¥ Chapten @: Analaghe. Functions . 21 Funct, ; 21 Functions Of a. complere vastable » * A function £ is a aule that arsigne to each element. \n aset A one and only ene element In & Set B. ~ DQ b=F@), we catl b» Ae image oe unde F * “The set A us the domain of delmition of te (domain of € iS the set of all < py which. “the. [puta is wetl defined) . * The set-of all Images F(a) us the range off * =] wdenotes the value of \urction. othe point =. Hen we write w= f(z). al and Imaginary * Just as 2 decomposes imo x2 ap W=UtIV Whee Posts ab z-x4ly 50 cloes w uw and Vv caste functions of seandy , je waulxy) +i vOuy) Ani. write the function w= 2) = Zax wn the [pam cok w= ulayy)-+i vay) Selo we (2) = eax. bet z= x+iy, we Cr-iy)?4 2 (+i) = x iar ~4 4 ax i ay 7 oye, an +i(axy42y) = uly) +i vlnyy— Graph ang. pescsibe the range. of the, functor (2) = A Qt enthe closed unit die '2141- F(z) = x Bi uly) = x* v (oy) = @r sine % varies from -t tod, & vantes (rem 0 to | and y wea constant - The Hange. ithe lime segment dren wei ko w= lear7— in the, sem G3. Describe the junction. Plz) 7%? 4% i disc, given by j2l4.2 and amz 20 w-plame , Z plane #lz) = sta = 936 The anwdulus cs cubed ancl hence ak becomes a. Past of the clocle JwlZe. The maximum angle tn Zplane iW S0 ip the range, ‘Te leewomes . 37: | +. The erange ofthe function Bethe entire: Ac | lw) £3 with the upper hail plate’ overlapped enw more + Note ~~ Az) ob Un called che invesion mapping 7EE EEE ak write each ofthe [plowing functions vim the form. w= uly) + iv Gey) a) fF) =38z%52+t+ 1 ») gl) = ce) lz) = _2+i RAI gla ates \z-1\ 2) $A =e?” 4) Glz).= ete sons BD) gled=_az3 lz-t) het z= ocaly w= a(a+ty) 3. | xaty-1| = A(x%paxyi-y?) +3 5 = Qxr4 4ay lay +3= Ax ay43 4 Any T Lea ye Loring? *) @e)- ete R= mHly w= oat eo = al —% ot Cee aaa =et (cosy +isiny | + e* (cosy —isiny) x a : eMcosy +e “easy + i ( e%siny -e"* sing) = (e%er%) coy +i (2%) giny e%e™ - Soy an . = a ese cosy + 1 la sina siny fon erg" —z - aieYr a ee ze rrly we aariy) + 5 Cxriy)ei +i x7 ay i= yt) +e Gctiy) eta = 8x7 oey i-3y74 Sx+ yi ttt] ax ayt4 Stl + T( éxy +5y +!) b) gl)= Oo (x~ty) (a+ty) Gay Gy) = acm ty oye so iy sry eye 9 Ae\A\eel 2) eee . Ral pee ty oe Seas aad we we [ony sien a] 2 “PaxyY y+! = 63% cos ay +1 eF%sinay = xe N hen orr- ‘ g. Find the domata of. delinton of, there lunctivns - jos A Thedomat is Ne b) g(z)- the domain is, C\GOF. ©) hlz) = zet ZH she clomain e\ tii} da) yl) = 82743 tz- the domarn vs ONAN, eS) pe a: she domain ww G $) Glz) = eee the clomam ww © 3. Describe the vrange of the [plowing dunchons « @) Pl2)= 245 fox RX >0 ReZ70, IMz7O b) glz) = =? foo zinthe dost quadrant e) - ) ne) = +, o2tele) A) ple) =~az22 don zim the quarter dirk lelet , oAPaqzeny, |5) _ Fa)-245 oe plan. Y~ Range 1 Rew>d. (2) =xwe Ao whet ence F(z) = e* A