Geometry Problem Set

National Camp 2018

Asif E Elahi, M. Ahsan Al Mahir∗

1 Basic Stuffs
The problems that are listed below are your tools for solving tougher olympiad problems, be sure to know these
by heart.

 Problem 1.1. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

 Problem 1.2. Let L, M be the midpoints of BC and CA of 4ABC respectively. Prove that AL = BM ⇐⇒
AC = BC.

 Problem 1.3. Let P, Q, R, S be four points on a plane. Prove that 1 P R ⊥ QS ⇐⇒ P Q2 −QR2 = P S 2 −RS 2 .

 Problem 1.4. Let the circles ω1 and ω2 meet at X, Y . Two lines l1 , l2 through X intersect ω1 , ω2 at P1 , P2
and Q1 , Q2 respectively. Prove that 4Y P1 Q1 and 4Y P2 Q2 are similar.
Note: This little and easy problem might seem very trivial, but this can be very useful in dealing with
harder problems. Yufei Zhao’s 3 lemmas in geometry for further reading.

 Problem 1.5. 1. Prove that for all 4ABC the following relations are true:

a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
(R is the circumradius)
2
2. In 4ABC, P lies on BC. Prove that

BP AB × sin∠BAP
=
CP AC × sin∠P AC

 Problem 1.6. Let P and Q be arbitrary points on sides BC and CA respectively. Let the internal bisectors
of ∠CAP and ∠CBQ meet at R. Prove that ∠AQB + ∠AP B = 2∠ARB.
∗ Originally by Asif E Elahi, later modified and enhanced by M Ahsan Al Mahir
1 This is often called Perpendicularity Lemma in olympiad folklore
2 This is a very important lemma!

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 Problem 1.7. Let P, Q, R be points on sides BC, CA, AB of 4ABC. Prove that the perpendiculars to the
sides at these points are concurrent if and only if BP 2 + CQ2 + AR2 = P C 2 + QA2 + RB 2 .

 Problem 1.8. Let D, E, F are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB resp. Prove that ∠CAD = ∠ABE ⇐⇒
∠AF C = ∠ADB.

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 Problem 1.9. Let the angle bisector of ∠BAC meets ABC at A and X resp. Prove that XI = XB =
XC = XIa where I is the incenter and Ia is the excenter opposite to A of 4ABC.
Note: This is important as well.

 Problem 1.10. Let circles S1 and S2 meet at points A and B. An arbitrary line passing through A intersects
BP
S1 and S2 at P and Q resp. Prove is constant.
BQ

 Problem 1.11. Let L, M, N are the midpoints of BC, CA, AB and AD, BE, CF are altitudes of 4ABC.
Prove that
• O is the orthocenter of 4LM N .
• H is the incenter of 4DEF .
• D, E, F, L, M, N all lie on a circle.
• The center of this circle is the midpoint of OH.
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• Let BO ∩ ABC = Q. Prove that AQCH is a parallelogram
• Prove that AH = a cot A = 2R cos A (R is the circumradius) and HD = 2 cos B cos C
• Prove that the reflection of H on BC lies on the circumcenter.
• Prove that the reflection of the Euler Line3 on the sides of 4ABC concur at the circumcirle.

 Problem 1.12. In 4ABC, ∠BAC = 90◦ , AD is an altitude. The circle with center A and radius AD meets
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ABC at U and V . Prove that U V passes through the midpoint of AD.

 Problem 1.13. Let the incircle and excircle (opposite to A) of 4ABC meet BC at D and E resp. Suppose
F is the antipode of D wrt the incircle.

