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nat is KDD 8 Explain about dada,
mint
i in PNoLeSS © owled eo
S39 Kp sta fe Knowledge discovery in Datasacae
Wich f. NOLS OF ExtmacH wr Palate
— Se
1S 610. OF Hue Steps inthe DD pnecess.
__The folto: ving Steps ase Included in KDD process !—
: =
“ 4 Date cleaning 3 Date cleawing |< detined as nenaul
oF noisy and Ingelevant data Gsm
—Collechon .
@ cleans | (ASE oF Missing Values,
fi) a 4 noisy date, whene Noise S¢ a nandem on _
Vasuante esjx0n.
i) cleaning. Wits Dabo diccstepancy detection and
Data tyonfonmatio sooke
U
y
Dato Tategration > Data Integsition ks detined as
hetersiencout data fom multiple
___Gousrces Combined fn a Common source Data Wandios
[Pata | 1 iy Misna tion Data __
a} Dake selection J Data Selection fs detined as
| ___sthe process thane date velevant
. do the analye?s is decided and setsdeved from be
_ data collecHon. Fos. tus we can use Nousal network,
Teacher's Signature.—__ pecision | Tees, Naive
—___ Pegnessiom Wmethod.t .
ea aeeeeeeeeeeat is defined as Hire prev,
106 +1anfooiney ata | sopKite fox
Sega sie ina _by procedune. Data. Tron: -
: fosmation ts a dwo Hep pTocess
O Data mapping 3 Assigning elements for sour
: base do dettnation to Gptune
es _drantfosumatione .
———}
® Cede Yenenahon 3 Creation of toe aclual
| does fosmation progoram .
2 Dato fring, Date wining is defined as-
[ ni “ase i 7
l act wn potent 2 saenioiiae
eee Nelova: i en eades
_purpore of Yandel leg clastic oon
6) pattem Evaluation %— Pattern Evaluation is.
deéined as idenbityiv g stedictly
: incneati pabtesine srepsresenting Knowle dae
loosed) given wmeasusrer Tt Elna {ntosecti a
—_|| Crome renn, And Uses summaxisat
Arnel Visuadi2ation do make data undexstandable _
by
4 FARE Repmescntation s— Thy invalves pres =
ling dhe sresult In a wa thot weaning ful--and co"
rong be used +o make dactink | 3
eeQusshennestes, }
ylhat ts Mativated Data rnining 9
Data muning is metiyated by She following rease ns
Motivation { impostance
4) Mastcket Analysis > doget a mone
holistic vj ew oun Client 1: data
oaburg_and mu eh ce ge swe can (wan Woe about
customise dastes with data fake @ look at puachare btn
and | ucla tm mone, we can then have mos ustpmized
“ustomen expesdences wir Hails elning neseanch, update
ous wasketing. Stnatesy setain o SUAOs10US analysis
PHLOCeSS and Piel Sola fo which” Customons gore mere
to
4) aud Detect > “usage OF one’s cameo for
- _pensonal neasone ensuchment by
the Wwoliclous misuse og execution of tne Wealth om
pyro Ves OF Hne nrecgutti any " | n0l04}«.
_Sastems have olishonesd processes This has happened in
yiany aspect oF eve life, Such as Nebwotk
‘Tek eo) ica wobile commu Catt i =
4) customen Retention 5 “the setention of cu sotention of cus
iz applies to a business 0% P
“obi ily do fo maimtarn 14s Customers foo a give _pessed
High ee of ee means that buyes dus o€ fire
arioduct on Compare porefesr do Setusier “Continue
Ih oD Shop 09 othesuwice not defect do another: prada.