Fowthe complene ecponte. W) describe the domain of defrnrition- and vange pemam = Range = C\ fo} (show toat Ha f(z) =e? ae et o ls (2) fa yateal dime Rex=6l ae ely | lwl=e tlime Im = 4 (HD Describe the image of the W) Describe. the tage of the horizontal 4. | Wy s == Pe W) deasaibe the image ofthe ingimit staip- of ImMZER 4, Insure -socto-y 0% Ague F aere a-@ Limits ancl Continuity otlt Jarre Limit of complene sequent - A sequent. of comple umber fz" us Satd-+o have he Unt %o or oto converge % dy ay E>o, thew gust an ankegue N such that |z,-z0] <€ py att a>N We waite thas dim. <= 20 OF Zp—> Xp a N-YH n+ W120, Gn. Frock re bint Libit enadt) Oh the sequence a) w=)” Bo z= atte {43% Q m-i™ soln : a) shone the eodulue®, [to|™= AU echo aN S| gn” 3h Sa fe NMS - dine & =0 N>o (im 2 Et = stirm Mey nyo 1tBR Nee m8) = dim -%A4t n>a yr:¢) The sequence, conaisk of Infinctely many oY Seepalition. epson of ty ty “lf Sequence doesnot have Umit « oni: of junctions dakimed in seme. muty bourhvod 4 het £ bow junction point % ‘sey. Zp) with the possible exception. of the é jo the number, The Uimnit of, f(z)as 2 approaches Xo wo ik derany ero thee enw a. positive nunoey 8 guchthat t-#C2)-wol<é whomnwue 02[2-0] <5 owe definition eo prove that UN 2 ee zal Prooh! we have to prove thak fer any E0,45-§ § Jee whenever o<\zi|<6 22a [2-0] = || . \z-i| lai = [xl | i42'| 4 \zi| fizil+] <8 (42)rr sp onsune tat 8(S42) <€ we choose Sto be smaler aham each eithe. ofthe et num bers “€ Aged Continuous bunction - ina meighbourhood dim. #(2) =F le) 220 bef: let F ube a syunction dehimed oh Xo, then -F is continuous at %o th B said to be continues evr O% sect S it A 4u0 ction eink of S- js conkinunus ak each Pp + Polynomiculs are. always continuous - + Rational Junctions which. cw dejimed as qyotients of, polynomials coe. continuons at each point cvohone tne denominator doesnot varush - Op. Find the Wimits, a zat, ofthe junctions $(2)= 228241, BE)= Rral and l= 4 “ 2(2-ai) 8aln - i dine Fi(zZ) = dio (2 a4 : zat RAR : i wp. (ai)*- eat) +1 = -4-Al+l = -3-4iAirtel ai im aL Lien (z+ai) Gai) 2) (2-1) 2>at 2teai) = fim (z+2i) RAI zx ¥ aha function can bedehimed ov rreclefimed ah a single port Xo $0 ds do be continuous then He has @ sxemovable. cu corctinuty ak zo- = we Say Xn—700 kee Th for each positive inter M, there TS an positive Thee, N such Heath lanl>M- Sionilanly lim F(z) = 90 sweans dor each postive. R->Ro infeger M, thas B@ §>0 such that |FQ|>M whonever o£ [x-201< 8.aoe whiny Zz = @ 3r Zoo “oo 7 din 2 tz 8 } bien 2(i-2 270 4z41 270 ') =x(Ati/z) = dim t-a% 2-70 . 