Introduction to UML

- UML – Unified Modeling Language diagram is designed to let developers and customers view a software
system from a different perspective and in varying degrees of abstraction.
- One reason UML has become a standard modeling language is that it is programming-language
independent.
- Since UML is not a methodology, it does not require any formal work products.
- In an effort to promote Object Oriented designs, three leading object oriented programming researchers
joined ranks to combine their languages:
i. Grady Booch (BOOCH)
ii. James Rumbaugh (OML: object modeling technique)
iii. Ivar Jacobsen (OOSE: object oriented software eng) and come up with an industry standard [mid
1990’s].

Types of UML Diagram

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Structural Diagrams

- Structure diagrams emphasize on the things that must be present in the system being modeled.
- Since structure diagrams represent the structure, they are used extensively in documenting the software
architecture of software systems.

Behavioural Diagrams

- Behavior diagrams emphasize on what must happen in the system being modeled.
- Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behavior of a system, they are used extensively to describe the
functionality of software systems.

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 Use Case Diagram
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Introduction:
- A use case diagram describes how a system interacts with outside actors.
- It is a graphical representation of the interaction among the elements and system.
- Each use case representation a piece of functionality that a system provides to its user.
- Use case identifies the functionality of a system.
- Use case diagram allows for the specification of higher level user goals that the system must carry out.
- These goals are not necessarily to tasks or actions, but can be more general required functionality of
the system.
- You can apply use case to capture the intended behavior of the system you are developing, without
having to specify how that behavior is implemented.
- A use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user's interaction with the system and
depicting the specifications of a use case.
- A use case diagram contains four components.
i. The boundary, which defines the system of interest in relation to the world around it.
ii. The actors, usually individuals involved with the system defined according to their roles.
iii. The use cases, which the specific roles are played by the actors within and around the system.
iv. The relationships between and among the actors and the use cases.
Purpose:
- The main purpose of the use case diagram is to capture the dynamic aspect of a system.
- Use case diagram shows, what software is suppose to do from user point of view.
- It describes the behavior of system from user’s point.
- It provides functional description of system and its major processes.
- Use case diagram defines the scope of the system you are building.

When to Use: Use Cases Diagrams

- Use cases are used in almost every project.
- They are helpful in exposing requirements and planning the project.
- During the initial stage of a project most use cases should be defined.

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Use Case Notations
No. Name Notation Description

1 System boundary The scope of a system can be represented by a system

boundary. The use cases of the system are placed
inside the system boundary, while the actors who
interact with the system are put outside the system.
The use cases in the system make up the total
requirements of the system.

2 Use case A use case represents a user goal that can be achieved
by accessing the system or software application.

3 Actor Actors are the entities that interact with a system.

Although in most cases, actors are used to represent
the users of system, actors can actually be anything
that needs to exchange information with the system.
So an actor may be people, computer hardware, other
systems, etc. Note that actor represent a role that a
user can play, but not a specific user.

4 Association Actor and use case can be associated to indicate that

the actor participates in that use case. Therefore, an
association corresponds to a sequence of actions
between the actor and use case in achieving the use
case.

5 Generalization A generalization relationship is used to represent

inheritance relationship between model elements of
same type.

6 Include An include relationship specifies how the behavior for

the inclusion use case is inserted into the behavior
defined for the base use case.

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7 Extends An extend relationship specifies how the behavior of
the extension use case can be inserted into the
behavior defined for the base use case.

8 Constraint Show condition exists between actors an activity.

9 Package Package is defined as collection of classes. Classes are

unified together using a package.

10 Interface Interface is used to connect package and use-case.

Head is linked with package and tail linked with use-
case.

11 Note Note is generally used to write comment in use-case

diagram.

12 Anchor Anchor is used to connect a note the use case in use

case diagram

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Examples:

Draw Use case diagram for Library management System

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Draw Use-case Diagram For ATM System

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Draw Use-case diagram for online restaurant system

8
Draw Use-case for Online Reservation System

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Draw Use-case diagram for online shopping system
 Class Diagram
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Introduction
- The class diagram is a static diagram.
- A class model captures the static structure of a system by characterizing the objects in the system, the
relationship between the objects, and the attributes and operations for each class of objects.
- The class diagram can be mapped directly with object oriented languages.
- The class model is the most important amonethe three models.
- Class diagram provide a graphical notation for modeling classes and their relationship.
- They are concise, easy to understand, and work well in practice.
- Class diagrams are the backbone of almost every object-oriented method including UML.
- They describe the static structure of a system.

