Review of Related Literature

Introduction

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of research and

literature concerning the influence of OFW (Overseas Filipino Worker)

parental absence on the academic performance of Filipino students. The

research aims to assess the impact of parental absence due to overseas work

on students' academic achievements, taking into account factors such as

emotional well-being, available support systems, and coping mechanisms. By

delving into these dynamics, the study aims to illuminate the challenges faced

by Filipino students with OFW parents and identify potential strategies to

bolster their academic success despite the distinctive circumstances they

encounter. This examination is crucial for understanding the intricate effects

of parental absence on the educational outcomes of Filipino students and for

developing effective interventions to enhance their academic

accomplishments in light of these challenges.

This study, conducted by John R.W. in 2003 at Philippines, delves into

the impact of long-distance parenting by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

on the academic performance of pupils, specifically focusing on Bayabasan

Elementary School in Nasugbu, Batangas. The study employs a descriptive

survey method, gathering data through questionnaires. Its findings reveal a

significant relationship between parental absence due to migration and

students' academic performance. The research highlights that pupils

separated from their OFW parents often exhibit behaviors that can adversely

affect their school performance and discipline. The study underscores the

importance of parental involvement, emphasizing the need for schools to

to alleviate the emotional impact of parental absence, thereby enhancing the

educational outcomes and well-being of Filipino students in the face of this

widespread societal challenge.

This study, conducted by Jomari M. A. in 2015 in Bayabasan

Elementary School, Nasugbu, Batangas, investigates the impact of long-

distance parenting by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) on the academic

performance of pupils. The research reveals a significant relationship between

long-distance parenting and academic performance, emphasizing that pupils

separated from their parents due to overseas work tend to develop behaviors

that can detrimentally affect their school performance and discipline. Notably,

the study differentiates between the impacts of mothers and fathers being

OFWs, highlighting that the absence of mothers, often perceived as primary

caregivers in Filipino families, has a more severe effect on pupils. The findings

underscore the importance of maintaining regular communication and

providing emotional support for children with OFW parents. Furthermore, the

study recommends that schools actively offer support to pupils facing the

challenges of long-distance parenting, suggesting practical measures to

mitigate the negative consequences and enhance the academic well-being of

these students.

This study, conducted by F.M. Mwaura in 2017 in rural South Africa,

investigates the relationship between parental absence and child educational

outcomes. Using data from the National Income Dynamics Study, the research

reveals that parental absence negatively impacts children's educational

characteristics. The study also discerns that the adverse effects of parental

absence are more significant for boys than for girls. This research is vital as it

sheds light on the detrimental consequences of parental absence on child

education in a developing country context. Furthermore, it underscores the

relevance of understanding such dynamics in diverse settings, emphasizing

the need for targeted policies and programs to support children from absent-

parent households. This finding resonates with another study exploring the

absence of parents due to overseas work, underlining the importance of

examining parental absence across various contexts to inform effective

interventions and improve educational outcomes for children worldwide.

A Study Conducted by Asis, et. Al. in 2017 at Philippines This study

investigated the impact of parental overseas employment on the educational

outcomes of Filipino children. The study used a mixed-methods approach,

with a quantitative survey of 1,000 children and qualitative interviews with 20

children of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). The study found that children

of OFWs were more likely to have lower educational attainment than children

whose parents were not OFWs. This was even after controlling for other

factors such as socioeconomic status and family structure. The study also

found that children of OFWs were more likely to experience problems such as

loneliness, sadness, and anxiety. The study's findings suggest that parental

overseas employment can have a negative impact on children's educational

outcomes. This is likely due to a number of factors, including lack of parental

supervision, emotional support, and role modeling.

absence of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) parents was examined as a

significant factor. The research highlighted the importance of OFW parents

taking proactive steps to prepare their children for the psychological

challenges resulting from their absence. Furthermore, the study

recommended that these parents maintain regular communication with their

children to alleviate feelings of abandonment. However, it's essential to

acknowledge that this study represents only one piece of the puzzle, and

further research is necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of

the impact of OFW parental absence on students. The absence of OFW

parents was identified as a pivotal factor in investigating the psychological

effects and communication dynamics within this context.

