Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere. A PROJECT REPORT ON COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER USING STATCOM Submitted by KAMBLE PRADHUNYA DATTU (24) WAGHMODE AMAR RAJEBHAU (28) GHOTALE PRATHMESH PANDIT (18) Under the Guidance Prof. MANTHALE.R.R In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation Engineering & Technology, Latur Maharashtra 41351MONTH YEAR 2022-23, Vilasrao Deshmukh Foundation Engineering & Technology, Latur. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project titled“ _” has been submitted by, KAMBLE PRADHUNYA DATTU ,WAGHMODE AMAR RAJEBHAU,GHOTALE PRATHMESH PANDIT My guidance in partial fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere. During the Academic Year2022-2023. Project Guide HOD Prof. MANTHALE.R.R. Prof. INGALE R.U PrincipalACKNOWLEDGEMENT | express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Manthale R.R.Department of ELECTRICAL Engineering, for his/her invaluable guidance, advice, sharing expertise and constant encouragement throughout the course of the project. Helpful suggestions given throughout the course of this work without which this work would not have been successfully completed. This work has not been submitted to the award of any other degree, BATUUniversity. The work is humbly submitted to BATU University as project under thecurriculumof AcademicYear2022-23. | take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty members for their help and support.ABSTRACT Reactive power compensation is an important issue in the control of electric powersystems. Reactive power increases the transmission system losses and reduces thepower transmission capability of the transmission lines. Moreover, reactive powerflow through the transmission lines can cause large amplitude variations in thereceiving-end voltage. Therefore, reactive power compensation is required forpower systems. In this project, a shunt reactive power compensation device, STATCOM (StaticSynchronous compensator) is designed using various subsystems in MATLABSIMULINK. A suitable controller is also designed for the STATCOM. Theperformance of a Power system having 415 V, 50Hz with and without STATCOMis also compared for an RL and RC load.CHAPTER NO ls 10. CONTENTS TITLE Page No. INTRODUCTION 1 REACTIVE POWER 2 NEED FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION STATCOM 4.1 Voltage source converter 4.2 Capacitor 4.3 Inductive reactance 4.4 Harmonic filter STATCOM: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM MODELLING OF SUBSYSTEMS OF STATCOM 7.1 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 7.2 Measurement systems 7.3 V_ref generator loop 7.4 PWM generator 7.5 Three Phase Inverter SIMULATION RESULT 8.1 Series RL load having 50 KW and 200 KVAR 8.2 Series RC load having 50 KW and 200 KVAR. Conclusion References1. INTRODUCTION Power transmission and distribution systems in today’s world face increasing demands for more power with better quality and higher reliability at lower cost due to industrial advances, To meet these growing demands for reliable power, power transfer capabilities of power systems must be enhanced. Reactive power compensation is an important issue in the control of electric power systems. Reactive power increases the transmission system losses and reduces the power transmission capability of the transmission lines. Reactive power flow through the transmission lines can also cause large amplitude variations in the receiving-end voltage. Various voltage regulation and system stabilization measures are being used to effectively utilize the existing transmission networks. This has also led to the use of power electronics in power systems in the form of SSSC, STATCOM and UPFC. Astatic synchronous compensator(STATCOM) is a shunt power electronics device used for reactive power compensation. It is a controlled reactive-power source which provides the desired reactive power generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a VSC. In this project, the effect of STATCOM in power systems on reactive power control is shown by proper modeliing of a simple power system of 415 V source voltage having frequency 50Hz connected to a load. Voltage source converter based STATCOM is simulated using simulink and simpower system toolboxes in MATLAB. Power system circuit is analysed for an RL and RC load. The results for power flow with and without conditions are recorded for the power system. The current and voltage waveforms for source, load and inverter are also recorded.2. REACTIVE POWER Reactive power, or VAR represents the product of volts and amperes that are out-of-phase with each other. It is the portion of electricity that helps establish and sustain the electric and magnetic fields required by alternating current equipment. It is a type of power that does no real work and is generally associated with reactive elements (inductors and capacitors). The amount of reactive power present in an AC circuit will depend upon the phase shift or phase angle between the voltage and the current . Reactive power is either generated or consumed in almost