Purpose
- Analysis and design of the static view of an application.
- Describe responsibilities of a system.
- Base for component and deployment diagrams.

When to use : Class Diagram

- Useful for Forward and Reverse engineering.
- Class diagrams are useful both for abstract modeling and for designing actual programs.
- Developer uses class diagram for implementation decision.
- Business analysts can use class diagrams to model systems from the business perspective.
Class Diagram Notations
Sr. No. Name Symbol Meaning

1. Class Class is an entity of the

class diagram. It
describes a group of
objects with same
properties & behavior.
2. Object An object is an instance
or occurrence of a class.
3. Link A link is a physical or
conceptual connection
among objects
4. Association An association is a
description of a links with
common structure &
common semantics.
5. Multiplicity Ex. 1 to 1 Multiplicity specifies the
number of instances of
1 to *
one class that may relate
* to * to a single instance of an
associated class.
* to 1
It is a constraint on the
1 to 0 ... 2 cardinality of a set.
6. Association It is an association that is
class a class which describes
the association with
attributes.

7. cardinality It describes the count of

elements from collection.

8. ordering It is used to indicate an

ordered set of objects
with no duplication
allowed.

9. bag A bag is a collection of

unordered elements with
duplicates allowed.

10. sequence A sequence is an ordered

collection of elements
with duplicates allowed.

11. qualified Qualification increases

association the precision of a model.
It is used to avoid many
to many multiplicities and
it converts into one to
one multiplicity.
12. generalization Generalization organizes
classes by their super-
class and sub-class
relationship.

13. enumeration An enumeration is a data

type that has a finite set
of values.

14. aggregation It is a strong form of

association in which an
aggregate object is made
of constituent parts.

15. composition It is a form of

aggregation. Composition
implies ownership of the
parts by the whole.

16. Abstract class It is a class that has no

direct instances.

17. Concrete class It is a class that is

intangible; it can have
direct instances. Class-2 is
example of concrete class

18. package A package is a group of

elements with common
theme.
Examples:

Class Diagram for Library Management System

Class Diagram for ATM
Class Diagram for Online Restaurant System
Class Diagram for Online Reservation System
Class Diagram for Online Shopping System
 Additional Diagram : Class Diagram

1 Prepare Class diagram showing at least 10 relationships among the following object classes. Include associations
and qualified associations, aggregations, generalizations, and multiplicity. You may add additional objects. Also
show attributes and operations. School, playground, principal, school board, classroom, book, student, teacher,
canteen, restroom, computer, desk, chair.
2 Prepare a class diagram for each group of classes. Add at least 10 relationships (associations and generalizations)
to each diagram. File system, file, ASCII file, binary file, directory file, disc, drive, track, and sector.
3 Prepare a class diagram for group of classes. Sink, freezer, refrigerator, table, light, switch, window, smoke alarm,
burglar alarm, cabinet, bread, cheese, ice, door, kitchen