4t+ilz =i Be Aner 3. lim Zot3 SL dim 2A(4 =) ze Roo RSA TPO (14 Se). =u i \WSh,EEC ON yaio RZ Analypticity lee “f' be a complex. valued function. defined in a meighbourhood of Zo Than “ne denverhve at at X 's given by, AE (2%) = 10) = dir $( 12) ~#l@) Az-70 DZ: Gol. Exprrew othe following fucken um toms of Zande Pay BHI iay O fae xricty | @ = Cr) 4% ReXa xe Z4+z sim (2) = 95 2 a Qi Soin - O #to= mF) i (ZZ 2 at K4Z _)* 4/z-Z) 2 CPI “Gd - wy (E3-63*) -+ ( ee azz+2”) . =z —=_—oooee Rt+aQzztZ _ypis z 7 2 tazerZ —z ze) & (=+02242)) aeee 2 2-1 = = 7. eye) Te =z(Z-) -1 (24) © al) - @3)* (=) >( 2iF)+ +19( 237) pale +3| ae a2 +i a! oe = ZZ 2 = Z4Z zyErxe | + Z-Z 2-2-6 = 7 +) 2 2 ay ei = 2 = Py zBr 6zt+zet 2 4+6Z a 22 qe ee 62-222 +62 4 Ai> _ Ly eB 4 64 ZB = t+ eE+6z 42ZF Pb i arr 4 + . wZ43zt @ Azz+az 4) = 4 om Show -mat F(2)=z & mo Where dierentiable SOM the dilterence. quotient taken Ane [pr . Xo+az — %v B+ se-% thle AZ AZ AzMong seal anis, AZ=AX. AZ= AX = AZ “The dimit of AZ =| AZ Along Umaginany omit, Az= fay AZ = ~iay * The dhintt of AZ 9 | az As AZ—s0 cthe Umit will not eras Henee us mo whee cpyerembable Compute. the derivahve. of, 2) = co ay Fob | exclude | and -! the function is mot hiffpscentiable. Gx) = 190 (AL) aAvaz—asbraz Gay? = teo( Se, Az ZHQZAL & yoo (24) 4 (221) 10!= 400z (24) 44 (ny?! iti a eae mz am: Show +nak ov any positive, Integers M1, & sing eM = im (2xaz)"L 2 az Azo (js AZ oh m2, em Mame 2 ze NG” z)%. A2-0 \ +103 (42)"h az) 2 , -2, n-2 = dim 2S (™e, zuty mc, 2" Az. +c, 2(8A) A270 . +oz)"). Dz Thensem 3 A, fF and g ane difleuntiable. oF = 7 Hen 24)’ eo #4 1) clon = cH (C2) = £2). giz) + qla Plz). £\i _ alz). 42) - (2). g'). S\i2 = gee &) a (tz) )* iffchain mule - Tyg we difheanhale at z and 4 ee gz) Hen the chain mute hotds & 6G) = #'(gta) -9@ Analytic chien f(a) is Said +0 be A complene valued oun ie pas a. derivative cinalytic en an epen sok Gr oh, ak every pole oO Gi Fu» analytic aba point % Means tnat F(z) is analytic in some snaighbowchood of, <0 ° Avpe x A point chers fib oot analytic bu whith Bthe Unit et pinks whos £ is analytic 1B known as a Sign Singular pot ov singularity G- A aactional function of x %& analytic at every pomt chose which HHS denominator 1B Mem zx. and the 20105 Hh the donominatoyY oot. called Singulonities « # Lh F124 analyte 2” the whole complere plane: dan i 7 Said +0 be entire, a. ag all polynomials of, RxI rsuene Qo show thew: “The. \pliavtng Quncline axe MO where dijlerant jJable . Ja) ReC2) Jv) “im (2) ©) l2\ soln - etn ( feferts)) ~# (Ree) = yo +47 AR Along the real anud- Az=AX% The Umit becomes AM = 1- AG Mong the. tmaginesoy Ons» Az= tAy - 2. the limet becomes A% lay Limite & mot unique. hana 0 whe cli entable . »») fi ime = dim § wf (z+az) ~t12) A240 ie = dim tm (2442) —Imz Az AK = dim +AU - 42-70 iad AZ = Ay AZ. Atong the veal asus AR=AN * The utmit+ becomes AY _ O gs AZO & AX YO Ax. Atong the dmaginay cunts - Az= iAy. The Umit becomes 44 2 l= ag isy Lint 7% not unique went mo hua. cdibpeenhuble.Fao, Pirentiate the jpllowng , ®) 62) = 6234 224 12410 pz) = jexr4 16241 dz B) tz) = (2% 37) 8 a 4 ste) = -6 (z%ai) x a2 dz = -\az(x%3) a QD d= 24 1234 Q2 477 4.402 = (it az +3) r 22 — (2-4) (az*¥42) 2 (iz? +22 411) * TPB ae (24; +e2?