1. Prove that A, F, E are collinear.

2. M be the midpoint of DE. Prove that M I meets AD at it’s midpoint.

 Problem 1.14. Let the incircle of 4ABC meets AB and AC at X and Y resp. BI and CI meet XY at P
and Q respectively. Prove that BP QC is cyclic. (In fact BP ⊥ CP and BQ ⊥ CQ)

3 It is the line joining the orthocenter and the circumcenter

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 AC AD
 Problem 1.15. If four points A, C, B, D lie on a line in this order satisfying the property that = ,
BC BD
then A, B, C, D are in harmonic order. Prove that if A, B, C, D are in harmonic order and M is the midpoint
of AB, then

1. M A2 = M C.M D and DA.DB = DC.DM .

2. If P is a point s.t ∠AP B = 90◦ , then P A and P B are two bisectors of ∠CP D.
3. Suppose Q is point in the plane. Let a line l meets QA, QB, QC, QD at four points A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 respec-
tively. Then prove that A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 are also in harmonic order.

Note: This is the one of the most important lemma or theorem what you may call it, in bamming projective
problems. For further reading go to Alexander Remorov’s Projective Geometry handout.

 Problem 1.16. AD is an altitude of 4ABC. E, F are on AC, AB so that AD, BE, CF are concurrent.
Prove ∠EDA = ∠F DA.

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 Problem 1.17. Let AD be an altitude of 4ABC and E ∈ ABC so that AE k BC. Prove that D, G, E
are collinear where G is the centroid of 4ABC.

 Problem 1.18. Let O be the circumcenter of 4ABC and A0 , B 0 , C 0 are reflections of A on BC, CA, AB
resp. Prove that AA0 , BB 0 , CC 0 are concurrent.

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 Problem 1.19. Let D, E are on sides AC, AB of 4ABC resp. such that BE = CD. Let ABC∩ ADE =
P . Prove that P B = P C.

 Problem 1.20. Let a line P Q touch circle S1 and S2 at P and Q resp. Prove that the radical axis of S1 and
S2 passes through the midpoint of P Q.

 Problem 1.21. Let ω1 , ω2 , omega3 are 3 circles. Prove that the 3 radical axis of ω1 and ω2 ,ω2 and ω3 ,ω3
and ω1 are either concurrent or parallel.

 Problem 1.22. Two equal-radius circles ω1 and ω2 are centered at points O1 and O2 . A point X is reflected
through O1 and O2 to get points A1 and A2 . The tangents from A1 to ω1 touch ω1 at points P1 and Q1 , and
the tangents from A2 to ω2 touch ω2 at points P2 and Q2 . If P1 Q1 and P2 Q2 intersect at Y , prove that Y is
equidistant from A1 and A2 .

 Problem 1.23. Let BD, CE be the altitudes of 4ABC and M be the midpoint of BC. If the ray M H meet
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ABC at point K, prove that AK, BC, DE are concurrent.

 Problem 1.24. Two circle ω and Γ touches one another internally at P with ω inside of Γ. Let AB be a
chord of Γ which touches ω at D. Let P D ∩ Γ = Q. Prove that QA = QB.

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 Problem 1.25. Let AD be a symmedian of 4ABC with D on ABC. Let M be the midpoint of AD.
Prove that ∠BM D = ∠CM D and A, M, O, D are cyclic where O is the circumcenter of 4ABC.

PA
 Problem 1.26. Let A, B be two fixed points and let P be varying point such that PB is constant. Prove that
the locus of P is a circle.

 Problem 1.27. Prove that r1 + r2 + r3 = 4R + r (R, r, r1 , r2 , r3 are the circumradius, inradius and three
exradiuses respectively of a triangle)

 Problem 1.28. Let M be the midpoint of the altitude BE in 4ABC and suppose that the excircle opposite
to B touches AC at Y . Then M Y goes through the incenter I.

 Problem 1.29. Let ABC be a triangle, and draw isosceles triangles 4DBC, 4AEC, 4ABF external to
4ABC (with BC; CA; AB as their respective bases). Prove that the lines through A; B; C perpendicular to
EF ; F D; DE, respectively, are concurrent.

