1) What is DHCP server? How it work?

What Is DHCP?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) facilitates the automatic propagation of IP

addresses (internet protocol) to other devices.
Without it, the configuration must be done manually on each computer to get a different IP
address. This will undoubtedly be inconvenient and time-consuming, won’t it? Especially if
the configuration is done on an extensive network.
The IP Address or IP address itself is a string of numbers on a device that allows your device to
connect to the Internet. So you can access web pages, emails, and more.
By using DHCP, IP addresses can be automatically shared to many devices simultaneously. That
is why this device is widely applied to small and large networks.

Differences Between DHCP Server And

DHCP Client
In a computer network, there are the terms server and client. A server is a device that stores all
data, manages, and regulates all activities on the web. At the same time, the client is a device that
requests services from the server.
In DHCP, the terms DHCP server and DHCP client are also known. Then what is the difference
between the two?

DHCP server is a device tasked to configure and assign IP addresses to existing client
computers automatically. Meanwhile, other computers /devices, such as mobile phones, that
receive IP addresses from DHCP servers are called DHCP clients.
DHCP servers typically assign a custom, dynamic IP address to each client computer. So, the IP
address the DHCP server sends can expire at a specified time.
However, usually, the DHCP server will update the duration of the IP address automatically.
This is where the advantage of using this tool so that even the client computer or sysadmin does
not have to do anything.

DHCP Server Function

Here are some DHCP server functions you need to know:

1. Manage And Distribute IP Addresses

In general, the function of this device is to manage and facilitate the distribution of IP addresses
to client computers. This distribution process can be done to many devices at once
automatically. This means you don’t need to configure it on every computer.

2. Prevent IP Conflict

IP conflict occurs due to two devices that have the same IP address. If this happens, the device
cannot connect to the network.
By using this tool, errors in IP address sharing can be minimized. In addition, it can also manage
the sharing of IP addresses well so that the possibility of errors is minimal.
3. Update IP Address Automatically

The IP address the server provides usually has an expiration or an expiration time. If the IP
address is still in use but has expired, you will need to update or request a new IP address.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol allows IP addresses to be updated automatically
without reconfiguring.

4. Supports IP Address Reuse

IP addresses that have been used can be reused by client computers. However, to reuse, you must
ensure another computer is not using the IP address.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server will help you check if the IP address is off and
accessible so that the IP address can be used again.

How DHCP Server Works

When a user turns on a computer and connects it to a server with this service, the computer will
automatically request an IP address for the server. Then the server answers the request until,
finally, the laptop gets the IP address and connects to the network.
To learn more about how it works, please look at this service’s processes.

1. IP Least Discovery

The first stage is referred to as the discovery stage. When the client is connected to the network,
the client will look for DHCP servers working on that network. The client will send
a DHCPDISCOVER message to the network subnet using the destination address
255.255.255.255. Once found, the client will request the IP address on the DHCP server.
2. IP Least Offer

When the DHCP server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message from the client, the server will
make an offer to it by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client. The message contains the
client id, the IP address offered, the subnet mask, the duration of use, and the IP address of the
DHCP server.

3. IP Lease Request

After receiving the offer from the DHCP server, the client then approves the proposal provided
by providing a DHCPREQUEST message to the server. The content of the message is to
request that the server lend one of the IP addresses available in the DHCP set of IP addresses.

4. IP Lease Acknowledge

At this last stage, after the server receives a request message from the client. The server will send
a message in the form of a DHCPACK packet to the client. This package contains the IP address,
rental duration, and other configuration information the client may need.
At the IP address provided stage, the IP configuration process is complete. Once the IP address is
given to the client, the server will cross out and mark the IP address in their database.

Conclusion

DHCP is a service that distributes IP addresses to client computers automatically. With this tool,
a server admin does not need to set the IP address on each client computer that wants to connect
to the network.
In addition, IP Conflict can be prevented with DHCP servers because it has flagged the IP
address used in the DHCP pool. IP addresses used and in the off-state can be used again
(reusable). That is why many parties implement this service on their network.
2) What is BIND and samba?

What is BIND?
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) is the most popular Domain Name System (DNS)
server in use today. It was developed in the 1980s at the University of Berkley and is currently in
version 9. BIND is an open source system free to download and use, offered under the Mozilla
Public License.
BIND can be used to run a caching DNS server or an authoritative name server, and provides
features like load balancing, notify, dynamic update, split DNS, DNSSEC, IPv6, and more.