A study conducted by Ablan, Ma. R. M. in 2016 in Davao del Sur,

Philippines, found that the average academic performance of 142 Filipino

students left behind by OFW parents from Catholic schools is at the proficient

level. However, the study also revealed a significant relationship between

parental involvement and academic performance, suggesting that children

with less parental involvement may be more likely to experience academic

difficulties. The students in the study were surveyed about their academic

performance, coping mechanisms, and parental involvement.

A study conducted by Liang (2016) in rural China examined the impact

of parents' overseas employment as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) on the

educational outcomes of Filipino students. The research delved into various

factors influencing children's education, including family structure, household

students whose parents were OFWs often performed as well as, or in some

cases even better than, students whose parents were not OFWs. However, a

notable gender disparity was found, as boys were more likely to be negatively

affected by parental absence than girls. This study, conducted in the

Philippines in 2010 and based on a survey of over 1,000 students, found that

students of OFW parents were equally likely to be enrolled in school and

complete their education compared to students of non-OFW parents.

Interestingly, students with parents who were OFWs tended to excel

academically. The study further revealed that the impact of parental OFW

employment on student education depended on factors such as the child's age,

gender, and socioeconomic status. Students from economically disadvantaged

households were more likely to be negatively affected by parental OFW

employment. In conclusion, the research suggests that parental OFW

employment does not necessarily have a negative impact on student

education; in some cases, it may even yield positive results, particularly for

girls. However, the effects of parental OFW employment vary significantly

depending on a range of factors.

The study of Wingo et.al(2008) states that, a traditional family

composes of a father, mother, and the children. Some families comprises of a

single parent and a child. Other family includes the immediate members and

some extended members who comprise the grandparents and/or other

relatives. However, in the absence of either or both of the parents due to

overseas employment, the grandparents or the closest relative of an Overseas

Filipino Worker (OFW) take charge of the children left behind,thus, the
studies of these children might not be properly monitored.Today, OFWs are in

about 190 countries. They are employed in various types of land-based and

sea-based jobs. The outflow of Filipino workers is linked to the country’s high

levels of unemployment and underemployment, which stood at 8.0% and

19.8% respectively, as of April 2008, and high incidence of poverty.That make

the growing number of OFWs seeking job overseas is quite alarming. It will

not only create brain drain but it might have an impact on the children who

are left behind particularly in their education and relationship towards their

OFW parents.In addition to this, growing up in a transitional family presents a

wide range of challenges for a child. For one, the distance in time and space

between OFW parents and their children threatens to weaken

intergenerational relations.

A study conducted by Reyes, M.B. in 2018 at Bayabas Elementary

School Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippine the impact of long-distance parenting

by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) on the academic performance of pupils

at Bayabas Elementary School was investigated. The findings revealed a

significant relationship between parental involvement and the academic

performance of the pupil-respondents. Furthermore, the study uncovered a

significant relationship between the responses of the respondents concerning

long-distance parenting and various profile variables. The study offers several

recommendations based on its results. First, it suggests that pupil-

respondents should be continuously encouraged, motivated, and guided to

establish study time at home, aiming to enhance their academic performance.

Additionally, the study advocates for schools to provide support and guidance
to pupils with OFW parents, helping them effectively address the challenges

associated with long-distance parenting.

A study conducted by Dulin, J.G. in 2019 in the Philippines with 100

students who had at least one parent working abroad as overseas Filipino

workers (OFWs) focused on the impact of parental absence on the academic

performance of children left behind. The dependent variable in this research is

"academic performance." The findings indicated a significant relationship

between parental absence and academic performance, with children having

absent parents performing less satisfactorily academically than those with

non-absent parents. Moreover, the study revealed that the quality of care

provided by caregivers mediated the impact of parental absence on academic

performance, as children receiving high-quality care were less likely to

experience negative effects on their academic outcomes, even when their

parents were absent.