OF Company oa mot do use Mt cltope dient:
aeTosaite spp cee
SONI)
[rou lo ing -and_deaniny daka. ane nea, ty
“supe. wtrgouizations “have input seconds but
ae eer ay aa ;
it ice VcomPanres Wave a Long hice
Challe:
etiins up Spenating preckdunes to ath
poleduchion puiececsces
5) schentitic ExPlonatten 8— Data dis coves. isa
| : Iced close do tnitiat date
anudycis , wh a date scientist ses Visual
| ©: lGuatimn water, then cmventi{onat date prowess:
os ee ee
func onality of tue data
uch featuses can [nduele
ata Size 09 mers , data
consicten. _ potential intenactions between data
_olements on data: Files ( tales.
‘Discuss Ghout Data Mining Taak podwd Fives
[excumple Qa a
Pr. P Data tani t
“AO prindtives ame the pasic —
socclty hat kind et data donnie, wht! u
ime_a_dlata wlwiny oe
ecieare sacs
hetot knowledge 40 aliscovex, what backs mound Pnowled
go use Mow to beastie fue ind enestingness OF tne . a
and how de present the stesults Data Mining tar
prdvaitives can be used ts Consforuct a data minin ee
wbich 1s a foormag. Wood OF exporessing Jue Use9's ae “A
Y ino, goals .
Fo 51 Cxample SUPPOSE a user wants +o “to find thea shade 1
seules, re the [tern Sold ina supemmarket 9
possible di SIT tas) irra
9 Sek oF task-selevant dake > The sales Huntachons in
the supesimasicet database .
whane ach tnansaction conRing a set of /tems puncha
seal by QA cusdomose
© Kind of Knowledge to be mined D> AssociaHen sues,
with ane nutes of tre
wn oy, whene Kandy ane sets of (tems , meaning
that customers wh buy X alco tend te buy ¥. :
© Background Knowledge > “Te vaimimum Support
and Cméidence Haneshalde, _
“which ane sed do Fltese out the Suules Hat agie not
iment 0% gwllahle enougls. _ _
(he, User. aay also ; species “oben coditeoda
—F eyat ute she Senter, suet af e+ comeiction Jes
——_] 0%. 1
ae
sant do find
Lt 9, Eyaurpla EHE Usegt way wat
ot novelty Fe f ty yeas that |
Ss aa that have a big WE wo ai|
the association between ¥ pte
—____ expected hy chance 4
_@ Representation foo visualizing foe dicovensy
1 Pattes urs 3- :
Trayec Sse may tease fo see Hoe
7 Wisc tn a balan. tuto ohana enc How
——shews tne antecedent, consequent, suppost,
Confidence and ether meacumnes of a yule Alten.
Ae seo mas for 40 SCE the HUI in a
i :
with @ label Showing she appa ol
___|_ Confidence }
explain in detail about Date airing Eunctiona-
ities 7
as =) Data wining functionalities ane Hee tyes «
paltouss osc Bhowle that can be discovered
Tsim date. using data imivimg bechwuques
Theme ane ditFement Kinds of data Waning
7 farnchonalities }—
“Classification 3 pic Zanetimality ‘s.osed t=
Assign a labet 09 chitegors 4
fata trotance based on iss foadusees 7
yee
b H Crapper - Classification can be| ell buy a a. erie os Nat. sre con
| foo done ust een sucha a6 decision Tree)
“net vx On 0 machin
ie
a predichen D> The Funchghabity js useo ¥ @
ia nielaHonslups fos dependencies am i
yasddoles ov ifems. zt
\
he funchonal I's used to estimate bie valuoree
le basecl on tre values OF ofuen Vasddlle
Ve shale + Serer can be useol +o forecast
the Sales of a Product, tnepsice of a Stock om the yisk
of a disease. prediction can be done using ‘vasous
techniques » Cuch as sregeession analysis, dime Seades
jomalysis , 0% K- heanesd neighbors
(
|
® Pssociation analysis 2 Sh
one a nelationshps on
___| dependena on le items in Jue d
| Fost example» association amalysl can be used +o
tl di couse tne aren ious ose the assoc tation suse,
as “customesis whe
lous byegd also ® Lendl to iy ute
@ Clustesimg 3 “This functionality ts used Jo gorau
the data in. tancet into clusters 0%
“Tic Cunctionolits 1s
+ ____used to Mentley ine Wate
—__—|nstances Arat deviate s ntficantty form Me
——Horunal ov expected behavior - fart example ,
—, outtien cmalysis canbe ised do detect Hie
Termeni he ete Ae , Such as
_Cnecllt Cagid Porauiel, nebwonk jntusion O91
| medical diagnosis see
8 Boolian analyte 3 Ts Activa iy ts esol
de analyze tue changes 09 7
itsends In dno dato ove Aime , For example
ewalution analysis can be used to mondo dhe
,porrfosumance Fo business, the behavion of a_
——}-Customesi., oot the development of adisease.