History of BIND
BIND was written by four graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley - Douglas
Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou, as part of the DARPA project (the
predecessor of the modern Internet). In the mid-1980s, development was taken over by Paul
Vixie of Digital Equipment Corporation, and in 2012 the project because the ownership of the
Internet Systems Consortium (ISC).
The latest version of BIND, version 9, was released in 2000 and offered support for DNSSEC,
TSIG, nsupdate, IPv6, and remote name daemon control with encryption via shared secret. A
newer version,
BIND 10, was released in 2014, but the ISC concluded its work on the project due to cost
considerations, renamed it Bundy and delegated its development to the community.

BIND Components
BIND has the following main components:
Name Server
Maintains a DNS zone file and responds to DNS requests, acting either as a Caching-Only Name
Server, for use by clients internal to an organization, or an Authoritative-Only Name Server, for
use by external clients.
Lightweight Resolver
BIND provides a combination of a lightweight resolver library that can be run on DNS clients,
such as host operating systems or routers, and a resolver daemon process which can run on a
local host. Both communicate using a UDP-based Lightweight Resolver Protocol.
Name Server Tools
BIND provides tools that help manage a DNS system, including:
dig - allows users to run DNS queries and view server output.
host - converts hostnames to IP addresses.
nslookup - queries DNS servers for information about hosts and domains.
Remote Name Daemon Control (rndc) - allows administrators to control all operations of the
name server via an encrypted channel.

Common BIND Operations and Features

BIND provides the following main features and capabilities:
Authoritative DNS - publishes DNS records under the server’s authoritative control
Cache-Only DNS - provides DNS name resolution for applications by relaying requests to an
authoritative server, or acting as a secondary DNS server that holds a read-only copy of the
authoritative zone file
Basic DNS load balancing - can be achieved using multiple A records for one name
DNS notify - allows primary DNS servers to notify secondary servers of changes to zone data
Dynamic update - a method for adding, replacing or deleting records in a primary server by
sending a special type of DNS message (defined in RFC 2136)
Incremental zone transfer (IXFR) - allows secondary servers to transfer only modified data,
instead of the entire DNS zone (defined in RFC 1995)
Split DNS - allows different views of the DNS space to internal and external resolvers - for
example to hide internal DNS data from external clients
Transaction Signatures (TSIG) - makes it possible to authenticate DNS messages by
cryptographically signing them with a shared secret (defined in RFC 2845)
Transaction Key (TKEY) - makes it possible to negotiate a shared secret between two hosts
(defined in RFC 2930)
DNSSEC - the latest version of BIND supports cyptographic authentication of DNS information
through DNSSEC extensions (defined in RFC 4033, 4034, 4035)
IPv6 - BIND enables the use of AAAA records to translate hostnames to new IPv6 IP addresses
For more information on these features and their usage, refer to BIND 9 Administration
Reference Manual.
Advantages of BIND
BIND enjoys several important advantages, which make it by far the most popular DNS server
on the Internet:
Broad usage and strong community - BIND is a de facto standard for DNS in Linux systems, and
is actively supported by a large open source community.
Stable - BIND is used in millions of production DNS servers and is known for stable and
predictable operation.
Good platform support - BIND supports Linux, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, macOS and
Windows.
Comprehensive feature set - BIND is one of the only DNS servers that covers all basic DNS
functionality - see Wikipedia’s detailed comparison of BIND with other DNS servers.

Disadvantages of BIND
No APIs: BIND does not expose APIs, so automation of configuration and deployment of DNS
is not possible
No integration with CI/CD toolkits: DevOps teams cannot use BIND to deploy DNS as part of
CI/CD pipeline (Eg: using Jenkins) slowing down deployment velocity of applications. They
have to depend on Network Engineers to configure DNS for their environments.
The following are disadvantages common to BIND and other first-generation DNS servers like
PowerDNS and Microsoft DNS:
Lacks traffic management features - cannot route traffic to the most appropriate server using
parameters like user location, server load, server capabilities, etc.

Managed DNS Services

It is quite complex to independently setup a DNS server, whether using BIND or other software.
Many organizations prefer to use DNS as a service, provided by their hosting company or
specialized DNS service providers. Using DNS as a managed service has several advantages:
Instant setup - no need to install and configure DNS
Less overhead - no need to monitor and maintain DNS systems
Guaranteed uptime - most DNS providers guarantee uptime of 99.9% or higher, with backup and
recovery built in, which is difficult to achieve with your own server
Improved capabilities - some DNS services provide enhanced features, such as DNS load
balancing with external monitoring of server uptime
The downsides of using a managed DNS service is a monthly subscription cost, reduced
configuration flexibility, and a reliance on the DNS provider in terms of performance, uptime
and security.

