ice cap - body of ice less than 50kmsq - mountains
ice sheet- body of ice more than 50kmsq
glacier- river of ice extending downhill from an ice cap occupying a valley
glacial- period of ice advance. low temp, 80k to 100k years. last 100k years long.
ended 10k years ago.
interglacial - period of ice retreat. high temps. 10k to 15k years
FORMATION OF GLACIERS
- in cold env and high alt, snow falls layer upon layer.
- the snow gets compacted into ice mass.
- if snow falls and falls, the ice mass gets bigger
- when too nbig, gravity makes it roll downhill.
- it erodes land under it, changing landscpe.
COUNTRIES WITH GLACIERS- BEFORE VS NOW
- 15k years ago, most of NA, EU and parts of asia, like china and russia where
covered with ice(glaciers). Countries like canada, usa, uk, and even parts of south
america as well as Antarctic awere covered with glaciers. earlier tropic of
cancer&capr, now only tundra
ice age- 80k to 120k. period when the earth's temperatures are much colder than
normal glacial and a period of the glacial spread.
near eqautor altitude causes glacier. for every 1000m 6.5 C decrease.
GLACIAL BUDGET
- balance btween the input and output of the glacier
- input: accumulation: snow, avalanches
- output: ablation: melting, calving
- snout- the front of the glacier.
BIAFO, YULONG GLACIERS: EXAMPLES
EROSION
- freeze thaw weathering" the water under glacier seeps into the rocks below it. As
it freezes, it expands and thaws when it melts. this constant freezing and thawing
causes the rocks to break into fragments.
-Plucking- the ice freezes around rocks and tugs them out into the glacier.
- abrasion- the rocks and stones slide over the bedrock, smoothening the land
below.
DEPOSITION
- As the glacier advances to warmer area, its snout melts, leading it to deposit
the materials that do not melt like rocks, sand, clay which combined is called
glacial till.
transportation: the movement of eroded materials in the glacier is called a
marraine. englacial morraine- material is inside the glacier. subglacial- it is
frozen into the base. lateral- accumalted by the valleys sides the glacial scrapes
by.
HIGH MOUNTAIN LANDFORMS
Corries: hollws found in mountains formed by glacial eroison, rotational slip and
nivation.
a hollow in ground. Freeze thaw weathering causes material to loosen up which is
carried away by meltwater called nivation. plucking and abration caused by
rotational slip make hollow deeper. more snow accumalates. too much snow, overflow.
melts. water left. tarn
2 side by side = arete.
3 + side by side = pyramidal peak.
TOURISM IMPACTS
- ECONOMIC IMPACTS (POSITIVE)
1. Tourists put money into the local economy by spending money in hotels,
resorts and restaurants.
2. More jobs are created other than just service sector. skilled workers
increase and unemplyment decreases.
3. extra tourism money can be re-invested into infrastructure and building
economy.//
- SOCIAL IMPACTS
1. local residents become hostile (NEGATIVE)
2. more opportunities in villages, so young ppl tend to stay in villages.
(POSITIVE)
3. services are needed throughout year as tourists need accomodation and
food. (POSITIVE)
4. local crafts and skills, and traditional culture are lost (NEGATIVE)
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (NEGATIVE)
1. lot of energy is needed to make artificial snow to run resorts.
2. More vehicles lead to more air pollution trapped in valleys and affect
villages.
3. Noise disturbs wildilfe and rural peace
4. Forests are cleared away to make skii slopes. leads to soil erosion and
water cycle changes.
5. Alpine vegetation is destroyed for new infrastructure.
GLACIAL DEPOSIT LANDFORMS
MORAINE
- GROUND MORAINE- material dragged underneath glacier. forms drumlins
- LATERAL MORAINE- egdes of glacier. material fallen off valley sides by freeze
thaw weathering
- MEDIAL MORAINE- TRIBUTARY GLACIER JOINS MAIN GLACIER, 2 LATERAL MORAINES MERGE
INTO SINGLE LINE OF SEDIMENT RUNNING DOWN CENTRE OF MAIN GLACIER. ON MELTING, FORMS
RIDGE IN VALLEY CENTRE
- TERMINAL MORAINE- piled up at snout - high ridge formed. furthest extent of
glacial advance.
DRUMLINS
- smooth egg-shaped hills (10m high, 100s metres long)
- made of streamlined moraine shaped by moving ice.
- Has 1 blunt end facing up valley
- 1 pointed end facing down valley
- indicated direction of glacier movement.
ERRATICS
- Large out of place boulder, resting on diff type of rock
- Transported on or in glaciers.
Origin or rock and direction it moved based on the rock's origin and geology of the
area it was located in.
GLACIAL LANDFORMS
U- SHAPED VALLEYS
- Glaciers create steep sided, wide valley in the shape of U
- AS GLACIER MOVED DOWN VALLEY, IT PLUCKS ROCK FROM BENEATH IT.
- these rocks rub against the bed of valley eroding further. deepens & widens
valley
- Front of glacier = bulldozer, shifts & removes soil, plucks rock from interlocked
spurs and truncates them. = truncated spurs.
- TRUNCATED SPURS ORIGINAL FORMATION: river erodes the upper valley and it cuts
down into rock and meanders in and out of the surrounding rock.
- glaciers remove this rock by ice sheets.
MISFIT STREAM
- when glacier melts, rivers flow again.
- the river did not erode like the glacier.
this is a misfit stream
RIBBON LAKE
- FOUND IN U-SHAPED VALLEYS
- long, thin lakes that collect meltwater & rain water after glacier melts.
- sometimes, glaciers erode some places more than others. due to stronger/weakers
bed rock, ice thickness and uneven abrasion.
- after glacier melts, meltwater fills more eroded depressions.
HANGING VALLEYS\\
- main glacier and big and tributary glaciers are small
- main glacier erodes its valley to a geater extent, as they are wider, deeper and
have more mass.
- the tributary glaciers are smaller, have less mass, and rock hence erode their
valley less.
- so main valley is wider and becomes very cclear when ice meelts
- tributary valley is left hanging above main valley.
- when rivers return, waterfalls are formed from hanging valley to main valley.