—e— —
> Deacsdbe ahout Major issue tn Data Mining 15
PRS Dota waiving ig dhe process of extracting useful
| Information ~gnem lasige and complex dataset.
__-Howevess data velning caces many challenges ond
IL t es uch as ' zee
| :
___ 3 Dato | uality > The way be inacunate
IL f > Inceasistent on eis
which can Affect duo mesulis of Dato vu qs
Data_cleaning. amnd_porepaiecessing techniques nt
used fo Improve the quality of the date. _—__-
\reacher's Signature
Bee PE eee lla2) Dato complexity & the data may ied
—Vasdour sousteas ’ jin
“and ata high Volume and velocity , uhids can winkatt
« Aeet cult to process, analyze and Undesstang
3) Nata Privacy and Seuxity
“The date yoy contain |
gcse Pensonal, sengitive, oo
confidential infosmatien Jat must be PModecte) from_
unartnosdzed access or mistso » Data privacy xequiadin
—T. *
__ impose Sted of suiles on how data can be colledeal, Used
____ land shamed .
® Scalability DD Dota mining algosdthinr mut be
ie : ables to handle lange and dynamic _
E | dodageks eteldeutty amd @Feoctively + parallel,
distodbuted, and ficgemental tied al Food trams age.
| Used do neduce dro twe anol ¢ putational recouses
{equi pred fox data vdlning
— :
_-) Why do We prepocese Hie data) Qiccu?
UU +
$ NEP NOCAS< | ial ctep in she
a dasa analysts precess. T+ Involves clean sans
to make 4+ sultal
=i eee
cede Data Cleaning > Row dato. can have missing :
inconsistent yaluos , as well as nedendart
eee cleaning _nyolves, deudr eying 7
ett—, Connect fhoese. eornoves os: incondctoncies
such as ptisst 4 Values, Oublions and duplicates
2) Date lta raHon > “Dis inyalves combining deh
ale from Leet Lipde Soupices to (Heat
__.a unified aba wit dui Henert
__,formods , Gtowchusies and comantics can be-chal
4 Soke. “Trancfosvmation > Tui Involves C
the date {ro a suitable
| [feeumake fos analysis. common teciniquice vse In
data. transfor motion include navunali zation
Stondaredization, and discoretization.
___ af 00 S Reduction > This involves convessting dhe
te dota sizeof ne dataset colle
prescowing to [upeotand (Néosrmation -Tedwiques.
[buch as Flatune celectio and featume extraction
Con be sel foo dora eduction.
—
Ft laste detais nore on the follousing < ie
a. object Odented Database
_b Spatial Dota.
C+ Tevyostal and Time Ses os date.
di _Hetenogencous data. __mM dhat can Loose old Compal ¢ Ck cata object,
Vas objects nee aes ae Imebje
para enteal daft ‘ =
nes infor In_fhe ~and classe:
l Isem
0: eqtunes [ike igane ral
A A_Spinal date > spisral datu fs a type of dato Jat
= follows a spinal pattesn om shape .
splsat data can be found in Yasious nabusiat and
= physical domarns , such ay DNB Cyclotmens , and
ma + SPI9t
| paremetsic eguation of ine foum ~= a colt) ye cant
Yeasitt), 2=b+ whe @ and b ame constant and +
is dhe: penametese
El Tempe d Time gexdee dota 5 + ie
: Sexier data is a cass
Of models foo swe. esses date that can exhibit near.