- al2*i~ts) (iz3+azet)® (a3 4 az a)” > aizt 44zrsozm—Szti @-ae ale t +18 giz’ +42 +aen — 32 ieee Ciz8+-az40)* = -f24 4 2224 atari 4anztis Ciz3 az +T)>Yr ad) fla~ (axa) 3 (2412404 Gott = (2? siz)" x 3 (z42)* — Gah 2(aetareai) x@atd (2%rizt) ® ) = 3 (240)? (2% izan A_A (z+2)? (atrizt) C22: (zrrizad® 2 star)? _ A (aaa? (aes) (aerizan)* (2ariz4)$ Gar) (z21) 2 , B(orti = 3(z42) (tries) — a(2t2)8la2ti) ay gzitarni (2tetavi) ® = (axa)? [aeyatet3 ~ gsr 4ai- loz 64 | eee Ss (otrizan) & Xe 24 - AZ! y (2t+izan® = (2+2)? (-527- watzi —loz - si+3] oT (22 t24i)?oS” 2 #2) 26 (23-14 (2x17) Aah aoa ) = 6t [ator wo (22+iz) (azti) + (25 Fe}t09, A (23.1) 3x 3z%| Ip _ [ies (2-04 Cazsi) (2712) 44. 19.2? (2408 (an ~a — ait 8-5 (2a) (2? = (22? (2412) (001 ( asi) (2%) +aat(ahal e24cazy4z3-l = (e882, tt (25) (24412) [ 1200" 24. 1go02i 36002*4600 + te24i - 1223] = (2341)? (52435)44 Zu GAY (12) [ T2712 24 f ~642.2°-laco2i +600] =(y3/,)3 woydd eros ; @) (2412) aa (552449512 coz ~as'] = 2ai (221) (2si2)" (532 4+a8: zo Box -ast]IESE JO am pekweming. tre points at wludh the Luncheon is mot analytic, a 4 X-Q+3! goln 22 2-3i vs the point Where. junction & mot analytiz. teehee 2+ | | goin- ze ki cae the poms whaethe juochen 8 mot anody ie, ) 32-1 2 z 4244 \ gn. 2 z+420 Z= —bt Jai 4ac : 2a oan) = 2% [ = —ls |i5 Ra OY FAN -4 “4 fii £3 2. = ld {15 = ~1list a= R= ANB! and x bE one ee poms = 2 whaete Luncheon 3% sot analytic +24 8+ [q-6 a4 = Ba0v . BA) 4 A” R=1 oy ZL z=) tel . O08 ane the paints Go: Baus the analyetty oy each of the unchovs - a gz+t secannot be wiiten as @ luochon oz. > Not analyhe RY zi Zs Not analytic 9 2? +28 zrt 2-5 Analy expe lov x=s.4) oye 2ouy t = (xriy)™ = ze : IER analytic Qty 4y-2+i% => [2lt402-2 2 Nob analyte D) (a+ ‘Nat (- y oy? metyY ) ‘|2\4az b) q2l+z 2 goin. OD) a+ ty + oly xP y> ~ niyo l2[2 at ZL = 7 at a Analytic expect at z=0 @® telsaz 2 Not analyte ® \2|4z 2 Not Analytic -@n. Ube LHopiteel’s mle +0 bind . dim 1426 z>i 14210 - Soin. dim Itz ~ 0 Zt pez oor. Apply iy Hopital’s mule = din 62° zi 1oz4 = 6 t-3 15 | Bid {| = 3 i 7 | Gn. Lot Fz) and glz) be entire hucchone - state Time oF alae - 2) (ece)]? as entive za ™e- %) F@).g(2) ws entive ~7 Taue ¢) FD is enhve 4a 7 Faled) 52) 41 gl) us enhve. — Tue e) 4(4) us entire ~ Fabe ) (afer g (42) ds entire = we g) F(gl2)) us entire: > Tue The Cauchy — Riemann Equectrons » “Theo nem A ences ast, wndition lpr a dunction F(z) = wOoy) + TEV Gy) do be dipmentlable oF o point zo Is tat he Cauchy — selemann equattons hoid ob Zo* ie rE ov. au 2v_ poy oss ey ex Conrequertiy fF 1s analyte in