This study investigated the impact of overseas Filipino workers (OFW)

parental absence on the educational outcomes of Filipino children. In this

research is the OFW parental absence and the children's academic

performance. The study revealed that, notably among older children, OFW

parental absence had either a neutral or positive effect on academic

performance. Additionally, it was observed that such absence correlated with

increased financial resources for the household, which may have mitigated

potential negative effects on children's education. Furthermore, the study

indicated that OFW parental absence was linked to heightened parental

involvement in their children's education. Ultimately, the findings challenge

educational outcomes, instead suggesting potential positive impacts,

particularly among older children, which could have significant implications

for policymakers and practitioners working with OFW families and their

children.

The impact of parents' overseas employment on children's educational

outcomes is multifaceted, influenced by variables such as the child's age,

gender, and the parent's host country. A study revealed that boys with parents

working abroad in high-income nations exhibit notably improved academic

performance compared to boys with domestically employed parents, while no

significant variance in educational outcomes was observed among girls in

similar circumstances. This highlights the intricate relationship between

overseas Filipino workers' parental absence and their children's academic

achievements, suggesting that the effect is not straightforward.

The quality of life is a general sense of how the respondents perceive or

assess their sense of well-being. This particular study aims to look into how

the OFW student-dependents assess their quality of life as reflected in their

behavior or level of functioning across four domains—personal, psychosocial,

cognitive, and spiritual. The study made use of the descriptive-purposive

survey method with the use of a self-constructed questionnaire on the

assessment of the quality of life, and documentary analysis of the existing

records as to the academic performance of OFW-dependent students. In the

analysis and interpretation of data, frequencies, percentages, weighted mean,

Pearson Product Moment, and Chi-Square were used. Results showed the
largest percentage of the respondents had academic performance ratings

equivalent to Very Good. The overall composite mean in the personal,

psychosocial and cognitive areas was 3.23, which inferred that the condition is

visible but not so obvious to the respondents, and they did not strongly feel

their impact on their lives. Results showed further that there is no significant

degree of correlation between academic performance and the quality of life of

OFW dependents. Furthermore, weekly allowances have no significant impact

on respondents’ academic performance.

This study investigated how parental absence due to overseas Filipino

workers (OFWs) affects their children's academic performance. The study's

primary focus was on how the academic performance of these children is

influenced. Overall, the study found that OFW children did not show

significantly worse academic performance when compared to children with

both parents in the household. However, several factors played a role in these

outcomes. For instance, OFW children from single-parent households tended

to achieve lower grades than their counterparts from two-parent households,

and those who experienced longer separations from their parents generally

had lower academic performance than those with shorter separations.

Additionally, the quality of the relationship between OFW children and their

caregivers at home emerged as a significant factor, with those having strong

caregiver relationships tending to excel academically compared to those with

weaker relationships. In summary, while OFW children may not inherently

face academic disadvantages, various factors, including family structure and

duration of parental separation, influence their educational outcomes,

academic achievements.

The study examined the relationship between parental absence due to

OFW status and its effects on students' academic performance. The results

demonstrated that students with OFW parents reported experiencing feelings

of loneliness, anxiety, and depression, leading to difficulties in concentrating

on their studies. They also faced a diminished level of parental support and

supervision, resulting in lower academic performance when compared to

students with non-OFW parents. Furthermore, the research highlighted that

the impact of parental absence was particularly pronounced among younger

children, underscoring the heightened need for parental love and attention in

this group. In conclusion, the study revealed a significant and negative

correlation between parental absence due to OFW status and the academic

performance of students, with younger children being the most adversely

affected subgroup.

References

Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.17477379.2010.000x

Retrieved on October 13, 2023

Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/87

Retrieved on October 13, 2023

Retrieved from
https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Parentalnd

%20child%20educational%20outcomes.pdf

Retrieved on October 13, 2023

Retrieved from

https://osf.io/72qct/download

Retrieved on October 14, 2023

Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/8167

Retrieved on October 14, 2023

Retrieved from

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIDvxnr22AdrarKkG

Retrieved on October 14, 2023

Retrieved from

https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Feb2019/G-14.pdf

Retrieved on October 15, 2023

Retrieved from

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00807.x

Retrieved on October 15, 2023

Retrieved from

https://rpo.cjc.edu.ph/index.php/slongan/article/view/16

Retrieved on October 15, 2023

Retrievd from

https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Feb2019/G-14.pdf
Retrieved on October 15, 2023