every component of the power system. VI sing Reactive Power, Q ‘Active Power, P = VI cos} Fig 1. Relation between Active , Reactive and Apparent power Positive reactive power is caused by inductive loads such as motors and transformers (especially at low loads). Negative reactive power is caused by capacitive loads. This can include lighting ballasts, variable speed drives for motors, computer equipment, and inverters (especially when idle).3. NEED FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION Consider Sending end side with Voltage Vs z 5s and Receiving end side with Voltage V. The Reactive Power flow in a transmission line is given by _VsVreos(6s— Sr) Vr? 7 x x : Phase angle between Vs and Vr is very small therefore cos(6s-6r)=1: Vr? —VsVr + QX =0 Solving for V we get : From the above equation, there are three possible cases. They are: 1) When Reactive power demand (Q) is positive, i.e Q>0, Receiving end Voltage becomes less than Sending end Voltage. As reactive power demand (Q) increases, Receiving end Voltage (V ) falls further. 2) When Reactive power demand (Q) is zero, i.e Q=0, Receiving end Voltage is equal to Sending end Voltage.3) When Reactive Power demand (Q) is negative, i.e. Q<0 , Receiving end Voltage becomes more than Sending end Voltage. This effect takes place in medium or long transmission lines in case of no load or small load. These voltage fluctuations can cause various problems like failure in equipment connected to the receiving end by overheating or excessive current so reactive power in power systems must be compensated to avoid these undesired voltage fluctuations. The effects of reactive power in power systems : 1. Reactive power increases the transmission system losses(I2R) as when both active and reactive power is flowing in the transmission system, the magnitude of current is high due to presence of its active as well as reactive component. 2. It reduces the power transmission capability of the transmission lines. 3. As observed from the above equation, reactive power flow through the transmission lines can cause large amplitude variations in the receiving-end voltage which is undesirable. 4. It can also cause failure in insulations of cables. 5. High reactive power flow leads to low power factors. Effects of reactive power compensation: 1. Increase or decrease in reactive power demands lead to fluctuating receiving end voltage.Therefore, in order to obtain a flat voltage profile for various loading conditions, reactive power must be compensated. 2. If reactive power is compensated, more active power can flow through transmission lines and therefore, power transfer capability is enhanced. 3. Increase in stability margin. 4. Apparent power KVA is given by square root of sum of squares of active and reactive power. Therefore, by reactive power compensation, KVA loading of the line is reduced. 5. Magnitude of current flowing through transmission lines is reduced when reactive power is compensated as current only has an active component a4, STATCOM A static synchronous compensator(STATCOM), also known as a static synchronous condenser, is a regulating shunt device used on alternating current electricity transmission networks. It is based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network. It provides the desired reactive-power generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a VSC. It is categorised under Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices. As STATCOM uses VSC, it means that the capacitor banks and shunt reactors are not needed for reactive-power generation and absorption, thereby giving the STATCOM a compact design. Fig 2. STATCOM 6STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source behind a reactance which is controlled by a suitable controller to either generate or absorb reactive power. Since STATCOM uses a Voltage Source Converter(VSC), it means that the capacitor banks and shunt reactors are not needed for reactive-power generation and absorption. This gives STATCOM a compact design. STATCOMs are expensive, however their performance compensates for the high cost. STATCOM has the following components: 4.1 Voltage Source Converter : The voltage-source converter is used to convert the DC input voltage to an AC output voltage. We have used Inverter using IGBT for this purpose which uses Pulse Width Modulation technique to create a sinusoidal waveform from a DC voltage source . 