Next-Generation DNS Solutions: Beyond BIND

DNS technology has advanced beyond first-generation solutions like BIND. Modern DNS
servers can help you achieve things you never thought you could do with DNS.
NS1 provides a next-generation DNS server with several unique capabilities, made possible by
an improved DNS implementation and an API that lets resources communicate their status and
important meta data to the DNS server:
Instant propagation - NS1’s managed DNS service provides a global network that can propagate
DNS changes in milliseconds.
Location aware - NS1 obtains geographical metadata about every DNS resource, determines user
location via geo-IP, and performs proximity-based routing for every user request.
Bandwidth and connectivity aware - NS1 performs regular health checks on resources to check
availability, bandwidth and network latency, and uses this data to route users to the most
responsive available resource.
Load, capacity and cost aware - NS1 determines internal traffic parameters for each resource
such as load, capacity and number of current connections, or even the cost of the resource (e.g.
for CDNs) - and makes an optimal routing decision.
NS1 is available as a managed service:
NS1 Managed DNS Service - based on a global anycasted network with 24 PoPs connected to
Tier 1 Internet Service Providers, with hundreds of Gbps of capacity at all times. Guaranteed
100% uptime and very high performance compared to traditional DNS solutions, as well as next-
gen DNS features.
Get a free trial of NS1’s next generation DNS platform and see the difference between first-
generation and next-generation DNS technology.
What Is Samba?
Samba is an open-source software suite that enables file and print services between Windows,
Linux, and Unix systems over a network. In English, Samba can be explained as follows:

Samba is a software suite that provides seamless interoperability between Windows, Linux, and
Unix operating systems in a networked environment. It allows these systems to share files,
printers, and other resources, making it possible for users on different platforms to collaborate
and access shared resources transparently.

Main Components and Features

1. File Sharing: Samba allows file sharing between different operating systems by
implementing the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. This enables Windows clients
to access shared folders and files on Linux and Unix servers, as if they were accessing
resources on a Windows server. Similarly, Linux and Unix clients can access shared
folders on Windows servers.
2. Print Services: Samba provides print services, allowing printers connected to Linux or
Unix servers to be shared with Windows clients. Windows-based computers can send
print jobs to the shared printers, and Samba handles the necessary protocol conversions
and communication with the print server.
3. Authentication and Authorization: Samba supports authentication mechanisms,
including integration with Windows Active Directory (AD) or functioning as a
standalone authentication server. It allows users to authenticate against their Windows
domain accounts or local Samba accounts, ensuring secure access to shared resources
based on user permissions and access control lists (ACLs).
4. Name Resolution: Samba integrates with the Domain Name System (DNS) and
NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS) to resolve hostnames and provide name resolution
services. This ensures that systems can discover and connect to each other using their
respective names.
5. Security: Samba incorporates security features such as encrypted communication using
the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. It
 supports access controls and permissions management to protect shared resources from
unauthorized access.
6. Integration with Windows Networking: Samba can participate in Windows networking
environments, allowing it to join Windows domains or workgroups. This integration
enables seamless collaboration between Windows and non-Windows systems in a mixed
network environment.
Samba has become a widely adopted solution for enabling file and print services in
heterogeneous network environments. It provides an essential bridge between Windows and
Unix-like systems, facilitating collaboration and resource sharing across platforms. The
flexibility, security, and extensive feature set of Samba make it a popular choice for
organizations seeking interoperability and seamless integration between different operating
systems.

3) Write about FTP, file and mail server?

FTP: File Transfer Protocol (or FTP) is a popular networking protocol that transfers
multiple files between the client and web server. FTP has been around for over 25 years
now, making it highly compatible with most systems.

What Is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)?

The term file transfer protocol (FTP) refers to a process that involves the transfer of files
between devices over a network. The process works when one party allows another to send or
receive files over the Internet. Originally used as a way for users to communicate and exchange
information between two physical devices, it is now commonly used to store files in the cloud,
which is usually a secure location that is held and accessed remotely.

FTP may be used by a business or individual to transfer files from one computer system to
another or by websites to upload or download files from their servers.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

 File transfer protocol (FTP) is a way to download, upload, and transfer files from one
location to another on the Internet and between computer systems.
 FTP enables the transfer of files back and forth between computers or through the cloud.
 Users require an Internet connection in order to execute FTP transfers.
 FTP is an essential tool for those who build and maintain websites.
  Many FTP clients are free to download, although most websites already have the FTP
built-in.

How File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Works

File transfer protocol allows individuals and businesses to share electronic files with others
without having to be in the same space. This can be done using an FTP client or through the
cloud. Regardless of the option, both parties require a working Internet connection.1

Most web browsers come with FTP clients that enable users to transfer files from their
computer to a server and vice versa. Some users may want to use a third-party FTP client
because many of them offer extra features. Examples of FTP clients that are free to download
include FileZilla Client, FTP Voyager, WinSCP, CoffeeCup Free FTP, and Core FTP.