anv open sek hen the couchy ~ viemann equacions raust botd a Cvesuy pot of Ga.bo Apthe function $2 = w (mI) + ivioy) dilferentiable at Zo= WtTYo oo F'(20) = him (20 +a2)—-FG9) ea ee ban be conpuked by allosing 4 40 approach 0 efrom any convienent civeckion - #'(z) = dim U (Gorsry vlyosay)) et V (1044%, Yotay)~ tet lay yo V (sco140) — iv Co, Yo) AX + idy “Dit approaches chowtzontally A= Ape, ted « $'(20) = Lim u(so+4%, y) +iv (%o+a%, 4) ~ ulriyes AXx~y0 tv Cotor4o) NG re Aw aie = Ulae-ttad_—y nas = im alm rar,y) —v(orYe) + bakino v C%o4a%y) ~ a ae AK +» Co0,40) ANhe eal xh ie app waches vertically , AZ= Ay | £20) = dim &(%o) Yor?y) + tv ( 9% YorA¥) — Ul %or40) ~ a ee tag, = lin u(%0,yor4Y) —ul%te, yo) “4 ding v (oto) Yor449) ee AYO = v0 4D) tay ay athe Uientts of, F'(20) should be equal « Hen. by equatieng steal.and. Imaginexy parts - we 92k) fila) = BU 4 1BY = Be + an an 9 q => du _ ov av Ou pe 4 am ayQn. Solo - Qn. Sofn Shou that the. hunction F(z = (xy) +i( yon) is mot analytic ak any peint- Hene uloyy)= 907% v(ssy) = ye gy y ad oy 2k ax =e oy on 2y : ey Woo ey on The cauchy Riemann equstiod axe sahopied ently at 2x= 24 > %=Y- There fb “ed MO open ase W dafjerentiable . 2. The punchon & mowhee analytic: here tre, yonder Prove trate the luncheon flz) < eX uk entive and hind Ws derivative. a. ety ox et ex=e@ eve =e™ Cosy +isiry) ulry) = & “cosy vlog) = e%sing | Osa, * LH 2 2” 00S) 2av__ eX xt J Gre Cony au %, = = -e Sin eV _ eka = 4 OK oe— athe CR equatons art. sakabred at eveuy point in athe plane - 4 f(z) us entire « Quy i2v an an eXcosy + re%sing 0 '(2) a tt e™ Cosy +4 iny) =e uae the Couch Rtemann equakiens “to show +hoce Kl the dollowing uindtion a mowhe2 dif,erentioble . (a) wez se a-ly. uly) = 9% vty) = 74 ei wi. on ay 2k o ev. =0 2y ~ ame & Qu fp OV ex ey LTE is mowhert. analy dil erertiable -b) W- Rez. w- % UOr,y) 3% v(xy) =o 2H A ao 2 4 2420 av.o By OK 2 Bik = Tha ig nowhere Aijrumbable OK We ay ~ 19 & ulxy) =2y v (oy) = -% ou Me he og 20 oe av, — om This nowhew difhererttiable : show that Wie) = x8 pany ax iJ (ytrsa*y -3) 16 dijpertable onthe coordinake. axes but tt & Nowhere analy +t.eee gol ° u(y) = 9+ Bay Bx yiuy) = yP + Bey —3y. Ow 3x74 By 8 BV = BY 43078 os °y au. 96% BV 2 © bx xy q oe oR equadtons ore satalted only when — 6xY = - bry > I22y=0 = 7 xY=0 = 120 OF Y=0 ae dijieuntiable en the coordinate. ances but mowhar, analste « 3- Show that glzl= 3a + ax ~ 3471 et (ery +24) 45 ertive + Write Hue rundriev in tems of <- ze. A» Show that the \undim £(2) = eS (cs any +1 sin 20c¢) is entives Rod ts udertvective - sda 3. g(z)= 3x7 2m — By] +i Cexy +24) W0%GY) = Bx% 20-34%] VOuy) = 6xy +2y | Bu = 6X42 2s 6x42 be“ The CR equations ane satafied a everywhere um +e plang Fl & entive . 