page 13 of 19
(b) (i) Antibiotics can be used to treat some infections.
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
bacteria bacteria and viruses viruses
Antibiotics are medicines that kill .
(1)
(ii) New strains of pathogens have developed which are resistant to antibiotics.
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
are short of food invade body cells mutate
New strains are produced when pathogens .
(1)
(iii) What will scientists have to develop to kill these new resistant strains?
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 14 of 19
Mark schemes
(a) (i) nucleus
1
(ii) chromosome
(iii) gene
each for 1 mark
3
(b) a body cell
for 1 mark
1
[4]
(a) (i) 3 (million years ago)
2 1
(ii) orangutans
1
(b) (i) natural selection
1
(ii) any one from:
• went against religious beliefs
• insufficient evidence (at the time)
allow no proof
• mechanism of inheritance / variation not known (at the time)
• there were other theories e.g. Lamarck
allow people couldn’t accept the idea of evolving from other animals
1
[4]
(a) the soil bacterium
3 1
an enzyme
1
cotton plant
1
(b) economic advantage
any one from:
• (higher yield) so can sell more
allow farmer makes more money
1
Page 15 of 19
• less spent (on pesticides)
1
environmental disadvantages
any two from:
• may kill useful / other insects
• may cause wild plants to produce the poison
allow example eg bees
• may affect ecosystem / food chain
ignore environment
2
[6]
variation
4
must be in correct order
1
natural selection
1
(sexual) reproduction
1
[3]
(a) categoric
5
extra words circled negates mark
1
(b) (i) 11
1
(ii) 25
allow ecf from part (i)
ie (i) +14
1
(iii) any one from:
• blue is the most common eye colour
• green is the least common eye colour
ignore figures
allow mode / modal
allow more have blue eyes
1
(c) (i) a gene
1
(ii) sex cells
1
[6]
Page 16 of 19
sex
6 genes
chromosomes
nucleus in order
for 1 mark each
[4]
extinct (NOT fossils)
7 fossils
bones
rocks
each for 1 mark
[4]
(a) (i) 3 billion years ago
8 1
(ii) any one from:
• the theory challenged religious beliefs
• there was insufficient evidence at the time
allow no evidence / proof
• mechanism of inheritance / variation not known
accept genes not known about
• people believed in different theories.
1
(b) (i) 2 (million years ago)
1
(ii) Snow leopard
do not allow leopard
1
(c) camouflaged
allow description of camouflage,
eg blends in with background
allow less likely to be seen
1
[5]
(a) (i) testis
9 1
ovary
1
(b) fertilisation or fertilise(d) / (ing)
accept fusion
do not credit conception or intercourse
1
Page 17 of 19
(c) (i) the same, identical
do not credit very similar make clear
their genetic material is the same
do not credit the same number of chromosomes or genes
1
(ii) the same, identical
make clear their genetic material is the same
do not credit the same number of chromosomes or genes
1
[5]
(a) (i) egg (cell)
10
accept ovum
allow ova
ignore gamete
1
(ii) gamete
1
sexual reproduction
1
(b) (i) Labrador father
any one from:
• (fur) colour
• (shape of) nose / face / head.
allow (shape of) eyes
do not allow references to ears / tail
1
(ii) Poodle mother
any one from:
• curly fur
• furry legs
• (shape of) tail
• (shape of) legs
• (shape of) ears.
allow same body shape
1
[5]
(a) (i) any one from
11
mutations
discontinuous variation
1
(ii) gene
accept any clear indication such as a tick
1
Page 18 of 19
(b) any one from
gamma radiation
accept radiation
X-rays
ultra violet rays
chemicals
accept mutagens
chance
1
(c) zebras breed (to produce)
1
fertile offspring
do not accept mating
1
[5]
fossils
12
gains 1 mark
but
extinct
gains 2 marks
fossils
rocks/coal
each for 1 mark
[4]
(a) toxins
13 1
(b) (i) bacteria
1
(ii) mutate
1
(iii) new / different antibiotic
allow new / different drug
do not allow vaccine
1
[4]
Page 19 of 19