4 Prepare a class diagram for the dining philosopher problem. There are 5 philosophers and 5 forks around a
circular table. Each philosopher has access to 2 forks, one on either side. Each fork is shared by 2 philosophers.
Each fork may be either on the table or in use by one philosopher. A philosopher must have 2 forks to eat.
5 Categorize the following relationships into generalization, aggregation or association. Justify your answer.
i. A country has a capital city.
Association. A capital city and a country are distinct things so generalization certainly does not apply. You
could argue that a capital city is a part of a country and thus they are related by aggregation.
ii. A file is an ordinary file or a directory file.
Generalization. The word “or” often is an indicator of generalization. File is the super class and Ordinary File
and Directory File are subclasses.
iii. Files contain records.
Aggregation. The word “contain” is a clue that the relationship may be aggregation. A record is a part of a
file. Some attributes and operations on files propagate to their constituent records.
iv. A polygon is composed of an ordered set of points.
Aggregation or Composition. The phrase “is composed of” should immediately make you suspicious that
there is an aggregation. An ordered set of points is a part of a polygon. Some attributes and operations on a
polygon propagate to the corresponding set of points.
v. A drawing object is text, a geometrical object, or a group.
Generalization. Once again, the word “or” should prompt you to think of generalization. DrawingObject is
the super class. Text, Geometrical Object, and Group are subclasses.
vi. A route connects two cities.
Association. Either Route is a class associated with the City class, or Route is the name of the association
from City to City.
vii. A student takes a course from a professor.
Ternary association. Student, Course, and Professor are distinct classes of equal stature.
viii. A person uses a computer language on a project.
Ternary association. Person, Computer Language, and Project are all classes of equal stature. The association
cannot be reduced to binary associations. None of these classes are a-kind-of or a-part-of another class.
Thus generalization and aggregation do not apply.
ix. Modems and keyboards are input / output devices.
Generalization. The keyword “are” is the clue. Modem and Keyboard are the subclasses; InputOutputDevice
is the super class.
x. Classes may have several attributes.
Association or aggregation. It depends on your perspective and the purpose of the model whether
aggregation applies.
 xi. A person plays for a team in a certain year.
Ternary association. Person, Team, and Year are distinct classes of equal stature.
xii. A dining philosopher uses a fork.
Association. Dining philosophers and forks are completely distinct things and are therefore not in a
generalization relationship. Similarly, neither object is a part of the other nor the relationship is not
aggregation.

5 Prepare a class diagram for a graphical document editor that supports grouping. Assume that a document consists
of several sheets. Each sheet contains drawing objects, including text, geometrical objects and groups. A group is
simply a set of drawing objects, possibly including other groups. A group must contain at least two drawing
objects. A drawing object can be a direct member of at most one group. Geometrical objects include circles,
ellipses, rectangles, lines and squares.

6 Prepare a meta-model that supports only the following UML concepts: class, attribute, association, association
end, multiplicity, class name, and attribute name. Use only these constructs to build meta-model.
 State Diagram
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
- A state diagram is a graph in which nodes correspond to states and directed arcs correspond to transitions
labeled with event names.
- A state diagram combines states and events in the form of a network to model all possible object states
during its life cycle, helping to visualize how an object responds to different stimuli.
- A state diagram is a graph whose nodes are states and whose directed arcs are transitions between states.
- A state diagram specifies the state sequence caused by event sequence.
- State names must be unique within the scope of a state diagram.
- All objects in a class execute the state diagram for that class, which models their common behavior.
- We can implement state diagrams by direct interpretation or by converting the semantics into equivalent
programming code.
Purpose
- The state model describes those aspects of objects concerned with time and the sequencing of operations
events that mark changes, states that define the context for events, and the organization of events
and states.
- They are used to give an abstract description of the behavior of a system.
- It provides direction and guidance to the individual counties within the states.
- It specifies the possible states, what transitions are allowed between states.
- It describes the common behavior for the objects in a class and each object changes its
behavior from one state to another.
- It is used to describe the dependence of the functionality on the state of the system that
is how the functionality of an object depends on its state and how its state changes as a
result of the events that it receives.
- It describes dynamic behavior of the objects of the system.
When to use: State Diagram
- They are perfectly useful to model behavior in real time system.
- Each state represents a named condition during the life of an object during which it
satisfies some condition or waits for some event.
- It determines how objects of that class react to events.
- For each object state, it determines what actions the object will perform when it receives an event.
State Diagram Notations

No. Name Notation Description

1 State A state is an abstraction of the values and links of

State
an object. State models a situation during which
some (usually implicit) invariant condition holds.

2 Transition A transition is a directed relationship between a

source state and a target state. It may be part of a
compound transition, which takes the state
machine from one state configuration to another

3 Event A transition is an instantaneous change from one

Event
to another state

4 Change Event A change in value of a Boolean expression

When (Condition)

5 Time Event The arrival of an absolute time or the passage of a

at (time condition)
relative amount of time

6 Signal Event Receipt of an explicit, named, asynchronous

communication among objects.

