CHAPTER V:

The Teacher as a Special Person in the Society

Instructional Objectives:
1. Evaluate the implications of the major philosophies of education on one’s future practice of
the teaching profession.
2. Be aware of the role of a professional Teacher as a special person in the society.
3. Identify one’s personal philosophy, values and motivation for pursuing the teaching
profession

❖ What is a teacher’s role in a society?

A teacher acts as a foundation and stepping stones for each student as they
develop their potentials to its fullest. It is the teacher’s responsibility to be
interconnected with the various stakeholders of our society in order to strengthen their
relationship with different sectors. Others may think that a teacher only has to stand in
front of the class to perform their duties. However, their job is actually so much more
than that since they must be an essential part of the entire society. Indeed, being a
teacher is the noblest profession to ever exist. The essence of becoming a teacher is to
be of service to the society, guiding each student to also become valuable members of
it.

Major philosophies of education on one’s future practice of the teaching profession.

Before discussing the following concepts of philosophies that a future facilitator of

learning must possess, it is important to first determine the importance of including this topic
in the course Ed 102 - The Teaching Profession.

❖ Why are teaching philosophies important?

Teaching philosophies do govern the ideologies and methods of a teacher in
terms of the teaching methods that they will implement inside the four corners of the
classroom. It depicts the process of how a student shall learn from the instructor.
According to Top Hat Glossary, teaching philosophy is a written statement that
includes:

● Your core beliefs about the purpose of teaching and learning.

● A high-level description of how you teach.
● An explanation of why you teach that way.
● Any primary specializations.
● Examples of your teaching philosophy in practice in the classroom

❖ What relevance does it give to future teachers?

As future teachers, possessing a structured way of instruction will assist them
in a more organized learning process. It will provide ideas to a future teacher on
identifying the teaching method that works for them and their students. Through that,
it will be easier for them to adjust when they already earned their license.

❖ How do these philosophies help in the actual teaching process?

These philosophies give focus for each teacher in terms of the methods that
they will integrate in the class. The numerous philosophies that will be discussed in
this topic shall be beneficial to a teacher for them to identify their preferred method of
teaching. Thus, this will also help achieve a deeper level of understanding when it
comes to the essence of education.
The major philosophies of education can be broken down into three main types:

1. Teacher-centered philosophies
➢ Based on the given definition of Sadker Learning Center, Teacher-centered
philosophies tend to be more authoritarian and conservative, and emphasize the values
and knowledge that have survived through time.
➢ These philosophies are focused on the authority that a teacher holds as he/she steps
foot in the classroom.
➢ Answer the question, “What does the teacher want students to learn?”
➢ The survival of education and the teachers' ongoing influence in the classroom depend
on teacher-centered philosophies. These are known to be ideologies that pass
knowledge from one generation to the next.
➢ According to teacher-centered theories, the teacher's job is to instill sensibility, a
strong work ethic, respect for authority, and compassion for others. When students
demonstrate, usually through tests, that they have grasped the material covered,
teachers and schools prosper.

a. Essentialism - is the teaching of basic skills that have been proven over time to be needed
in society.

● Essentialists believe in imparting time-tested knowledge and values. They emphasize

core subjects and a structured curriculum. This philosophy advocates training the
mind.
● Essentialist educators focus on transmitting a series of progressively difficult topics
and promotion of students to the next level or grade. Subjects are focused on the
historical context of the material world and culture, and move sequentially to give a
solid understanding of the present day.
● This philosophy stresses core knowledge in reading, writing, math, science, history,
foreign language, and technology. The tools include lecturing, memorization,
repetition, practice, and assessment.

WILLIAM C. BAGLEY (1874-1946)

 ● William C. Bagley (1874–1946) was one of the most influential advocates of
essentialism. Bagley believed that education was not supposed to change society but
to preserve it.

b. Perennialism - focuses on the teaching of great works.

● Perennialists are primarily concerned with the importance of mastery of the content
and development of reasoning skills. The old adage “the more things change, the
more they stay the same” summarizes the perennialists’ perspective on education.
Skills are still developed in a sequential manner. For example, reading, writing,
speaking, and listening are emphasized in the early grades to prepare students in later
grades to study literature, history, and philosophy.

