Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
9
SCIENCE
Quarter 3 - Module 2
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
Development Team of the Module
Johnalyn G. Cordova Maryjoie S. Cañete
Writers:
Maryjoie S. Cañete, Zyhrine P. Mayormita
Editors:
Renzmark L. Ruiz, Chris Raymund M. Bermudo
Reviewers:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Virgilio P. Batan Jr.- Schools Division Superintendent Lourma I.
Poculan- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent Amelinda D. Montero- Chief Education
Supervisor, CID
Nur N. Hussien- Chief Education Supervisor, SGOD Ronillo S. Yarag- Education Program
Supervisor, LRMS Zyhrine P. Mayormita- Education Program Supervisor, Science Leo
Martinno O. Alejo- Project Development Officer II, LRMS Bernie P. Laranjo- Public Schools
District Supervisor
Elvira O. Alejo- School Principal, Sicayab NHS
What is It
In the Earth's mantle, temperatures are hot
enough to melt rock and form a thick, flowing substance
called magma. Magma inside the volcano has a high
temperature. It is less dense than the solid rock that
surrounds it. As the magma is continuously heated, it
rises. As it rises, gas bubbles are developed, and
eventually, some magma pushes through vents and
fissures in Earth's surface and collects in magma
chambers. The gas bubbles are trapped and expand,
causing the molten material to swell also, resulting in a
gradual increase in pressure within the volcano. When
the pressure exceeds the strength of the overlying rock,
fracturing occurs. The resulting breaks lead to a further https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-causes-volcanoes-why-do-volcanoes-
erupt-where-are-volcanoes-found.html
drop in confining pressure, which in turn causes even
more gas bubbles to form. The formation of these large gas bubbles caused the density of
the magma to reduce even more, resulting in its faster ascent that leads to a volcanic
eruption. Once magma is spewed out of a volcano, it is called lava. Lava may appear to
be the primary material ejected from a volcano, but this is not always the case. Aside
from lava, broken rocks, lava bombs, fine ash, and dust are also ejected.
What determines the nature of the eruption?
There are primary factors affecting the volcano's
eruptive style, namely: the magma's temperature, its
chemical composition, viscosity (the ability of a
substance to resist flowing), and the amount of dissolved
gasses. The most abundant magma gases are water
vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen
sulfide (the rotten egg smell that fills the air in the vicinity Mt. Mayon, Albay, Philippines (January 24, 2018- Volcanic Eruption)
of volcanoes). Magma with low gas content produces a https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/00000161-28a5-da8f-
ab6d-ffe70e6b0000
gentle eruption.
Magma with high gas content either produces an
explosive or gentle eruption based on its viscosity. If it
has low viscosity, the gas can easily escape from the
rising magma and hence does not produce an explosive
eruption. But if the magma is highly viscous, the gas
cannot easily escape, so that pressure slowly builds up
until the strength of the magma is overcome. The magma
is then shattered into pieces by the escaping gases. The
result is an explosive pyroclastic eruption (fragmentation
of magma), just like the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in
The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo,
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/philippines/
1991.
How does volcanic eruption affect us?
A volcanic eruption has a good and bad side. It may be fascinating to look at, but
it poses a lot of danger to humankind. It can cause loss of lives and damage to
properties. It may bring health problems such as burns, suffocation, skin diseases, eye
injuries, respiratory problems, and even death.
3
Ashfall generates the risk of food and water
contamination. It significantly affects livestock and domestic
animals, crops, and the nearby community, compromising
essential services (water, electricity, transportation, and
communications) and access to health services. Likewise, the
accumulation of ash on roofs can cause damage or collapse
houses and buildings, which may result to the occurrence of
accidents and multiple injuries. The aftermath of Pinatubo Volcano eruption (Photo
credits: USGS)
The ashes emitted during the eruption of Mount
Pinatubo in 1991 affected not only the Philippines but
the entire globe. Visibility was reduced, and airline
flights were canceled. Many places in Zambales and
Pampanga were buried in lahars (a mixture of rock,
mud, and water that rushes down the slopes of a
volcano and its river valleys for many miles away from
the volcano and at speeds of up to 60 kilometers per
The aftermath of Pinatubo Volcano eruption (Photo credits:
hour). It has caused a decrease in the Earth's surface
USGS) https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/ (pep.ph) temperature for almost two years.