Jong-nange dependence 09+ peas unkt goat behavies..
Fe. pened He sextes data, modietes Sele Lous Kes
of the iv Jel by
add) exponential tompoodng ae The Jou
i jos f 10 BL that pat nonctend
mates of Concistenc mosumalizati aie
Hetexegeneout dlata = Hedenoyencous. asta is date
Wat lnas hig hi ganiiabilits of data.
Hees and Fivamtt:yetonoye ntsc dace anh be possibly
ihambiguous and ot ue MUESINA Vatu,
— paige ~ data nedundanc untowsnéathes
Tt is di€ficwt to iy errr ate
do meet tro bucindss infosumation demande
ae mation sa $ data can he analyzed sing _
eee OLN Os data cleanit HANS Fou,
data. indeg nation and data pin
— eae
Wedte tn hod ee about Date cleaning ¢ 2EEEIEE
fs > Dota “deaning | is the PNeLess oF fixing
—|f 0% s1emoulng brcommect, Convarpted , incor
formatted , icate ps -incompsete data wi Shir
a dataset. Data cleanyne is essential fo _ :
ensusdng tbe Quality avid elakility of he
data clas fhe perfomance of Une
Marlune leant Wmodets trot uses Lbs hata
Cleaning typicalty involves tne Fellosng stops as
ab |b
Revove dlupsi cote, os. Lenolevent observations _
Fix touctumat esgoxs , such as typos, Capitati
oot navang. Conventions,
> Filteoe onvea anted Cubticee, 0 extreme Yates
E |
ke
deviabe From the youmat eine
se
Handle missing dat etre. byt vepudin oe
on FI
tl yoi o date, such a6
1 Cheek ing ut date ety nges om fonm ots:
| Seadyorplain MMe fm) lore) TAY %
pate Lrdegnatien
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i? @ Data Intesaafion Lota Internation ;
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end dedeies rigkiag Tecrniques ted iz dato
Fon Srdude dota. wanchousing ETL extract,
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ensrad 3 reds and knowledge. Data tsans
forywakiapn dae ica, Inyolvor Sevenal steps in luting
1 4d) Vasa Souning
2) tase torcafaahon
Dobe peduction
Lato Viocned ation
Lote Pops raahan .pa eductian IS @ Porocess tat Yolume 6 of
data and arena dd 10 a aes Sma,
inins ¢ tf te
—teedginal data ae mala} Fa of saa Alpe tim
tl ce Nenhonce prrecetdns
oe Heme ane sone
deena Gsed_in data seduction
ee eatin Discuss. im ndedaiy
i Dimensienatity Redudion 4a “Tis technique
Clim nates peak ly
[wapo%tangs on Seduction Featuncs from the datas
| tvencky edu. Volume of oxiginal date
{These Wore toiee retinds of dimerdiarality aetich
® \lavelet Bransfosum « : fe ee
o prin pal Component Pr S\S.
& Attsdbube subset cplechod.
i y Dota sampling | ~ This technique involves _ :
[ ele: Q Subset of fhe date
ae _to_wosck with gathese tren using the entisre
jdatasel.
8) Bata ufa Comparession |= This technique Lovelves
eee y8\ ng_Loss oi ldssless
the size 06a
ee
[Compe ss for reklreds to Mecle:
doterce.4) pata Disnetization *~ ‘this teumique tnvolyes
af Conyes ing cond} nuous ;
iporrte dada by partitioning the Mange of pos
ues ro ipesivals oot bins ,
s] pata Cube Aggoegation -
amet? clatnin 0 simplen
Poot
data Into
St ble
— peseaibe about Data disceHzahen 9 acon
2 Dota discnetizotin js a pnocese used in featum
_, doansfosemation to convert continuous data {nto :
| categostas dota. Tt does so bey dividing we grange of
“l4we Continuous data into a cot of inkeswale. Tis
procedure sransfosuns continuous yardables into
| discovete Vasdables, and i+ is commonly used |
[mining and date scieve pac well ag fo drain mod ele
foot oWttiicdat intelligence .