 Problem 1.30. In a triangle ABC we have AB = AC. A circle which is internally tangent with the
circumscribed circle of the triangle is also tangent to the sides AB; AC in the points P , respectively Q. Prove
that the midpoint of P Q is the center of the inscribed circle of the triangle ABC

 Problem 1.31. Nagel Point N : If the Excircles of ABC touch BC; CA; AB at D; E; F , then the intersec-
tion point of AD; BE; CF is called the Nagel Point N . Prove that

1. I; G; N are collinear. (G centroid, I incenter.)

2. GN = 2 · IG.
3. Speiker center S: The incircle of the medial triangle is called the Speiker circle, and its center is Speiker
center S. Prove that S is the midpoint of IN .

2 Olympiad Problems
The problems below are not sorted by difficulty. These are really nice problems, so try all of them :)

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 Problem 2.1. Let P B and P C are tangent to ABC. Let D, E, F are projection of A on BC, P B, P C
resp. Prove that AD2 = AE × AF .

 Problem 2.2. Let D and J AB and AC s.t DE k BC. P is an arbitrary point inside 4ADE.
J E are on
P B, P C ∩ DE = F, G. Let P DG ∩ P F E = Q. Prove that A, P, Q are collinear.

 Problem 2.3. Let AB and CD be chords in a circle of center O with A, B, C, D distinct , and with the lines
AB and CD meeting at a right angle at point E. Let also M and N be the midpoints of AC and BD respectively
. If M N ⊥OE , prove that AD k BC

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 Problem 2.4. Circles C1 and C2 intersect at A and B. Let M ∈ AB. A line through M (different from AB)
cuts circles C1 and C2 at Z, D, E, C respectively such that D, E ∈ ZC. Perpendiculars at B to the lines EB, ZB
and AD respectively cut circle C2 in F, K and N . Prove that KF = N C.

 Problem 2.5. Let D be a point on side AC of triangle ABC. Let E and F be points on the segments BD
and BC respectively, such that ∠BAE = ∠CAF . Let P and Q be points on BC and BD respectively, such that
EP and F Q are both parallel to CD. Prove that ∠BAP = ∠CAQ.

 Problem 2.6. In the non-isosceles triangle ABC an altitude from A meets side BC in D . Let M be the
midpoint of BC and let N be the reflection of M in D. The circumcirle of triangle AM N intersects the side
AB in P 6= A and the side AC in Q 6= A . Prove that AN, BQ and CP are concurrent.

 Problem 2.7. In triangle ABC, the interior and exterior angle bisectors of ∠BAC intersect the line BC
in D and E, respectively. Let F be the second point of intersection of the line AD with the circumcircle of the
triangle ABC. Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle ABCand let D0 be the reflection of D in O. Prove that
∠D0 F E = 90.

 Problem 2.8. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral such that the line BD bisects the angle ABC. The
circumcircle of triangle ABC intersects the sides AD and CD in the points P and Q, respectively. The line
through D and parallel to AC intersects the lines BC and BA at the points R and S, respectively. Prove that
the points P, Q, R and S lie on a common circle.

 Problem 2.9. The incircle of triangle ABC touches BC, CA, AB at points A1 , B1 , C1 , respectively. The
perpendicular from the incenter I to the median from vertex C meets the line A1 B1 in point K. Prove that CK
is parallel to AB.

 Problem 2.10. Let X be an arbitrary point inside the circumcircle of a triangle ABC. The lines BX and
CX meet the circumcircle in points K and L respectively. The line LK intersects BA and AC at points E and
F respectively. Find the locus of points X such that the circumcircles of triangles AF K and AEL touch.

 Problem 2.11. Let BD be a bisector of triangle ABC. Points Ia , Ic are the incenters of triangles ABD,
CBD respectively. The line Ia Ic meets AC in point Q. Prove that ∠DBQ = 90◦ .

 Problem 2.12. Given right-angled triangle ABC with hypotenuse AB. Let M be the midpoint of AB and O
be the center of circumcircle ω of triangle CM B. Line AC meets ω for the second time in point K. Segment KO
meets the circumcircle of triangle ABC in point L. Prove that segments AL and KM meet on the circumcircle
of triangle ACM .