Some of the good ways that volcanoes affect people include producing
spectacular scenery that attracts tourists and fertile soils for farming. Rising magma
brings valuable minerals to the surface, creating mining opportunities. People also
became creative by making earthenware out of the ashfall. Volcanoes are also a good
source of Geothermal energy -tapping the Earth's heat for low cost, clean, and renewable
energy used to generate electricity.
Despite the advantages that people get from volcanic eruptions, our focus should
be on how to minimize the adverse effects of a disaster by being prepared, reducing loss
and damages to properties, and saving lives. Are you prepared?
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
the government agency tasked with monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in the
country, the following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt.
These may vary from one volcano to another.
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; the
occurrence of volcanic tremors;
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to
gray due to entrained ash;
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater;
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt, and ground fissuring due to magma
intrusion;
5. Localized landslides, rock falls, and landslides from the summit area which not
attributable to heavy rains;
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes;
4
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan and Canlaon),
and Crater Lake (e.g., Taal) near the volcano;
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano;
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano; and,
10.Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones;
(appearance of sulfatases).
5
What I Can Do
Activity 7: Am I prepared?
The following is the list of activities related to disaster preparedness. Use the letter
equivalent to classify each statement as an activity Before, During, or After a volcanic
eruption. Write your answers in the table below.
A. Pack bottles of potable water and portable radios with batteries.
B. Tune in to the radio for advisories and warnings
C. Let friends and family know you're safe.
D. Have a family escape plan and avoid low-lying areas.
E. Wear protective gear – goggles, gas mask, long pants, and long sleeves.
F. If evacuated, return to your houses only when authorities say it is safe to do so.
G. If you live near a volcano, secure maps on the possible path of volcanic flow
H. If indoors, close all windows, doors, and dampers to keep volcanic ash from
entering.
I. Continue listening to local news for updated information and instructions
J. Avoid inhaling volcanic dust by covering your face with a wet towel.
K. Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them from breathing
volcanic ash.
L. If people around you are injured, practice CHECK, CALL, CARE. Check the
scene to be sure it's safe for you to approach, calls for help, and if you are
trained, provide first aid to those in need until emergency responders can
arrive.
BEFORE DURING AFTER
6
Assessment
Direction: Read each statement carefully and circle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of these is NOT a primary factor that affects volcanic eruptive style?
A. The viscosity of the magma
B. The temperature of the magma
C. Location of the volcano
D. Amount of gases dissolved
2. What do you call the semi-molten rock underneath a volcano?
A. Lahar C. Volcanic Ash
B. Lava D. Magma
3. How are volcanoes formed?
A. Hot molten rock pushes up to the ground
B. It is the result of the spinning of the Earth
C. Due to the shaking of the ground
D. It resulted from the movement of the ocean floor
4. Which of the following characteristics of magma affects the explosiveness of
volcanic eruption?
A. Color C. Viscosity
B. Amount of gases dissolved D. Hardness
5. Which of the following are signs of volcanic eruption?
A. The abrupt change in weather.
B. Change in the atmospheric temperature.
C. A noticeable rise or fall of sea level.
D. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sound.
6. Why does a thick layer of volcanic ash, when heavy enough, cause roofs of
building to collapse?
A. It is solid and massive.
B. It cannot be blown by the winds
C. It becomes heavier as it cools.
D. It consists of tiny fragments of rocks that become heavy as they pile up.
7. Which of the following factors associated with huge volcanic eruptions may cause
the decrease in the Earth's average temperature for few years?