Many people have used FTP before without even realizing it. If you have ever downloaded a
file from a web page, you've used FTP. The first step is to log in, which may occur
automatically or by manually inputting a username and password. FTP will also require you to
access an FTP server through a specific port number. Once you access the FTP server through
your FTP client, you can now transfer files. Not all public FTP servers require you to sign in
because some servers enable you to access them anonymously.1

As noted above, FTP was originally developed as a way to send and receive files between two
physical computers. But with advances in technology, users can execute file transfers through
the cloud. Using the cloud allows transfers to be done conveniently anywhere and at any time,
and at relatively low cost.2

FTP Process
The FTP process can be broken down into just a couple of key steps.

 First, a user logins to an FTP server (although a login might not be required).
 The FTP client interacts with the server upon a request, which is the second step.
 With FTP, a user can then upload, download, or move files on the server.

The term FTP client refers to the software that allows you to transfer files to another party.

A file server is a device or software that provides storage and access to files within a
network. A mail server, also known as an email server, is a computerized system that facilitates
the sending, receiving, and storage of electronic mail (email).

A file server is a computer responsible for the storage and management of data files so that other
computers on the same network can access the files. It enables users to share information over a
network without having to physically transfer files.
What is a file server?
A file server is a computer responsible for the storage and management of data files so that other
computers on the same network can access the files. It enables users to share information over a
network without having to physically transfer files.

The file server takes on the computer or server role to store and make available data BLOBs to
clients, serving as a central location to store and share files for a network. They can be limited to
a single local area network (LAN) or can be open to the internet.

File servers make storing, securing and sharing files in an organization simpler. File servers are a
common target for hackers and ransomware, so particular attention must be given to securing
them against attacks.

File servers typically include additional features to enable multiple users to access them
simultaneously:

 Permission management is used to set who can access which files and who has
rights to edit or delete the files.

 File locking stops multiple users from editing the same file at the same time.

 Conflict resolution maintains data integrity in the event of files being overwritten.

 A distributed file system can make the data redundant and highly
available by copying it to multiple servers at different locations.

Mail servers

A mail server is responsible for sending, receiving, and storing emails. It uses protocols such as
SMTP, POP3, and IMAP to handle email communication. It acts as a central hub for email
communication, managing the flow of messages between email clients, such as Outlook or
Gmail, and the internet.

A mail server can also be used as a blanket term for both mail transfer agents (MTA) and
mail delivery agents (MDA), each of which perform a slightly different function.

FTP servers are used for two main functions: "Put" and "Get". "Put" allows users to upload files to
the server from the client device. "Get" allows users to download files from the server to the
client device.
FTP servers are computers that have an FTP address and are dedicated to receiving FTP
connections. They wait for clients to connect to them and issue commands. The commands the
FTP server uses are called the FTP protocol.

FTP users can authenticate themselves with a plain-text sign-in protocol, usually a username and
password. They can also connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

FTP typically defaults to using port 990. Web and file sharing services commonly use FTP over
explicit SSL/TLS (FTPES) to enable secure file transfers.

5) what is remote administration?

Remote administration is the process of managing a computer or network from a remote
location. This is done using remote access tools and software that allow the administrator to
control and monitor the system from another location.

Remote administration tools (RATs) are software applications that allow authorized users to
access and control remote computers or systems over a network. With this access, the person can
access your files, use your camera, and even turn on/off your device.

Some benefits of remote administration include:

Ensures security to the user

Low maintenance cost

Ensures work flexibility

Minimize the Downtime

Increases the Productivity

Remote administration refers to any method of controlling a computer from a remote location.
There are many commercially available and free-to-use software that make remote
administration easy to set up and use. Remote administration is often used when it's difficult or
impractical to be physically near a system in order to use it or troubleshoot it.
Many server administrators also use remote administration to control the servers around the
world at remote locations. It is also used by companies and corporations to improve overall
productivity as well as promote remote work. It may also refer to both legal and illegal
(i.e. hacking) remote administration (see Owned and Trojan).[1][2]

Remote admin
Updated: 11/16/2019 by Computer Hope

Alternatively called remote administration, remote admin is way to control another computer
without physically being in front of it.

Below are examples of how remote administration could be used.

Remotely run a program or copy a file.

Remotely connect to another machine to troubleshoot issues.

Remotely shutdown a computer.

Install software to another computer.

Monitor the remote computers activity.