 Problem 2.13. Let BN be median of triangle ABC. M is a point on BC. S lies on BN such that M S k AB.
P is a point such that SP ⊥ AC and BP k AC. M P cuts AB at Q. Prove that QB = QP .

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 Problem 2.14. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral with AB parallel to CD. Let P and Q be the midpoints
of AC and BD, respectively. Prove that if ∠ABP = ∠CBD, then ∠BCQ = ∠ACD.

 Problem 2.15. Point P lies inside a triangle ABC. Let D, E and F be reflections of the point P in the
lines BC, CA and AB, respectively. Prove that if the triangle DEF is equilateral, then the lines AD, BE and
CF intersect in a common point.

 Problem 2.16. Let 4ABC be an acute angled triangle. The circle with diameter AB intersects the sides
AC and BC at points E and F respectively. The tangents drawn to the circle through E and F intersect at P .
Show that P lies on the altitude through the vertex C.

 Problem 2.17. Let γ be circle and let P be a point outside γ. Let P A and P B be the tangents from P to
γ (where A, B ∈ γ). A line passing through P intersects γ at points Q and R. Let S be a point on γ such that
BS k QR. Prove that SA bisects QR

 Problem 2.18. Given is a convex quadrilateral ABCD with AB = CD. Draw the triangles ABE and CDF
outside ABCD so that ∠ABE = ∠DCF and ∠BAE = ∠F DC. Prove that the midpoints of AD, BC and EF
are collinear

 Problem 2.19. Let P be a point out of circle C. Let P A and P B be the tangents to the circle drawn from
C. Choose a point K on AB . Suppose that the circumcircle of triangle P BK intersects C again at T . Let P 0
be the reflection of P with respect to A. Prove that

∠P BT = ∠P 0 KA

 Problem 2.20. Consider a circle C1 and a point O on it. Circle C2 with center O, intersects C1 in two
points P and Q. C3 is a circle which is externally tangent to C2 at R and internally tangent to C1 at S and
suppose that RS passes through Q. Suppose X and Y are second intersection points of P R and OR with C1 .
Prove that QX is parallel with SY .

 Problem 2.21. In triangle ABC we have ∠A = π3 . Construct E and F on continue of AB and AC

respectively such that BE = CF = BC. Suppose that EF meets circumcircle of 4ACE in K. (K ≡
6 E). Prove
that K is on the bisector of ∠A

 Problem 2.22. In triangle ABC, ∠A = 90◦ and M is the midpoint of BC. Point D is chosen on segment
AC such that AM = AD and P is the second meet point of the circumcircles of triangles ∆AM C, ∆BDC.
Prove that the line CP bisects ∠ACB

 Problem 2.23. Let C1 , C2 be two circles such that the center of C1 is on the circumference of C2 . Let C1 , C2
intersect each other at points M, N . Let A, B be two points on the circumference of C1 such that AB is the
diameter of it. Let lines AM, BN meet C2 for the second time at A0 , B 0 , respectively. Prove that A0 B 0 = r1
where r1 is the radius of C1 .

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 Problem 2.24. Given a triangle ABC, let P lie on the circumcircle of the triangle and be the midpoint of
the arc BC which does not contain A. Draw a straight line l through P so that l is parallel to AB. Denote by k
the circle which passes through B, and is tangent to l at the point P . Let Q be the second point of intersection
of k and the line AB (if there is no second point of intersection, choose Q = B). Prove that AQ = AC.