Pn,
“| Hene ane some commen methods of data dixcsietiz~
__|l atten i—
4) Hisdognam Analysis $f plat used do siepoicsert
the undesdting faequ
j istointion of acontinuet dela Sot 7
smoafuiny tee hnique - -that help
as pup a lange pumbese of Continues
Nolues into smalles Values, aceeanaananaa —
— Sh ast Pmatycts 1 AL clustouing. algositi ;
___Is evectuted by dividi :
: abuas of X numbooes Into clustoxy de isolate «
______,lomputational featune of x- a
ey ESSE fee See
4) Data Discnetization Using Decision Tree
LPinalysis $~ Atop -dows clicins Fechnique ic
_t USed + Te ts done shy oligh c supey—
{| Afisea PiHocedusre . a
ie 3 Data Diecuedizatien Using Cosmelation
= Proalysis 8— niscoedi2ing data ba linear
sea nne, SION) oO Ou Ca: 1c
i post a inteswal ,and tren the large
Intesuvals ane combined to reo (anges oyeddap
to fosun dhe Final 29 9 infesryals.
| Wodte about Dimensionality seduction retank’
— og
Sct
Dimensional Ue eat |
fo wecluce “the number vf featunes fra
| dataset while nickalyaing as asso of fie jmposdant
_____| Infosunation a8 possible. TH is @ process of
— — tan Lomwdens igh ~ dive: mensional date {ito a lowe
__fdimension Space Hat ieee eet €
essence nf the osiginal clote._
ane | Heme Are Some Common methods o:
|| meduchon +— Teacher's Signatur| ea
4} paindpal component nalysis “pend —
eee CA is a
Hg LTS eae
er —_[statisticat procedure tnet Uses an osdhogonal 7
| dvansfosun obs Yations of
[possi ible Cosata elated nie a Set of Values of
ey peered
| Components «
ineas Diccru 6 (LDA) t=
; LDB is a metho:
pitas in stadistict atten Decasnition and maddie
loapning 40 find _o lineax combination of featuores shu!
chasu S420S oO9 spepanates two 08 mone clascas of
__lObects 0% events +
8) Memeralized Hiscodminanf Pmalysis (HOA) —
| ADA ica non-lineag Vensisn of LOA; which
[cam be used when the clases gore nek lineasely
Sppanable +
q) ghyqulase Value Decomposition CsvD) —
VD 1s Q Factonization of a recut of tompley
medrax phot genesalizer Hie Og endecomposi tion
ofa Square nesmal massi dro amy Tm xn mato
nia an extension of the pala docomposi tien.
‘ ') Featune SURAHM 1— Featune ¢election inyalues
Selecting a Subset of the ondainal featunes tat
fase woe svoleyant te tho prrebfom at hand
revicod utoe ncod eg Aye a type OF as
nl neunat network Used fom learning creictout code
Of Input date . Teacher's Seno> Wodse detail nate on he ¢ Collowing.
ee a_Lengunsut analysis Cece).