32) = By BY! . By ax “p2yi = \ © 3 (xt+onyi-y*) +9(osiy) =! © 3 ( wviy)*42(ariy) -! = 352 32% az-| Ayr OF pee oF (eos zny tt sinany) ey? 2 ya | Gi io & | ey? fs | Mee Weinany easy + cosany xe 8s ase. ae a © ote —Qy oO 4 ein a.00y + ane” eos ony ty = ~ae% 9 (ysin amey eos 2g] ONG ea yr Co Wx cosaxyx 20 + shay Xe a x 2y es { cas % Wsamy —Y sinaay] - racy 58 Bray 4 700s Dany]| Bre . ; a fy coseny ene sin poe] yr . | x =i g sin 2x + Qe” 3 oc cos amy + ee Oye sat . Fae” Ty cosany +ige ye sin ey in _ - - ae “Levany Cig] + 07 Sos 2044 Cott] 2 oe 7 Qe” Seamancy i ford] +a 4 cosy Coty] i a a x i = ge VCesiy) ( covany +iein ag] 2. yr t Baz er a = Qz e* eee ee Llll Theowem 5 lek Fta)= wy) +ivlry) be dehimed Inserne. open Sct Gr conckartntng tre point 20 Ah the gost partial devatives of u andy enh in 6, axe contnunes ak 2, and sabiey the cauchy Riemann equations at zo, Hen £1 dijferentiable ak z+ Comequontty TE the Yrs postal derivatives Ore corthinunus and satis\y the cauchy wemann equacrons at ed{ points of. &,tron £% analyte a G- Bw! The. dilpune. quohent pt # ak 20 can be worken, m ne pr - (ab 2)—Fl20) _ ul aotdx, Yor SY (oxoxyo) + | [vevorarn a - vGaor4) | AnN+ lay k whee. = Hot 1Yo and AZ = Aretlay “Me above exprenions ane well defined i}, \az\ ie -so small hat -the dosed disc with wntye. 2 and cradtus \az| Ges ontively dim Gs Lebus unite the dijeene a5 Hollows « (oe B%, Yoray)) lore) = [ wexoram toes) - ualaorso) 7 [uloorgoros) - ubaoro) |ano he pastial Aerivertives exist din 61, By Mean value sreonem there enist x* betwen Xo and %+A% guchthak ulatogrO3 Jory) ~ ul%e, Yo eT) = An ou (v4 S yorey) She partial dentucctives arc. ventinupus «cc G0,Yo) we have ulxotd%, Jory) — Eulrerte +Ay) = Ar (x (x0 40) + e1) cohaa +O ab KF xX and Ay—yo (as Ax 70) The ditjprence. quolent” lb Aneaded similany to obtain. Flat he) Feo) an. ( +81) +44 (3 +2) + 4z \ (+ *) 4 4y 2+2)| ait =A a . dca +Ay Big ane (ae ies) + Ld ay (e+ i ea) An+tay whi @/ 70 ab ARO Apply cauchy Rlenann eqns to gt =axn{ au+.,jav.) 4 4 ray + ia] (e Bx J mel A Anrid4 Ax +iay @chene, ha An (€,414,) “+ AY (t+ 164) ~ Ax! out yi ov ai sy au 4 i By av an a ome). \ By -_—_— Axaiay ~ Gonaias) faa a ga] . \ a, are axriby Aur tay “(e+ ay) 4. @ Anti Ay jerity) AY Ax+riay Anti oy Arcs iAy sve | A |e | 2 | levies + é | e,+1 €5| +| e241 e4\ since, the Last team of eqn (A) sends to 0 ad 42 ~¥0 \ +42) —F(20) . ulin -P(20r42) De 24 ( %0,4yo) +f 2 (24) AZo AR On Be Ye -Fl(z0) eniats «\ Theoscom 6: 3,412) wb analytic dm adomain d and ik #'(2) =o everphesce. in Dy thon fC) a conshantin dD. Pool: cinw ¥{2)=0 -and fis analytic i> . QU 41 BV <0. OK Ox = QU oOo + Be ox . “on 7° By cauchy Riemanr equation , — Y= oy 1 eu s ey By 7° Hence tag hunction & tenstamt Kharughout D. Om: Show that th Fis analytic dm a domain D and athe Refl2) av am-l2) is umnstant in D, ther F(Z) musk be tomstant ind - PHO, Since Re Fl) =constant » U= comsteant and AZ) wb analyte » Bus \ Bh oa =o ane By =0 By cR equation . BY 5 and av ey a“> Heme wand v aw vanstant ~? £02) % conshant thmugholt P- { valued Show that if Flz) ib analytic and real an: in adomain z- Then (2) id constant f'n D- Pro}; Sina #2) 2 sual valued), am £2) =o > OB Lo and BY <5 On ay 7 By ck equation . 