4.2 Capacitor : A Capacitor is used to supply constant DC voltage to the voltage source converter, VSC. 4.3 Inductive Reactance: A Transformer is connected between the output of VSC and Power System. It is responsible for connecting the converter to the high voltage power system. The transformer also neutralizes harmonics contained in the square waves produced by VSC. 4.4 Harmonic Filter : Harmonic Filter attenuates the harmonics and other high frequency components due to the VSC. Simplified equivalent circuit diagram of VSC based STATCOM is as follows :Fig 3. Equivalent Simplified diagram of a STATCOM5. STATCOM :PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Consider two sources V1 and V2 are connected through an impedance Z = R+jX as shown in figure below. Fig 4. STATCOM principle of operation Taking V1 = V1 6, V2 = V2 0 and neglecting Ra Applying KVL, 1= (V1 6 - V2.0)/(iX) => (V1cos6 + jV1sin6 - V2)/(X) => | = V1sin6/X + j((V2 - V1cos6)/X) => Power transmitted, S = V2x (I*) = V2x (V1sin6/X - j((V2- V1cos6)/X)) => S$ = V1V2sin6/X + j(V2/X)(V1cos6 - V2) Active power transmitted, P = V1V2sin6/X Reactive power transmitted, Q = (V2/X)(V1cos6 - V2) 9In the above reactive power flow equation, angle 6 is the angle between V1 and V2. Thus if we maintain angle 6 = 0 and if Ris assumed negligible then, Reactive power flow will become Q= (V2/x)[V1Cos6 - V2] = (V2/x)[V1-V2] [cos(o) = 1] and active power flow will become P=V1V2Sin5/ X= 0 [sin(0) = 0] If the angle between V1 and V2 is zero, the flow of active power becomes zero and the flow of reactive power depends on (V1— V2). Thus for flow of reactive power there are two possibilities. 1) If the magnitude of V1 is more than V2, then reactive power will flow from source V1 to V2. 2) If the magnitude of V2 is more than V1, reactive power will flow from. source V2 to V1. This principle is used in STATCOM for reactive power control. The exchange of reactive power between the STATCOM and the ac system can be controlled by varying the amplitude of the 3-phase output voltage Vout of the STATCOM. If the amplitude of the Vout is increased above that of the grid voltage Vgrid, the current flows through the reactance from the converter to the AC system and the converter generates capacitive-reactive power for the AC system. If the amplitude of the Vout is decreased below the grid voltage Vgrid, the current flows from the AC system to the STATCOM and the STATCOM absorbs inductive-reactive power from the AC system.The reactivepower exchange becomes zero if the Vout equals the grid voltage Vgrid. This condition is known as the floating state of STATCOM. Fig 5. STATCOM power exchange |. In the VSC at the DC side, a relatively small capacitor is connected due to which the STATCOM is capable of only reactive power exchange with the power system I.The capacitor is charged and discharged during the course of each switching cycle. But in steady state, the average capacitor voltage remains constant. lll The real power flowing into the converter supplies the converter losses due to switching and charges the DC capacitor to a satisfactory DC voltage level. IV. Since the DC capacitor and the losses are relatively small, the amount of real power transfer is also relatively small.V. The STATCOM output AC current is approximately 90° with respect to AC system voltage at its line terminals and hence only reactive power transfer takes place. VI. ASTATCOM is used for voltage regulation in a power system. VII. Under lightly loaded conditions, the STATCOM is used to minimize or completely diminish the line overvoltage. VIII. It can also be used to maintain certain voltage levels under heavy loading conditions. 6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM Fig 6. SIMULINK circuit of power system without STATCOMFig 7. SIMULINK circuit of power system with STATCOM 137. MODELLING OF SUBSYSTEMS OF STATCOM The STATCOM controller consists of several functional blocks: Fig 8. STATCOM 7.1 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) : Vabc is converted to alpha beta 0 form which is further converted to dq0 form. To obtain the correct value of wt, Vq must be 0 so that Vgrid is in phase with the D-axis. A closed loop is formed and Vq is compared with Vq_ref which is 0 so that Vq becomes 0. A Pl controller is used to generate signals corresponding to the error between Vq and Vq_ref. The output of the PI controller is given to the integrator to obtaininwt. eel eh pO te pe eo ‘ Achaea | ApboBaa0 P\Conraier Wiaror a Fig 9. PLL subsystem 147.2 Measurement systems : The d-axis and q-axis components of the voltages and currents are computed by executing an abe-dqO transformation in the synchronous reference determined by wt provided by the PLL. Fig 10. Measurement subsystem 7.3 V_ref generator loop : The DC voltage is compared with VDC_ref to keep the DC link voltage constant to its nominal value (VDC_ref=800 V). This loop further consists of proportional-integral (PI) controllers that control the d-axis and q-axis currents. The controllers outputs are the Vdi and Vqi voltages that the PWM inverter has to generate. The Vdi and Vqi voltages are converted into phase voltages Va, Vb, Vc using dq0 to abe converter which are used to synthesize the PWM voltage 15a O0S00e 0 J 4a Fig 11. Reference voltage generator subsystem 7.4 PWM Generator: Vref obtained from the V_ref generator is compared with a triangular wave which is used as a carrier wave. The sampling rate which is equal to the frequency of the carrier wave is 10 KHz. The Vref and triangular waves are compared using relational blocks to generate PWM signals. For each relational block, one output is directly used and one is complemented to make sure 2 switches in the same leg of the inverter are never turned on together. Fig 12. PWM generator block 167.5 Three