ee :
Both peindea Component. Analysis (pef) isa
+ _Stahisticat poreduge that les an ost aeammat
a | danse umation. do comvert a set o€ coselared
___Nasdables Into a set of Uncosinielated Varjablas
“Por is Widely usect [7 Explosrator data Lanalysis_ id
—Tana in machine lease ning foot poreclictive paodels
: The wan goat of pcA ts to secluce dhe olimension—
ality of a dataset while poroseswing the most
——tmper font pat tepunt as gielationchips hotween
te Yasdables wi fsout Ta Pod 09 Knowledge oe
wathe Sasgot Vatiabhpor ,
(© Facton pnatisis isa statietical teclnique _
4, Lseot Jo mecluce alarge Vasiable jruto a smaller —
Vamabie factor 74 eyforacts pre May imum Comma,
wiance fs10m all the yasdables and_puts Shem _
Linto Oo (Common scone, Factos analysis isa past
1 Ot the Crenesal Linea todet (Lm) and t+ pelleva
Sevettiat preores shat Contain mo Mull tollinea
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vouh vaddablor tno dic anady sis aug
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_Maisdite nakes on dhe following .- -
pe GY Disestote Fousdesc * a
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2D) Data Compnessien Is Fhe process oF Ysin ending
. and athe mocdiercationg +0 xéduce 7
she sire of igisat dota Fier Without enateg Sheise
reducing dhe s} ot Files
| fousuess Trans fooum (DET Is a matematical tecknique
Useal_in Signal process} otnooe field. Ty
Jor
Spaced Samples samplod of tho digcowto -+ime,
OF & function {ndo a same-longph equrencl of emul
ouster tansfooum (DTRT) whidh is a. Complex-valued)
function of fmequendy
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“The Disco
Coste Tran form }s a special forum of Discoete 7
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| 31 ny tompoasten
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Teacher's Signature
Is_aseel 1! En Loss, {mage! a© Disesete wavelet Transform, (DWT) 1
The Discrete Wavalot Transform, (DWT) is an,
wavelet trangtnoun for which the wavelets asic
|di.soo od, AS With abner wavelos
romans | a Key advantage it has Over Fou,
fistamsfovums ic tevepooral nefelubfon ft capture
{ooin fre uorty and location infomation
cation in dime) . DwiT decomposes @ sianel
into a. Set of pustuatly oathogonal wauelet
basis €uncttons.
oanelouse as defined ag dot by willie
yy
OE data toanehouring , defined a date
Immon, the fathen of data warehousing, — |
st out due fous major features of data
\Wil tom In won, neteanized as the (olue
|| wanchoure wi tke “following foupe wayose
Chanactosdctice nana
Subject-osdented !— A dota. \anehoure te es
: O%ganizedd Onound subeck
OA mayor. heat OF heres’, water bnen
fhe wayo% Application oF Lue oxsanizahon
FrKam~los of subject nude cales/distedlul
footketing ote. aaies —
Teacher'sA data wanehouse integoates data, data
from multiples sources y 5 buch as
“pyalnEoiames nelat ional databases, flat Filerete,
ae Sc Se PERT OPER FETS Sougy
t7 “The data stosed 1 wane
house prevides information from a
ical penepective and is associated with a
_specitic dime pesdod, This ig mone extensive Compare
to othose openaking systen
ai Non-Volatile $— ta non-Volatite data.
warehouse, data js pesumanent
When mew date {s insesded , prentous date je not
joveplaced , omitted og deleted «Tn this data.
wanehouse, data | send only and only sefsesher
1 oF Cobain intonvals
* Dekine Data wanehouge F Discuss Design
ipindples.
> 1) Pata wanehouse [5 @ centralizes repo
“| System where business 0g Stome ane| process (ase
amounts ef data {sem “Masoud soustec.s eat
business intolijenca. ang Qnaty.t ies. Lk Publ ———
pagettens data. Bue many dd -ditcesrent “soustces intonelpics and decisien support. Tk stoos
ut sinical date ovens dns and enables
{ques} and Seansfoxemation,
date usinehouse (scr campher
> [designing o
[praclsc hint qaryivcas cometh
fadherence to a fem key podncipl
{ __ in
a dato warchouse Fs described a:
slanted « Hmee-* yardiomt non =Y8
intogriated cata nepositeray fax Me ey
endbepodse » : at =
a
Poltor= Up Dosign Appreack t—
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(ctakeholdern Vey easy on tn sve pele
See ee nad euing ord tates
(eto maintenance (ott. ———
Gi ndapiabuity += The ability 40 adapt so evolving
Mee eee S fousimesc demands is coussias
Sponsor contains a.sot of eiolated facts This made
je byelcaiy used n online Bmatyaical priecessing (aLne
Ing. Trovegstesends data in Fie feo
ow modeling and Viewing deta
‘and _poxspedtives.
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