72420 and Bio om 2Y =? £\(2) <0 7 £(2) 1% constant iho . Suppose. that lz) and (2) are analyte om in adomain 9. Show that (2) 8 Umstunt in D Pro Since AZ) Br analyte - let fiz)=uriv #2) = u-lv- Since F(z) analyte Since #(Z) wb analyti Bu -2v and 2K. | 2y oeBY.-B¥ S 2. a) ey Cy) d on" BV. By > BV=0 ox Or Oe By cR equations — auto and 24-0 exe By = wand V ase tomstunts. > $12) Te constant - an show at iF -F is onalytic. in a domain D and Hi l3 constant In D- Then he Function (2) B umskant in D- sin + sine, \Fl2)) % constant: (R)2= wav? i wwrant- alti _ auau 4 av 22.0 =f me Ox Ox - OI = Qu du 4 ave 8 Lo ey oy Gs) 8 Rea udhton = -a 4 av. dU 0 ee Ox OuFro) and - a ude 4 y, EB Vidu wu. Ae ie . a Uduyy av _ —_(p ai! 55 7° Vv. 24 _u. BV Lo _ Ox Ox W XY: and (2) xu. wy au ev? av =9 — (2) an On . uv. 4 _u% av = —&4 On a ) (3)-(4) WAV?) By 20 a = oe = 7 BS ee Similarly au So = dy and au —=0 so: eg ey 7 £ Cz) =o =? H(z) & Corotent +Hasumenu C Funchons A veal valued un cen (my) & Said Yo be harmonic. in adomain D uf, all Us second order. pasxtiol clexivectives cou. continuous vin D and ih at each point of D, 4 sakishi ee Laplace's equation 2 ob Oe Bye =o Theoseem 1 A, fl2 = ule y) tiv loog) Je analyte in a domain D, then, each of the (un chews ulzy) aod v(x0y) 3 hasmonic tu D- Pruoh: We know that He veal and snraginwry pases of Andy analyte dunchions have. continuous postial desivectives a all oxcless- Hene amixed pastial derivatives can be. taleen In any orden eau 2% ae Apply cR equations for are 1 deuvative 2 (x - (3 2y) = oy, oe ay” n> =0“Thus: v 15 chasunonic in D - Similanly 92v _ ay Byax = axdy Apply ce equation , - ou o2u aye one 274 a S44 atu Ox oy =O Thus Wid chaamonte In D. Haxmonic Conjugate . © im an open dike TL va yuncton ulsoy) & cnasemont \wodion | thon dhow enudk andine Unarumene | y(oqy) wach that Uwrivus an analyz function of x | inthe abe. Such a uncon v IS called haamonta conjugate ou. @0- Constauct an analytic. funchon whose veal Parc & UGay) = 2 Bayrry And- hedke dohethar tre Lucio & tharmonc . au, au -9 —) Ox eyr Que Bx By? OuW doecomea 6X—6% =O - Heng W chaamonia By cr equation , NV. 2 ot 3 = -6xy-| ev. We ou . 3x?