Examples of Educational Perennialism

● Reading Classic Literature: When students read old books by famous authors like
Shakespeare, they explore themes like love and courage that everyone, at any time,
might go through. This is Perennialism because these stories have been important for
a long time.
● Studying Ancient Philosophers: Discussing ideas from smart thinkers like Plato
teaches us about big life questions that people have asked forever. This is an example
because these thoughts are part of the lasting knowledge of Perennialism values.
● Focusing on Core Subjects: Math, science, and history, are taught because they give
skills and knowledge that humans have always found useful, like figuring out
problems. This focus is core to Perennialism because it’s about what always matters in
education.

2. Student-Centered Philosophies
● The student-centered learning method aligns with the progressive educational
philosophy, which places the student at the center of our lesson design and its
execution. centers schools on the interests, worries, and practical experiences of their
pupils.
● What is said about student-centered learning is true. In essence, learning occurs by
action. Teachers think that the child should be at the heart of education.
● In a student-centered learning environment, educators and learners are dedicated to
collaborating to identify the most effective learning strategy.
❖ Progressivism
❖
➢ Its main objective is to help students grow in morality.
➢ This is a student-centered form of instruction where students follow the
scientific method of questioning and searching for answers.
➢ Evaluations include projects and portfolios.
➢ Current events are used to keep students interested in the required subject
matter.
Example: Progressivism focuses on the helpful changes and attitude to problem-solving that
people with diverse educational backgrounds can offer their pupils.
 ❖ Humanism

⮚ Is to develop every student to the best extent possible.

⮚ This educational method is based on the idea that the students should be
presented with choices about the learning process.
⮚ The student is engaged in all aspects of learning and works together with the
teacher and her peers to develop a curriculum and evaluation system that
allows for individual interests and abilities.

Example: Humanism’s main objective is to help each person become a free, self-actualizing
individual. Students are at ease discussing ideas, emotions, convictions, anxieties, and goals
with one another.

❖ Constructivism

⮚ It focuses on influencing students' worldviews through education.

⮚ It concentrates on the queries and interests of the students, they expand on
their prior knowledge, they emphasize interactive learning, and they are
student-centered.

Example: Constructivism is promoting the creation of personal meaning through interactive,

project-based learning since it is the most effective method of helping pupils relate to the
information being taught.
3. Student-Centered Philosophies
➢ Societies-centered ideologies put the emphasis on a group or a population rather than
just the individual student.
➢ Rather than focusing on a curriculum or a student, society- centered philosophies
place more emphasis on educating a group of people whether a minority group or the
entire world-than on a single individual.
➢ The goal is to advance society as a whole.

a. Social reconstructionism - is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social

questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy.
Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the
aim of education.
● Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) was the founder of social reconstructionism,
in reaction against the realities of World War II. He recognized the potential
for either human annihilation through technology and human cruelty or the
capacity to create a beneficent society using technology and human
compassion. ▪
● George Counts (1889-1974), father of social reconstructionism, recognized
that education was the means of preparing people for creating this new social
order.
● Harold Rugg was a professor of education who believed in the transformative
potential of education to create a more democratic and just society.
● Social reconstructionism is a progressive approach to education that focuses
on using schools as agents of social change. It emphasizes the importance of
 addressing social problems and promoting social justice through community
organizing and political action. This approach prioritizes the development of
active and engaged citizens who have the skills and knowledge necessary to
bring about positive social change.
● It is an educational philosophy that aims at rebuilding society through
educational reform. It encourages critical thinking and uses social, political
and economic structures to question accepted norms and values that shape our
society.
● States that education should be used to change the existing structure of society
in order to create a more equal and equitable world for all. It seeks to promote
democracy, justice, equality, peace and respect for human rights in all aspects
of life.

b. Behaviorism - in education, or behavioral learning theory is a branch of psychology

that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with the environment. It is
based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which is a
process of reinforcement and punishment. It is based on the idea that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning, which is a process of reinforcement and punishment.

