ULTRASOUND FORMULAS GENERAL PURPOSE Velocity V=fxa f, frequency (Hz, or cycles/sec) A, wavelength (inch/cycle, or cm/cycle) Resonant Crystal Thickness A, wavelength (inch/cycle, or cm/cycle) v en G7; ff frequency (Hz, or cycles/sec) V, velocity (inch/sec) T, thickness (inch) Flaw Size . a Flaw Size = zU TRASOUND FORMULAS A, wavelength (inch/cycle, or cm/cycle) Flaw Gap (separation between faying f aw surfaces) a Flaw Gap = 4 A, wave ength (inch/cycle or cm/cycle) Distance, D D=Vxt V Ve ocity t time Decib e Cha ge, AGB, based upon reflector area ratio A AdB = 20Log(—) ‘Ay Az second reflector area Aj, initial reflector area (reference reflector area) Dec ble C a ge, AdB, based upon voltage ratio V, AdB = 20Log(*) Vz, second amplitude in volts, mV, etcULTRASOUND FORMULAS V;, initial amplitude in volts, mV, etc Decible Change, AdB, based upon amplitude ratio mp2, imp, A AdB = 20L0g(G) Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Ampy initial amplitude in % screen height Decible Change, AdB, based upon reflector area ratio D. AdB = a0Log(s) Dz, second reflector diameter Dz, initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) Sound loss over distance AdB dB Loss Rate = aT AdB, difference in decibles using formula 8 based upon areas AT, difference in sound path between two reflectors Area of a circle based upon radius Az=nr?ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 1, radius of a circle Area of a c'rcle based upon diameter aa? 24 D, d'ameter of a circle13. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS Pythagorean’s Theorem X24? = h? H, hypotenuse of a right triangle X, Length of one of two short sides Y, Length of other short side Reflector Diameter to Amplitude relationship Dz _ Amp. D? Amp, Dz, second reflector diameter D;, initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Ampy initial amplitude in % screen height Reflector Diameter to Amplitude to Area and Voltage relationship D?~ Amp, Area; Volt, D2, second reflector diameter Dz, initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Ampy, initial amplitude in % screen height V2, second amplitude in volts, mV, etc V;, initial amplitude in volts, mV, etc Az, second reflector area Ax initial reflector area (reference reflector area)18 ULTRASOUND FORMULAS Acoustic Impe ance Z Z=pxv p, density of material V, velocity of sound in materia Fraction of sound reflected at i terface between two materials, R q, y 2 +2 Zz, acoustic impedance of material two Zr, acoustic impedance of material one Fraction of sound ransm tted across an interface between two materials, T T=1-R R, fraction reflected at an ‘nterface between two mater asULTRASOUND FORMULAS Pulses hitting a portion of a reflector during scanning, Hits (pulses) (Oprove + Driaw) Hits = PRR x ¢ nning Speed PRR, pulse repetition rate in cycles per second, or in Hz Dyrote, diameter of transducer Dhow diameter of reflector Scanning Speed, distance per second 20. Near Field in terms of diameter and wavelength, NF D2 NF = fa D, diameter of transducer A, wavelength in distance per cycle 21. Near Field, NF, in terms of diameter, frequency, and material acoustic velocity Df NF=ay D, diameter of transducer F, frequency in Hz V, acoustic velocityULTRASOUND FORMULAS 22 Half angle bea spread 9, in terms of wavelength and diameter 1.224 Sing = D, diameter of transducer A, wavelength in distance per cycle 23 Halfangle bea spread @, in terms of material ve ocity, transducer diameter, and freque cy Sing = D, diameter of transducer F, frequencyi Hz V acoustic ve oc ty 24. Mnimum thickness of delay tip or water path, Tw Ww Ty > Tm test material thickness Vw», acoustic velocity in delay or water Vm acoustic velocity in test material25. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS Snell’s Law Sind, _ Sin®, vy Ve V;, acoustic velocity in first material V2, acoustic velocity in second material , incident angle (first material) @, refracted angle (second material)26. 28. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS PIPE AND LUGS Refracted a gle, x, to hit crack radiating from ID at 90 degree angle , Sin = 1, ‘nner radius of pipe or lug Ro. er radius of pipe or lug Refracted angle, Qr to hit crack radiating from ID at 90 degree angle sin, =? inp = OD ID, inner dia eter of pipe or lug OD, outer diamete of pipe or lug Refracted angle, Gr, to hit crack radiat'ng from D at 90 degree angle 2t Sind, cD OD, outer diameter of pipe or lug T, wall thickness of p’pe or lugULTRASOUND FORMULAS 29. Incident wedge angle, ©, to hit crack radiating from ID of pipe or lug Sind; = it 1, inner radius of pipe or lug R, outer radius of pipe or lug V1, acoustic velocity in wedge Ve, acoustic velocity in test material 30. Immersion test offset distance, d, for desired incident angle on pipe, lug or round bar stock d=RSin8, R, outer radius of test material , incident angle33. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS Focused Transducers Index of refraction for ens, n Ms Vy Vs, acoustic velocity of water V;, acoustic velocity of lens material Radius of curvature for ens, R R=Fx(' 1 Index of refraction for lens F, Focal length of ensi water Depth of focus in ma erral, M v, M =(F-y) x Vw, acoustic velocity of water Vm, acoustic velocity of inspection material F, focal length of lens in water W,, water pat between lens and ‘nspection materiaULTRASOUND FORMULAS ‘Shear Wave T, thickness of part or plate inspected @, shear wave angle T 34. Leg Length =", 35. Half Skip =T x Tan® 36. Full Skip = 2 x T x Tan@ Surface Distance to flaw from point of incidence, SD SD = Sound Path x Sind39. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS: Shear Wave (Continued) Leg number, __ Sound Path Leg Le gth ae X = whole legs completed XX= portion of last leg completed n, round to next who e number to determine if fraction is part of odd or even leg Flaw depth for odd leg Depth =.XX xT .XX= portion of last leg completed T, thickness of plate inspected Flaw depth for even Leg Depth = (1-.XX) xT _XX = portion of last leg completed T, thickness of plate inspected42. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS Wave Velocity in Water Acoustic Velocity and Water Temperature Vp = 1.410 + 4.217 — 0.0377? T, temperature in degrees Celcius Vim acoustic velocity in fresh water (meters/sec) Acoustic Velocity and Salinity (salt content) Vew = 1.410 + 4.217 — 0.037T? + 1.18 +1.8 x 10-Sa T, temperature in degrees Celcius S, salinity of water in parts per thousand d, depth below water surface in meters Vsw, acoustic velocity in salt water (meters/sec) Thickness Testing Temperature Compensation Thickness = MTI x Vp x (1 + (k x (T,-Tp))) MTI, Measured Time Interval Vo, Material Velocity of Standard T,, Material Temperature To, Standard Temperature k, Temperature Coefficient (-0.0001 for F and -0.00018 for C)