—By? — “A 94 Ox Take 2Y and integrate wrt x on NW v(x)¥) = Sx dre Jory a x = ey Bx + #(y) = Bxy-% +Fly) — B- Day wort BV 2-304 FMy) . a cree. vi (8) FMy) = oieTike rate. unt g . W= fry dy = f-ay2dy = —y2+C : . p . - Utivs oe Boyey +1 (syx*4 Wate Fiz) = 234 insic = zh (240) lovel cuswes ng the creak The haxmene kunctions hosting lori and Imaginasey past of an. amalytre uadren. F(z) -each genase a family of curwes un the x-y plane called the. level Cuxnes OF \sotenmuc Cur eb + ae Gp drckerprebed ab cleckyostaht P| she wuswves © U4) = constant are the equipotentials* U ds temperate uly) = constant decdbes the tential then a isotheams - ponte junction, 2) === 2% 7 |r then Hae level crower Una y%= comstant ane hyperbol as asyrnptoHic do the lines y= kX - The cower Nr aazy= constant axz also chyperbotas X caymptote to4he Coordinate cues:of Cuswed O72 Notte thak i the & gamibies atk maght Superimposed , they Appear to Wntoresect + angtes+ The level uawer of haamonic oactions and thy harmonic conjugates andeswsect ak vaght angles . Consider , Vs Bu pt DL p , the gradient of U- ow ey VV = av 5 v aaa ay? -— gradient Bott. axe normal to the. level awwes UW andv venpechevely vuvv= au, BY 4 Du, BV Om ON ey ey By cR equatins TWUVV = Ob (-2Uu Buf 2 ae .(- 2h) + u ane ( 3%) 2y Ft =0 the. gradi’ ane perpendicular. and chance the devel cues core perpendiuutas - Find a yuncion play) that & shaamonic int the region OH, the aight hall, plane between the awe KHyr=2 and K>Y*=4 and talees the value 3 onthe debt and edge andthe value 1 on the nig het edge Oo” ‘enks ane Men 20 dicen. “they bevel -eesas&®m. Re 27 KEY? pa alary?) +B.= Re (4274B) on xy 2, h=3 63> Ala+B_ — O) m x=y7=4 aes se alae — Seay wo -@ 4= -8A b= a(x yr! veajy divectty that the geal and imagines parc Othe botdowing analyte function Yothous the Laplace uation + a) Faj=z%paz4) b) JA=Y <) hlz) -exAns’ a F(Z) = x azt! = oeay mart +t (any +24) LE oe) Ww. Y= x= y¢2nc41 V= oxy +2y ume cosmae Qx+2 Pu _ 7 Bae au a= -a ay a Oy Ou tu Ox™ ey> my ot Ox ay? gt) = ib = x v BY 2 omerawe (oc7ey2) — na ax (oeey) > = octpy?— an® CoPay2) > — yee (oe)? Bi 2 AYD™ an — YEW #2 OH) X20 (aty2)* = (ay) [an (ote ye) 4% Gyeoe)| (ocay?)4 = nan (ay) Su. a%u <0 axe — 2y* ae ay? So aee eee ene tee te aay f Pas ax J (xy™ 42) av _ C447) 7y ay — Ory x 2. (octey2) x 2% axe od XP TO CPey2) , = Gy?) [29 (27442) - axy| ob es ns (oy) x r 2. = ay (aya 2 (9) ey CoPey2) 8 Py XV ot oye Qayt Bee hiya tye ay oat yay" Gaye Coy?) e = year eae 2 BV = (% AsyJx a — (yi?) x x2(a7 y *)x2y Caty?)*(x? “y) ) |e +y2) le AY (y= te J] Coy?) 4 = ay Gee ~ ay” +42) ey) 3 = ay ( 3x°= 47) Cerys By Be yCarty) , ay(se=99) ox ay ee? Te 2)3 J cxtey2)? OC+Y OL O h=e* K+IY = eX eid =e% (sy +ismy) : = easy + ie*siny us e™ osy Ve e*siny . u % Moe % oy eu — @ eos ax> J 2 — Puy 24 6 Ou w —= -SINW! any: SA Re a ey 24 = -cosy.e” ay oOn . owas Find the must general harmo poly of tre [pam ante b aay +04 * Ue ant bey 4 0y* —O aus aa+by Ok ou 8X2 = aa ae bar ey Fe ae 2, 2M ety a0 Bye uy QA+2QC=0 atl =0- le c=-a- Or Us ant bay ays.