A. Acid rain C. Lava Flow
B. Volcanic Ash D. Magma formation
8. Which of these is NOT a positive effect of volcanic eruption?
A. Contributes to soil fertility C. Promotes tourism
B. Reduced visibility D. Increase mineral deposits
7
9. Which of the following statements is the best thing to do before a volcanic eruption?
A. Have a family escape plan and avoid escaping to low-lying areas.
B. Avoid inhaling volcanic dust by covering your face with a wet towel.
C. Wear protective gear – goggles, gas mask, long pants, and long sleeves.
D. Bring animals and livestock into closed shelters to protect them from
breathing volcanic ash.
10. How did the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo way back in 1991 affect the global average
atmospheric temperature for about two years?
A. It decreases C. There was no significant effect
B. It increases D. Global Warming
8
Answer Key Gr9Q3Module3
Activity 1: What Am I?
Activity 2. Blast from within!
Volcano
Answer Q1. Volcano
Composite
Answer Q2. Magma. Formation of bubbles creates pressure and pushes the
Active
mixture upward that makes it overflow.
Dormant
Extinct
Hydrothermal
Plinian Activity 3: Under pressure
Q1. What did you observe in each bottle?
Answer: A fizzing sound was heard followed by the rushing out of bubbles
from the bottle dipped in hot water. There was also a sound heard in the
bottle placed in cold water but not as much as in bottle A.
Q2. Explain your observation.
Answer: There was accumulated gas inside the bottle.
Q3. What is the role of hot water in the setup?
Answer: The hot water increases the temperature of the soda drink inside the
bottle. As the temperature increases, more gas is accumulated inside the
bottle. This causes the fizzing sound.
Q4. Do you have the same observation as in the soda drinks?
Answer: The observation in the bottle of cooking oil is not the same as in the
Activity 4: soda drinks.
Q5. Explain your answer.
Answer: There was not much gas released in the bottled cooking oil because of
Part I its composition. Soda drink is carbonated. The high temperature released the
A gas from the soda drinks. In the activity, we have seen the effect of
temperature on the amount of gas that can be produced in a liquid.
What is the role of pressure in the setup? The accumulated gas inside the
C bottle has increased the pressure causing the liquid to rush out of the bottle.
B Activity 5: Fill Me In Activity 6: What’s the
word?
Part II 1. Volcanoes
3 2. Magma
1 3. Lava
2 4. Ashfall
5. Lahar
Part III
2 ASSESSMENT
5
1.C 6. D
1
2.D 7. B
4 3.A 8. B
3 4.C 9. A
5.D 10. A
Activity 7: Am I prepared?
BEFORE DURING AFTER
A B C
D E F
G H I
J L
K
9
References
Lourdes Telmo, Ms. Rhodora Ramos. not mentioned. "Describe how a volcano is
formed." Workbook on science 6 104, 107.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zww4nbk/revision/3
https://www.paho.org/disasters/index.php?Itemid=1171&lang=en#:~:text=The%2
0most%20common%20effects%20on,problems%2C%20conjunctivitis%20an d%20even
%20death
Soda over the pan. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/66991113186215674/
Puzzle http://puzzlemaker.discoveryeducation.com/code/BuildCryptogram.asp
Soda Bottle. https://www.iconfinder.com/icons/662462/beverage_bottle_coke_
drink_pet_soda_soft_icon
Net explorer https://www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_image_pages/0521-1004-
3015-4807.html
Preparedness. https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for emergencies
/types-of-emergencies/volcano.html
Popping Balloon picture. https://www.dreamstime.com/cartoon-illustration-
drawing-hand-needle-pin-popping-balloon-conceptual-image145936754
Josefina Ma. Ferriols-Pavico, John Donnie A. Ramos, et al. 2014. EXPLORING LIFE
THROUGH SCIENCE. Quezon Ave, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc.
Merle C. Tan, et al. 2006,2009. Integrated Science Textbook. Araneta Ave cor Ma.
Clara St, Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Department of Education (2017). Science 9 Learner's Material. First Edition.
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Department of Education (2017). Science 9 Teachers Guide. First Edition.
Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