● Behaviorists proposed that environmental stimuli and consequences shape

behavior and that learning occurs through a process of operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors based on
their outcome
● It provides a clear and objective way of measuring and evaluating student
performance and progress.
● It allows teachers to tailor instruction and feedback according to each student’s
needs and abilities.
● It helps teachers manage classroom behavior and discipline by using positive
reinforcement and negative reinforcement strategies.
● It motivates students to learn by rewarding them for their achievements and
efforts.
● It helps students develop self-regulation skills by teaching them how to
monitor and control their own behavior.

c. Existentialism - a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and

choice. It is the view that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make
rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe.

● The main concern of the existentialists is "to help students understand and
appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete
responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions".
● In education, Existentialism plays a big part in searching for bigger potential
among students. Not just potential but also hone values of every individual.
This philosophy helps in finding one self and having deeper meaning in living.
There are no boundaries in this philosophy. Learners are encouraged to freely
express themselves and find something that would not just be interesting but
also find a path that they chose themselves and not what the society told them
to do. Doing such would hold them responsible for their choices yet this
 would give them importance as a member of a society. This becomes their
essence in living.

Proponents of Existentialism

❖ Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855) - a Danish philosopher born in Copenhagen. He is

the "father of existentialism." He said human existence is always individual in
character, never social. Man functions, grows, develops, makes choices, suffers,
experiences intense feelings, and faces God as an individual.
❖ Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) - French philosopher and principal spokesman for the
existentialist movement in post-war France. He coined "Existence precedes Essence".
Essence is created by existence; human nature is the product of existence. Man first
exists without purpose, finds himself in the world and only then, as a reaction to
experience, defines the meaning of life.

d. Conservatism - is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social

institutions.
➢ The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the traditional
values or practices of the culture and civilization in which it appears.
➢ Conservatism emphasizes traditions and relies on the individual to maintain
society. Gradualism is one form.
➢ The first known use of the term in a political context was by François-René de
Chateaubriand in 1818.
➢ The first known use of the term in a political context was by François-René de
Chateaubriand in 1818.
➢ Edmund Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals.

Types of Conservatism

1. Fiscal Conservatism - is a political and economic philosophy.

● Fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility advocating low taxes, reduced
government spending and minimal government debt.
● Deregulation, free trade, privatization and tax cuts are its defining qualities.

2. Liberal Conservatism - is a political ideology combining conservative policies with

liberal stances.

3. National Conservatism - is a variant of conservatism common in Europe and Asia.

● Concentrates on upholding national and cultural identity, while mixing
conservative elements with purely nationalist ones.

4. Social Conservatism - is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism.

● Places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism, and
seeks to "reverse or stem the direction of change”

5. Traditional Conservatism - also referred to as classical conservatism, European

conservatism.
● It emphasizes the need for the principles of a transcendent moral order,
manifested through certain natural laws to which society ought to conform in a
prudent manner.
 6. Cultural conservatism - is described as the protection of the cultural heritage of a
nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. Cultural conservatism
refers more to norms and practices than it does to morals and values.

How is an educator’s educational philosophy determined?

Defining Philosophy: the study of the basic ideas about knowledge, truth, right and wrong,
religion, and the nature and meaning of life. (Merriam-Webster dictionary)
Defining Educational Philosophy:
- Branch of practical philosophy that
deals with the nature of education
- Philosophical issues that can arise
from educational theory and practice
- Examination of goals, forms,
methods, and meaning of education

Its subject matter: nature of knowledge that is worth teaching and learning.

Examples of Educational Philosophies:

“Your job is to grow your students to become independent, self-directed learners not for
someday in the distant future, but right now. “
- Allison Zmuda
“It is imperative that we push ourselves to be the learners and leaders that we envision from
each our students and teachers.”
- Jessica Torres
“Caring about the whole child is perhaps the most important aspect of education.”
- William Place
It is important to identify your own philosophy of education in order to understand your own
system of values and beliefs.
It is vital to address several key components:

❖ How do I think?

Understanding how individuals think can be approached from the standpoint

of cognitive development and metacognition. Cognitive development refers to the
progression of thinking skills and abilities from infancy through adulthood, as
proposed by theorists like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Metacognition involves
awareness and control of one’s own thought processes, including planning,
monitoring, and evaluating thinking tasks. You may also consider factors such as
motivation, emotion, and individual differences.
 ❖ What is the purpose of education?

