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3 - Geographic Databases

Databases are large collections of structured data used for various purposes like banking, inventory, etc. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, organize, and maintain a database. DBMS offer functionality for database structure, data storage and manipulation, security, and concurrent access by multiple users. Common DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft Access. Spatial databases are optimized for geographic data represented as points, lines, polygons and other geometric objects.

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19 views10 pages

3 - Geographic Databases

Databases are large collections of structured data used for various purposes like banking, inventory, etc. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, organize, and maintain a database. DBMS offer functionality for database structure, data storage and manipulation, security, and concurrent access by multiple users. Common DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft Access. Spatial databases are optimized for geographic data represented as points, lines, polygons and other geometric objects.

Uploaded by

Max Well
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Databases

Databases
• A large, computerized collection of structured data
is what we call a database.
• In the non-spatial domain, databases are used for
various purposes E.g. bank account
administration, stock monitoring, salary
administration, order bookkeeping, and flight
reservation systems.
• The amount of data that is stored is usually quite
large,
• The data itself has a simple and regular structure.
Databases
• To set up a database:
– One has to consider carefully what the database
purpose is
– who will be its users.
– identify the available data sources
– define the format in which the data will be organized
within the database - Called the database structure.
– Enter data into the database.
• Keep the data up-to-date,
Databases
• A database management system (DBMS) is a
software package that allows the user to set up,
use and maintain a database. (Mysql, oracle,
Postgresql, Microsoft access, IBM ( SPSS)
• A DBMS offers generic functionality for database
organization and data handling.
• Standard PCs are equipped these days with a
DBMS called Access. This package is quite
functional but only for smaller (mostly private)
databases.
Why DBMS ?
• A DBMS supports the storage and manipulation of very
large data sets.
• A DBMS can be instructed to guard over some levels of
data correctness.
• A DBMS supports the concurrent use of the same data
set by many users.
• A DBMS provides a high-level, declarative query
language.
• A DBMS supports the use of a data model.
– data model is a language with which one can define a
database structure and manipulate the data stored in it.
The most prominent data model is the relational data
Why DBMS ?
• A DBMS includes data backup and recovery
functions to ensure data availability at all
times
• A DBMS allows to control data redundancy.
Relational Data Model
• The relational data model .In the relational data
model, a database is viewed as:
– A collection of relations commonly also known as
tables.
– A table or relation is itself a collection of tuples (or
records or rows)
– A tuple has a fixed number of named fields, also
known as attributes (or columns)
• Due to the greater flexibility of the relational data
model, the relational data model is used by
nearly all GIS systems.
Spatial Database
• Spatial databases are a specific type of database.
• They store representations of geographic
phenomena in the real world to be used in a GIS.
• They are special in the sense that they use other
techniques than tables to store these
representations.
• This is because it is not easy to represent
geographic phenomena using tables.
• A spatial database is a database that is
optimized for storing and querying data that
represents objects defined in a geometric space.
Most spatial databases allow the representation
of simple geometric objects such as points, lines
and polygons.
• Examples of spatial databases are PostGIS spatial
database which allows querying and managing
information about locations and mapping.
Other database examples include SQL Server
and Microsoft Access (known as a personal
geodatabase in ArcGIS)

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