A guard condition is a Boolean expression that

must be true in order for a transition to occur.
7 Guarded [guard condition]
transition

8 Do activity A do activity an activity that continuous for

extended time within state.
9 Entry activity An state is entered by any incoming transition the
entry activity is performed

10 Exit activity When the state is exited by any outgoing

transition the exit activity is performed

11 Nested State A submachine state specifies the insertion of the

Diagram specification of a submachine. The state machine
that contains the submachine state is called the
Sub machine
containing state machine.
Diagram

12 Composite A state can be refined hierarchically by composite

State states.

13 Activity An activity is actual behavior that can be invoked

effect by any number of effects

14 Initial state It shows the starting state of object.

point

15 Final state It shows the terminating state of object.

point
Examples:
State diagram for library management system
State diagram for library management system
State diagram for library management system
State diagram for ATM Management System
State diagram for ATM Management System
State diagram for Online Restaurant management
State diagram for Online Restaurant Management System
State diagram for Online Restaurant management
State diagram for online reservation system
State diagram for online reservation system
State diagram for online reservation system
State diagram for online shopping system
State diagram for online shopping system
State diagram for online shopping system
 Additional Diagram: State Diagram

1. A simple digital watch has a display and two buttons to set it, the A button and the B button. The watch has two
modes of operation, display time and set time. In the display time mode, the watch displays hours and minutes,
separated by a flashing colon. The set time mode has two sub modes, set hours and set minutes. The A button
selects modes. Each time it is pressed, the mode advances in the sequence: display, set hour, set minutes,
display, etc. Within the sub modes, the B button advances the hours or minutes once each time it is pressed.
Buttons must be released before they can generate another event. Prepare a State diagram of the watch.
2. Draw state diagram for the control of a telephone answering machine. The machine detects an incoming call on
the first ring and answers the call with a prerecorded announcement. When the announcement is complete, the
machine records the caller’s message. When the caller hands up, the machine hangs up and shuts off. Place the
following in the diagram: call detected, answer call, play announcement, record message, caller hangs up,
announcement complete.
4. Differentiate state and event. List different types of events. Identify states and events for a Photocopier (Zerox)
machine from the description given below and draw the state diagram for the same. Initially the machine is off.
When the operator switches on the machine, it first warms up during which it performs some internal tests.
Once the tests are over, machine is ready for making copies. When operator loads a page to be photocopied and
press ‘start’ button, machine starts making copies according to the number of copies selected. While machine is
making copies, machine may go out of paper. Once operator loads sufficient pages, it can start making copies
again. During the photocopy process, if paper jam occurs in the machine, operator may need to clean the path
by removing the jammed paper to make the machine ready.
 Sequence Diagram
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
- Sequence diagrams model the dynamic aspects of a software system.
- The emphasis is on the “sequence” of messages rather than relationship between objects.
- A sequence diagram maps the flow of logic or flow of control within a usage scenario into a visual diagram
enabling the software architect to both document and validate the logic during the analysis and design
stages.
- Sequence diagrams provide more detail and show the message exchanged among a set of objects over time.
- Sequence diagrams are good for showing the behavior sequences seen by users of a diagram shows only the
sequence of messages not their exact timing.
- Sequence diagrams can show concurrent signals.

Purpose
- The main purpose of this diagram is to represent how different business objects interact.
- A sequence diagram shows object interactions arranged in time sequence.
- It depicts the objects and classes involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages exchanged
between the objects needed to carry out the functionality of the scenario.

When to use : Sequence Diagram

- Sequence diagram can be a helpful modeling tool when the dynamic behavior of objects needs to be
observed in a particular use case or when there is a need for visualizing the “big picture of message flow”.
- A company’s technical staff could utilize sequence diagrams in order to document the behavior of a future
system.
- It is during the design period that developers and architects utilize the diagram to showcase the system’s
object interactions, thereby putting out a more fleshed out overall system design.
Sequence Diagram Notations
Sr. No. Name Notation Desription

1 Object It represents the existence of an object

of a particular time.

2 Life line Lifeline represents the duration during

which an object is alive and interacting
with other objects in the system. It is
represented by dashed lines.

3 Scope It shows the time period during which

an object or actor is performing an
action.

4 Message To send message from one object to

another.
transition

5 Message with attribute To send message with some particular

attribute
6 Message with constraint To send message from one object to
other vy some constraint.

7 Acknowledgement It represent communication between

objects conveys acknowledgement.

8 Self message Self message occurs when an object

sends a message to itself.