The purpose of education is multifaceted, aiming to empower individuals to

lead meaningful lives, pursue their goals, and make positive contributions to the world
around them. It could be for personal growth, cognitive development, socialization,
preparation for life, and civic engagement.

❖ What is the role of the teacher?

Imparting knowledge
A teacher’s primary role typically involves sharing knowledge, providing educational
guidance, and ensuring students understand the subjects they teach.
Providing resources
A teacher can assist in students’ learning process by providing access to learning
resources and materials.
Understanding the curriculum
Researching the curriculum and understanding its contents may make it more
manageable for teachers to impart knowledge to students.
Making learning an engaging experience
It’s a teacher’s responsibility to ensure every student in the classroom comprehends the
topic, regardless of their assimilation mode. This can be done through encouraging students,
acting as a role model, setting performance goals, and tracking improvements.

❖ How should the teacher teach?

In the ever-changing education environment, effective teaching practices are

helping educators enhance their instructional style. Using these teaching methods
allows them to adjust their teaching strategies to fit both the students and the material,
recognizing that different students learn in different ways.

❖ What is the role of the student?

They involve and interact with students and teachers, participate in classroom
discussions, and act in a receptive manner. This participation includes asking and
answering questions, completing in-class assignments, and consistently aligning
behavior to classroom norms.

❖ What should be taught?

Teachers should focus on teaching not only academic subjects but also
essential life skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, communication,
collaboration, creativity, and emotional intelligence. Additionally, they should
emphasize values such as empathy, respect, responsibility, and resilience. These skills
and values are crucial for students to succeed in both their personal and professional
lives.
 ● As an educator/future educator, make sure that you be yourself and are clear and
concise.
● Remember that education is about the students and also remember to focus on your
discipline.
● Think of the great teachers you have had in your life.
● Remember to get feedback.

What is your educational philosophy?

Role of professional Teacher as a special person in the society.

➢ Teachers are one of the most significant members of a society. They are also One of
the most influential professionals in the community. Before A teacher becomes a
professional facilitator, motivator, initiator, and Motivator, teachers are essential
learners of their own nature.

Before teachers take on the formal role of an educator, they first experience
being learners themselves, gaining insights into their own nature and capabilities. It
suggests that the journey of becoming an educator involves a process of
self-discovery and learning, where individuals acquire a deeper understanding of
themselves before they can effectively guide and teach others.

➢ Teachers truly are the backbone of society

Teachers are extremely important for society. They provide essential

knowledge and guidance to students, helping them learn and grow, much like how a
backbone supports the body. Without teachers, society would struggle to progress and
develop effectively.

They are role models to children

Children observe how teachers behave and interact with others, and they often
emulate their behavior. Teachers who demonstrate kindness, respect, patience, and integrity
can positively influence students to adopt similar values.

Offer guidance and dedication

Teachers help students by guiding them through their learning and showing dedication
to their success. They explain things clearly, give extra help when needed, and care about
their students’ progress. They also encourage students to do their best and support them in
reaching their goals.

Give young people the power of education

Teachers help young people learn new things and understand the world better through
education. They teach subjects like math, science, and reading, which helps students develop
important skills. With education, young people have the knowledge and abilities to succeed in
life and make a positive impact on the world around them.

➢ Because of teachers, countries are able to further develop socially and economically.
 ➢ Because of teachers, countries can become better places for everyone. Teachers
educate people, which helps them learn important skills and knowledge. This
education makes people better citizens who can contribute to their society in many
ways. For example, educated people can get better jobs, start businesses, and make
important decisions that help the country grow. So, teachers play a big role in helping
countries develop socially (how people live together) and economically (how money
and jobs grow).

➢ As a member of society, teachers should be a responsible individual to impart his/her

philosophies, morality, and values with the students and even with the members of the
community.

Teachers, like everyone else in society, have a responsibility to share their

beliefs, morals, and values with their students and the community. Essentially, they
should teach not just facts and figures but also important life lessons and principles
that help students become good people. This helps build a better community where
everyone respects each other and makes positive contributions.

