UNIVERSIDAD
TECNOLÓGICA
DE CIUDAD JUÁREZ
TAREA #1
ALLEN BRADLEY PLC COMPONENTS
CRISTIAN ISRAEL GURROLA AREVALO
IMTM41
CONTROL LOGICO AVANZADO
FLORENCIO ROLDAN
CD. JUÁREZ, CHIH. A 08 DE ENERO DEL 2020
Hardware Components of a PLC System
Processor unit (CPU), Memory, Input/Output, Power supply unit, Programming
device, and other devices.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU – Microprocessor based, may allow arithmetic operations, logic operators,
block memory moves, computer interface, local area network, functions, etc.
CPU makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual
errors would be discovered early.
System Busses
The internal paths along which the digital signals flow within the PLC are called
busses.
The system has four busses:
– The CPU uses the data bus for sending data between the different elements,
– The address bus to send the addresses of locations for accessing stored data,
– The control bus for signals relating to internal control actions,
– The system bus is used for communications between the I/O ports and the I/O
unit.
Memory
System (ROM) to give permanent storage for the operating system and the fixed
data used by the CPU. RAM for data. This is where information is stored on the
status of input and output devices and the values of timers and counters and other
internal devices. EPROM for ROM’s that can be programmed and then the
program made permanent.
I/O Sections
Inputs monitor field devices, such as switches and sensors.
Outputs control other devices, such as motors, pumps, solenoid valves, and lights.
Power Supply
Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. Some PLC controllers
have electrical supply as a separate module, while small and medium series
already contain the supply module.
Programming Device
The programming device is used to enter the required program into the memory of
the processor. The program is developed in the programming device and then
transferred to the memory unit of the PLC.
PLC Input Units
Example of input lines can be connection of external input device. Sensor outputs
can be different depending on a sensor itself and also on a particular application.
In practice we use a system of connecting several inputs (or outputs) to one return
line. These common lines are usually marked “COMM” on the PLC controller
housing.
DC Inputs DC input modules allow to connect either PNP (sourcing) or NPN
(sinking)
transistor type devices to them. When we are using a sensor have to worry about
its output configuration. If we are using a regular switch (toggle or pushbutton) we
typically don’t have to worry about whether we wire it as NPN or PNP.
AC Inputs an ac voltage is non-polarized. Most commonly, the AC voltage is being
switched through a limit switch or other switch type. AC input modules are less
common than DC input modules, because today’s sensors typically have transistor
outputs. If application is using a sensor it probably is operating on a DC voltage.
Typical connection of an AC device to PLC input module
Typically an AC input takes longer than a DC input for the PLC to see.
In most cases it doesn’t matter to the programmer because an AC input device is
typically a mechanical switch and mechanical devices are slow.
It’s quite common for a plc to require that the input be on for 25 ms (or more)
before it’s seen. This delay is required because of the filtering which is needed by
the PLC internal circuit.
PLC Output Units
PLC Output units can be:
Relay Transistor or Triac.
Check the specifications of load before connecting it to the plc output.
Make sure that the maximum current it will consume is within the specifications of
the plc output.
Relay Outputs One of the most common types of outputs available is the relay
output. Existence of relays as outputs makes it easier to connect with external
devices. A relay is non-polarized and typically it can switch either AC or DC.
Transistor Outputs Transistor type outputs can only switch a dc current. The PLC
applies a small current to the transistor base and the transistor output “closes”.
When it’s closed, the device connected to the PLC output will be turned on.
A transistor typically cannot switch as large a load as a relay. If the load current
you need to switch exceeds the specification of the output, you can connect the plc
output to an external relay, then connect the relay to the large load.
Typically, a PLC will have either NPN or PNP transistor type outputs. Some of the
common types available are BJT and MOSFET. A BJT type often has less
switching capacity than a MOSFET type. The BJT also has a slightly faster
switching time.
A transistor is fast, switches a small current, has a long lifetime and works with dc
only. A relay is slow, can switch a large current, has a shorter lifetime and works
with ac or dc.
Triac Output Triac output can be used to control AC loads only. Triac output is
faster in operation and has longer life than relay output.
Inductive loads have a tendency to deliver a “back current” when they
turn on. This back current is like a voltage spike coming through the system. This
could be dangerous to output relays. Typically, a diode, varistor, or other “snubber”
circuit should be used to protect the PLC output from any damage.
Analog Input/output Modules
Analog Input Modules
To select an analog input module, then consider the followings:
*Voltage level.
*Current input.
*Conversion speed.
There are two basic types of A/D converter. The first will perform a conversion
every 20 ms (the period of the a.c. mains voltage), which gives a good clean
reading free from worries of line frequency interference.
The second will convert in 2-20 us, giving the possibility of measuring transient
data.
*At very high rates the PLC may only have time to act as a data logger, storing the
data as it is read, and analyzing it sometime after the event to report on or display
it.
Analog Output Modules
*The conversion speed of an analog output is generally <100 us and rarely a
problem.
* Once the resolution of the module is selected we have only to consider the
following points:
Voltage level.
Load resistance. Typically, the minimum load resistance is 300 Ohm.
Current output. It is often an advantage to use a current loop output (4-20
mA).
Analog closed loop control
In many cases analog inputs are used not only to monitor variables but also as a
feedback to control a process by controlling relay outputs or varying an analog
output. The required control accuracy must be defined in the specification, as must
the maximum required rate of change.
Counters, encoders and positioning
In order to select the correct hardware, consider:
*The speed;
*The total number of pulses to be counted;
*The positioning accuracy.
There are many possible solutions available each of which offers a trade-off
between speed of movement and positioning accuracy.