Phase Inverter : The three phase inverter consists of 6 IGBTs connected across the RC load. The gates of the IGBTs receive pulses generated from a PWMgenerator. This generates a certain switching sequence which leads to the generation of a three phase AC signal at the output of the inverter. Ata certain moment in this circuit, two IGBTs will always be active, one of which is connected to a positive VDC and the other to the negative VDC because otherwise the circuit will not be completed. At any given time, both the switches in the same segment of three phase inverter should never be closed as it leads to short circuits failing the entire setup. The three outputs from the inverter R, Y and B give the three phase AC output. Fig 13. Three Phase Inverter subsystem 78. SIMULATION RESULTS 8.1 Series RL Load having 200 KW and 100 KVAR : Without STATCOM, the active as well as the reactive power required by load is completely supplied by the source. However, with STATCOM the active power required by load is supplied by the source and the reactive power required by the load is supplied by the STATCOM. Fig 14. First figure shows the power produced by the source without STATCOM while the second figure shows the reactive power compensation by the STATCOM for an RL load 188.2 Series RC Load having 200 KW and 100 KVAR: Without STATCOM, the active required by load is completely supplied by the source and the reactive power produced by the load is absorbed by the source as well. However, with STATCOM the active power required by load is supplied by the source and the reactive power produced by the load is absorbed by the STATCOM. Fig 15. First figure shows the power produced by the source without STATCOM while the second figure shows the reactive power compensation by the STATCOM for an RC loadFig 16. Source Voltage and Source CurrentFig 16. Source Voltage and Source Current 20Fig 17. Load Voltage and Load Current The voltage and current waveform for Phase A from the source is shown with and without STATCOM in fig 19. Without STATCOM, voltage and current waveform are out of phase as reactive power is being delivered by the source. However, in case of STATCOM, the reactive power is being delivered by the STATCOM and therefore, voltage and current waveform for the source is in phase. It can also be observed that the current from the source is high when active as well as reactive power is taken from source only as the current will be having both active and reactive components. This high current will lead to high transmission losses (I2R). However, in case of reactive power compensation by STATCOM, the current from source contains only the active component and therefore, is lower in magnitude. This leads to less transmission losses as current(!) is reduced. 219. CONCLUSION Reactive power is unusable power which is either generated or consumed in components of the power system. Reactive power compensation is required to improve voltage regulation, enhance power transfer capabilities of the line and increase safety margins. STATCOM is a shunt device, which uses force-commutated power electronics (i.e.IGBT) to control power flow and improve transient stability on electrical power networks. STATCOM can generate as well as absorb reactive power with the help of Voltage Source Converter(VSC). The exchange of reactive power between the STATCOM and the AC system can be controlled by varying the amplitude of the 3-phase output voltage of STATCOM. The circuit for the power system is simulated with and without a STATCOM device for a 415V source voltage having frequency 50Hz. Simulation results show that in case of RL load, the reactive power is supplied by the STATCOM and in case of RC load, the reactive power is absorbed by the STATCOM and hence, reactive power compensation is achieved using STATCOM. The current and voltage waveforms for source, load and inverter are also recorded. The current and voltage waveforms for source with and without STATCOM are also compared to analyse the effect of reactive power compensation done by the STATCOM. 2210. REFERENCES 1. Hingorani, N. and Gyugyi, L. (2000). Understanding FACTS; Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. 2. O. Farrok, M.G. Rabbani and M.R. Islam (2010). Design and Simulation of an Efficient STATCOM Controller to Improve Electric Power System Dynamics. 3. STATCOM- Working Principle, Design and Application : https://electricalbaba.com/statcom-working-principle-design-and-applicati on 4. Importance of Reactive Power in Power Generation and Transmission: https://www.elprocus.com/importance-of-reactive-power-in-power-system- network/ 5. Reactive Power and Voltage Control of a Transmission Line: https://electricalbaba.com/reactive-power-and-voltage-control-of-a-transmi ss ion-line/ 6. Power Flow through Transmission Line | Two Bus System: https://www.eeeguide.com/power-flow-through-transmissionine/ 7. Future Energy - STATCOM: https://www.futureenergy.net.in/statcom.php 8. Simulation of 3 phase grid connected inverter using MATLAB with dq Control : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US3tsnUOJLO. 23