1. A teacher can have many philosophies, but there is always a dominant philosophy for
them. Even if the philosophies are different from each other, they still have similarities.
A teacher's philosophy of education is like their guiding principles or beliefs about
how students should learn and what role education plays in our lives. Even if a teacher has
different philosophies, there's usually one that influences their teaching the most.
For example, a teacher might believe strongly in student-centered learning but also
value traditional methods. Both philosophies focus on helping students learn effectively,
despite their differences.
2. Formulating our own philosophy of education does not require us to use solely our
minds, but it does not limit us to using our hearts in teaching.
Creating our own philosophy of education doesn't mean we only think about it
logically; we can also consider our emotions and personal experiences. This means that our
teaching philosophy can be shaped by both our rational thinking and our feelings towards
education.
For instance, we future teachers might include in our philosophy the importance of
empathy and understanding towards each student's unique needs, which stem from both their
logical reasoning and their compassion.
‘You can teach a person all you know, but only experience will convince him that
what you say is true.’ –Richelle E. Goodrich
Scott Hayden said: ‘Teachers have three loves: the love of learning, the love of
learners, and the love of bringing the first two loves together.' -Scott Hayden
3. The identity of a teacher includes their moral character and the way that they behave
according to their principles. It is not enough that one has a professional license,
because a true educator is educated and a true learner is a learner.
A teacher's identity goes beyond just having the qualifications; it includes their moral
values and how they apply them in their teaching. Simply having a teaching license isn't
enough to define someone as a true educator; it's also about their integrity and how they live
out their principles in the classroom.
For instance, a teacher who values honesty and fairness will consistently demonstrate
these qualities in their interactions with students. A teacher should be equal to his students,
despite the differences in their learning development, showing that being an educator is more
than just a job—it's a way of life.
“Teaching is a noble profession, one that requires patience, passion, and a love for
learning.”- Horace Mann
4. Affective domain is not enough to know the value because it includes the conscience
of the person if he/she didn’t have the right values. The evidence of valuing a value is
living with it, and that is a behavioral dimension.
Teachers are influential, hence it’s essential for the teacher to not only teach and
know the values but also to become a model, applying it in real life and reinforce them to the
learners through consistent behavior to positively influence students and contribute to their
holistic development.
5. Whether a teacher considers teaching as a vocation, profession, or mission, the most
important thing is the goal in teaching.
So, teachers are task to do and give priority on the goal in teaching, whether its
consider teaching as profession, mission and vocation because we all know that goal is
fundamental and knowing this allows teacher to provide direction and purpose to the entire
process.Moreover,the goal empower students with knowledge, skills, and understanding for
the betterment of their life and to contribute positively to society.

Teaching is a VOCATION that is a calling from god.

This statement shows that teachers are being called by higher power to serve people,
show commitment, and dedication through education like imparting knowledge, and
nurturing growth wherein can provide and ensure that the students are shown improvement
and development. Thus it is necessary that educators should believe that teaching is a
vocation from God to show and do properly their responsibilities, purpose or service, as well
as show more sense of love and guidance to the children.
Teachers are professionals that make it PROFESSION.
Educators are professionals because they continue learning, possess lots of
knowledge, expertise, are trained to meet the students need, possess critical thinking skills, do
the right conduct including the integrity, fairness, respect,and confidentiality on their
interaction on learners, colleagues and parents as well as implementing strategies that can
enhance students learning environment. These abilities, roles and characters are they have
and need to meet the criteria of profession.
Teaching is a MISSION and not just a job.
This literally means that teachers should always keep in their mind that teachers
should regard teaching as their job but as a mission. As future educators our mission is to
shape every student's life by touching their hearts and mind through imparting and sharing
knowledge, experiences, ideas even its not written in book and guiding them in light the fact
that it’s a task or purpose that need to accomplish and entrusted to us in the world where we
are living .
For instance, if you are teaching with love and service and not just only because you
are being pay for it, you are doing our mission.You are ready to sacrifice your own happiness
or activities you want just to teach and not just teaching because you know that its not
interfere your other plan activities or wants. Hence,by that teachers can sure that students will
be in the see the right path,feel the love and support, and will to be a better individual which
can contribute on the improvement of the country.