 Problem 2.25. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral in which internal angle bisectors ∠ABC and ∠ADC
intersect on diagonal AC. Let M be the midpoint of AC. Line parallel to BC which passes through D cuts BM
at E and circle ABCD in F (F 6= D ). Prove that BCEF is parallelogram

 Problem 2.26. The side BC of the triangle ABC is extended beyond C to D so that CD = BC. The
side CA is extended beyond A to E so that AE = 2CA. Prove that, if AD = BE, then the triangle ABC is
right-angled

 Problem 2.27. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in the circle Γ with AB as diameter. Let E be
the intersection of the diagonals AC and BD. The tangents to Γ at the points C, D meet at P . Prove that
PC = PE

 Problem 2.28. The quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. The point P lies in the interior of ABCD,
and ∠P AB = ∠P BC = ∠P CD = ∠P DA. The lines AD and BC meet at Q, and the lines AB and CD meet
at R. Prove that the lines P Q and P R form the same angle as the diagonals of ABCD

 Problem 2.29. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral with opposite sides not parallel. Let X and Y be the
intersections of AB, CD and AD, BC respectively. Let the angle bisector of ∠AXD intersect AD, BC at E, F
respectively, and let the angle bisectors of ∠AY B intersect AB, CD at G, H respectively. Prove that EF GH is
a parallelogram.

 Problem 2.30. Triangle ABC is given with its centroid G and cicumcentre O is such that GO is perpendicular
to AG. Let A0 be the second intersection of AG with circumcircle of triangle ABC. Let D be the intersection of
lines CA0 and AB and E the intersection of lines BA0 and AC. Prove that the circumcentre of triangle ADE
is on the circumcircle of triangle ABC

 Problem 2.31. Let M be the midpoint of the side AC of 4ABC. Let P ∈ AM and Q ∈ CM be such that
P Q = AC2 . Let (ABQ) intersect with BC at X 6= B and (BCP ) intersect with BA at Y 6= B. Prove that the
quadrilateral BXM Y is cyclic.

 Problem 2.32. Let be given a triangle ABC and its internal angle bisector BD (D ∈ BC). The line BD
intersects the circumcircle Ω of triangle ABC at B and E. Circle ω with diameter DE cuts Ω again at F . Prove
that BF is the symmedian line of triangle ABC.

 Problem 2.33. ∆ABC is a triangle such that AB 6= AC. The incircle of ∆ABC touches BC, CA, AB at
D, E, F respectively. H is a point on the segment EF such that DH⊥EF . Suppose AH⊥BC, prove that H is
the orthocenter of ∆ABC.

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 Problem 2.34. Let ABC be a triangle and let P be a point on the angle bisector AD, with D on BC. Let
E, F and G be the intersections of AP, BP and CP with the circumcircle of the triangle, respectively. Let H be
the intersection of EF and AC, and let I be the intersection of EG and AB. Determine the geometric place of
the intersection of BH and CI when P varies

 Problem 2.35. Let D; E; F be the points on the sides BC; CA; AB respectively, of 4ABC. Let P ; Q; R be
the second intersection of AD; BE; CF respectively, with the cricumcircle of 4ABC. Show that
AD BE CF
+ + ≥9
P D QE RF

 Problem 2.36. Points D and E lie on sides AB and AC of triangle ABC such that DE k BC. Let P be
an arbitrary point inside ABC. The lines P B and P C intersect DE at F and G, respectively. If O1 is the
circumcenter of P DG and O2 is the circumcenter of P F E, show that AP k O1 O2 .

 Problem 2.37. Let ABC be a triangle. A circle passing through A and B intersects segments AC and BC
at D and E, respectively. Lines AB and DE intersect at F , while lines BD and CF intersect at M . Prove that
M F = M C if and only if M B · M D = M C 2

 Problem 2.38. Let O and I be the circumcenter and incenter of triangle ABC, respectively. Let ωA be the
excircle of triangle ABC opposite to A; let it be tangent to AB, AC, BC at K, M, N , respectively. Assume that
the midpoint of segment KM lies on the circumcircle of triangle ABC. Prove that O; N ; I are collinear.

 Problem 2.39. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. Let AB ∩ CD = P and AD ∩ BC = Q. Let the tangents
from Q meet the circumcircle of ABCD at E and F . Prove that P ; E; F are collinear.