9 Recursive message Self message occurs when an object

sends a message to itself within
recursive scope.
Examples:
Sequence Diagram for library management system:-
Registration

Issue book

48
Return book

Book not available

49
 Sequence Diagram For ATM Management System:-
Create account

:customer :Server

Log-in

Display banks detail

Select bank

Display all data of bank

Request for registration

Display form

Fill Form
Submit form

send message {Successfully registration } {Verify detail}

Give PIN no.

Log out

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Transaction

:Customer ATM : Machine

Log in

Display web page

Enter PIN no.
verfy:correct
Send message { Successfully Login }

Show language menu

Select language

Show account menu

{Verify balance
Select account Modify database}

Open account
Select transection type

Display transection form

Enter detail ( Money )
Submit form

Give money
Counting
Request for recipt

Give recipt
Log out

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Exceptional case

Sequence diagram for Online shopping system:-

Place order

52
Supply order

53
Product not available

Product Exchange

54
 Sequence diagram for Bus reservation system:-
Reservation

55
Ticket not available

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 Sequence diagram for Online Restaurant Management System:-
Place online order

57
Prepare food

Supply food

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 Activity Diagram
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
- An activity diagram is a type of flow chart with additional support for parallel behavior.
- This diagram explains overall flow of control.
- Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe dynamic aspects of the system.
- Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow from one activity to another activity
- The activity can be described as an operation of the system.
- The control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential, branched or
concurrent. This distinction is important for a distributed system.
- Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by using different elements like fork, join etc.

Purpose
- Contrary to use case diagrams, in activity diagrams it is obvious whether actors can perform business use
cases together or independently from one another.
- Activity diagrams allow you to think functionally.

When to use : Activity Diagrams

- Activity diagrams are most useful when modeling the parallel behavior of a multithreaded system or when
documenting the logic of a business process.
- Because it is possible to explicitly describe parallel events, the activity diagram is well suited for the
illustration of business processes, since business processes rarely occur in a linear manner and often exhibit
parallelisms.
- This diagram is useful to investigate business requirements at a later stage.
- An activity diagram is drawn from a very high level. So it gives high level view of a system. This high level
view is mainly for business users or any other person who is not a technical person.
- This diagram is used to model the activities which are nothing but business requirements.
- So the diagram has more impact on business understanding rather implementation details.

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Activity Diagram Notations
No. Name Symbol Description

1. Activity Represent individual activity of system.

Activity

2. Transition Represents flow of data from one activity to

another.
3. Decision Decision node is a control node that accepts
tokens on one or more incoming edges and
selects outgoing edge from two or more outgoing
flows. The notation for a decision node is a
diamond-shaped symbol.
4. Initial activity Initial node is a control node at which flow starts
when the activity is invoked. Activity may have
more than one initial node. Initial nodes are
shown as a small solid circle.
5. Final activity Final node is a control final node that stops all
flows in an activity. Activity final nodes are shown
as a solid circle with a hollow circle inside. It can
be thought of as a goal notated as "bull’s eye," or
target.
6. Fork A fork in the activity diagram has a single
incoming transition and multiple outgoing
transitions exhibiting parallel behavior.The
incoming transition triggers the parallel outgoing
transitions.
7. Join A join in the activity diagram synchronizes the
parallel behavior started at a fork. Join ascertains
that all the parallel sets of activities (irrespective
of the order) are completed before the next
activity starts. It is a synchronization point in the
diagram. Each fork in an activity diagram has a
corresponding join where the parallel behavior
terminates.

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Examples
Activity Diagram for Library Management System
Issue and return book

61
Diagram for ordering new book

62
 Activity diagram for ATM
Verify PIN number

63
Transaction

64
 Activity Diagram for Online Restaurant Management System
Place order

65
Payment

66
 Activity Diagram for Online Reservation System
Booking Process

67
Server Operation
 Activity diagram for Online Shopping
Purchase Product

69
 Additional Diagram: Activity Diagram

1. Prepare an activity diagram for computing a restaurant bill. There should be a charge for each delivered item.
The total amount should be subject to tax and a service charge of 18% for groups of six of more. For smaller
groups, there should be a blank entry for a gratuity according to the customer’s discretion. Any coupons or gift
certificates submitted by the customer should be subtracted.