Philosophy, Values and Motivation for Pursuing the Teaching Profession

Let me start my presentation with this quotation
"Once a teacher, forever a learner"
For you, as future educators, what do you think is the meaning of this quote?
⮚ Everything that you've said were all correct, because being a teacher is not only about
being called as ma'am or sir or simply about teaching but on continuously learning or
being a co-learner with your students.
A good teacher cannot begin or continue to inspire learning without being a learner. A
good teacher must constantly learn what is new in the discipline. In fact, a good teacher often
helps to create new knowledge.
⮚ This belief means that a teacher also starts at being a student, a learner like us. They
also once seated in those chairs listening to the topics and lessons that are being
taught to them. And once they become a teacher, people might think that its the end of
the process and that you're just going to teach and teach and teach since you're
already an educator and that you're already earning a salary from it. But no, that
won't stop there, learning won't stop there.

⮚ Some people say that being a teacher means learning and studying forever. It is true,
Why? Because as teachers you must continuously and constantly learn about a
certain discipline or subject you are teaching, what is new about it and what are the
essential things that your students must learn and get from it. Doing so is important
why? Because how can you teach if you don't even have any knowledge about it
right? So learning is a must for teachers. In that way you will be able to teach it
effectively and help create new knowledge within your students.

To live the said belief, a teacher must continuously examine his teaching methods and find
new ones.
⮚ Teachers must not only learn about the certain subject matter alone but also to find
the best teaching method that will be suited or applicable to his or her students. It
must also be continuously examined in order to know whether it is effective or not.
And if not, the teacher must find new ones, new teaching methods, new teaching
strategies that engage his students more in learning.
In relation with this, here are the four essential elements that are conducive to learning:
1. The teacher's role is to act as guide.
⮚ The teacher should consider themselves not only as a facilitator, a co-learner but
most especially a guide in the education process. It's the teacher's responsibility to
encourage students to take charge of their learning journey. This happens when they
engage, rather than suppress, students' natural curiosity.
2. Students must have access to hands-on activities
⮚ Hands-on activities means learning by doing. Giving students access in it allows them
to learn by doing and solving problems for themselves. It also offers them a deeper
understanding of concepts beyond traditional textbook theory. Hands-on learning
could also enhance the students' comprehension through engaging in practical
opportunities.
3. Students should be able to have choices and let their curiosity direct their learning.
⮚ Encouraging students to make their own choices and decisions as well as to embrace
their curiosity is an important part of education. Curiosity is key to learning. In fact,
studies show that, when we’re curious about a subject, we are much more likely to
remember information we learned about that subject. And as an educational
professional knowing how to ignite student curiosity can help you improve learning
outcomes.
4. Students need opportunity to practice skills in a safe environment
⮚ As a teacher, it is a must for you to ensure that your students have a safe learning
environment. It must be your top priority. Taking precautions to create a safe
environment for your students will help them feel valued, be more engaged and learn
more effectively.

Now what is the essence of knowing this all?

Knowing that learning is a continuous process when it comes to teaching or to being a
teacher as well as the various elements that are all conducive in learning could serve as the
key for us, especially that we are future educators, to know the importance of identifying our
own philosophy, values and motivations that drives us to pursue the teaching profession.
Now let me ask you,
What could be your own philosophy as a future teacher together with the values and
things that motivates you to pursue this kind of profession?
Now as I end this presentation, I will leave you with some of the teaching philosophy that I've
researched which I think could motivate you, us to continue pursuing this profession.
"You can teach a student a lesson for a day, but if you can teach him to learn by creating
curiosity, he will continue the learning process as long as he lives" -Clay P. Bedford
"In learning you will teach, and in teaching you will learn." - Phil Collins
“When one teaches, two learns” -Robert Heinlein
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Group 3:
Magsino, Roan B.
Mendoza, Jessie N.
Nanit, Angelicka Marie D.
Oronan, Rochelle Y.
Ortega, Angelica
Ortega, Michelle R.
Panganiban, Janice R.
Panganiban, Vanessa C.