SUBJECT: PHYSICS

CLASS:
S.S. 2

TERM: First
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 ©Deeper Life High School. 2023

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEKS TOPICS CONTENT

1 Revision Revision of last year’s work.
Position, distance and (a) concept of position and position
2 displacement: coordinate (b) frame of reference
Scalars and Vectors (a) concept of vectors (b) vector
representation (c) addition of vectors (d)
3 resolution of vectors(c) concept of
resultant velocity using a vector
representation.
Equation of uniformly (a) Revision on velocity-time graph (b)
accelerated motion application and interpretation of
4 equation of motion in simple problems.
Projectile motion (a) concept of projectiles (b) simple
5 problems involving range, height and
time of flight
Equilibrium of forces (a) Principle of moments
(b) Types of equilibrium
6 (c) Conditions for equilibrium of rigid
bodies under the action of parallel and
non-parallel forces.
(d) Centre of gravity and stability
7 MID-TERM BREAK
Equilibrium of Bodies in Concept of upthrust, Archimedes’
8 Liquid Principle, Density & Relative Density, law
of floatation and calculations.
Simple harmonic motion (a) Illustration, explanation and
definition of simple harmonic motion
9 (S.H.M)
(b) Speed and acceleration of S.H.M.
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 (c) Period, frequency and amplitude of a
body executing S.H.M.
(d) Energy of S.H.M
(e) Forced vibration and resonance
10 Revision Thorough Revision on difficult
concept(s)
11 Examination
12
13

WEEK : 1
TOPIC: REVISION OF LAST YEAR’S WORK.
CONTENT:
The educator should make a good revision of the last term’s/year’s work especially on
areas the students are having problems.

PRACTICE EXERCISE : Educator should construct questions based on previous term’s/year’s

work to ascertain the level of recalling.

WEEK : 2

TOPIC : POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :

1. Define position, distance and displacement;

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2. Locate the position of object on the x – y plane using the Cartesian coordinate system;

3. Identify the different types of coordinate system;

4. Name the instrument used in locating a point;

5. Distinguish between distance and displacement;

6. Explain the term ‘frame of reference’ and identify the different types;

7. Solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have been taught bearing in their Mathematics class. They have
also used compass and protractor in their Mathematical set to measure angles or distances
before now.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT:
POSITION
This is the location of a point/object with respect to areference point. The position of a point
in space is defined in terms of the distance of the point from the reference point (which is
sometimes called ORIGIN). In physics, the position of an object in space is represented in a
coordinate system. There are three main types of coordinate system for representing the
position of an object in space:
1. Cartesian coordinate system
2. Spherical coordinate system
3. Cylindrical coordinate system

Of all these, the Cartesian coordinate system is the most commonly used.
Cartesian coordinate system:

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This is also called the rectangular coordinate system. This consists of two (or three) mutually
perpendicular axes. The Cartesian plane in two dimensions consists of two mutually
perpendicular axes:
- the horizontal axis (also called the X axis or the abscissa)
- the vertical axis (also called the Y axis or the ordinate).

The position of a point in this coordinate system is define in terms of it perpendicular distance
from these axes. Y-axis

(0,0) is the origin.

(0,0)
X-axis

For instance the position of a point P define as (a,b) is represented as shown.

b . (a,b)

This is similar to the location of point on a graph sheet when plotting points.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. Define position and distance;
2. Give two Differences between distance and displacement.
3. Mention two types of coordinate system;
4. Calculate the distance between the points (i) P(2, 0, 5) and Q(3, -2, 1); (ii) : P(4,2) and Q(1, 6)

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 5. A lorry travels 10𝑘𝑚 Northwards, 4𝑘𝑚 Eastwards, 6𝑘𝑚 Southwards and 4𝑘𝑚 Westwards to
arrive at a point T. What is the total displacement of the lorry?
6. A man walks 30m West and then 40m North. Calculate his displacement from the starting
point.

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
DISTANCE.
This can be defined as the actual length measured along the path moved by an object. Distance
is a scalar quantity and it S.I unit is metre (m). If an object moved along a straight line, the
distance moved is the length of the straight line. If the path is a curve, then the distance moved
is the length of the curve.
DISPLACEMENT:
This is the distance moved in a specified direction. Displacement is a vector quantity and its S.I
unit is metre.
Estimation of displacement between two points on the Cartesian plane
Consider the point P and Q on a Cartesian plane. If the coordinate of P and Q is given as:
P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2), then the displacement between P and Q on the Cartesian plane is given as

𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Example: Calculate the distance between the two points: P(4,2) and Q(1, 6)
Solution: P (x1,y1) Q (x2, y2)
P(4,2) Q(1,6)
X1 = 4, Y1 = 2 X2 = 1, Y2 = 6

𝐷 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

𝐷 = √(1 − 4)2 + (6 − 2)2

𝐷 = √(−3)2 + (4)2

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 𝐷 = √9 + 16 = √25 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Displacement between two points on the Cartesian plane
Consider the points P and Q on a Cartesian plane. If their coordinates are: P(x1,y1,z1), Q(x2,y2,
𝑧2 ), then the distance between P and Q on the Cartesian plane is given as

𝐷 = √[(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 ]

E.g: Calculate the distance between the points P(2, 0, 5) and Q(3, -2, 1)
Soln:
P(2, 0, 5) = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1, 𝑧1 )
Q(3, -2, 1) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2, 𝑧2 )

𝐷 = √[(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2 ]

𝐷 = √[(3 − 2)2 + (−2 − 0)2 + (1 − 5)2 ]

D = 4.58units

Differences between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement
It is the actual length of the path It is the distance moved in a
moved by an object. specified direction.

It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. An aircraft flies a distance of 5km from a town A on a bearing of 0300 to a town B. What is
the bearing of A from B?
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2. (a) Sketch the coordinates of P(5, -2) and Q(-3, 4). (b) Determine the distance between
points P and Q in (a) above.
3. A line RS of magnitude 10 units is specified by the coordinates R(6, 4) and S(-2, K), determine
the positive value of K.
4. Lizzy rides a motorcycle 12𝑘𝑚 due east and later 5𝑘𝑚 due south. Calculate the: (i)
total distance covered (ii) magnitude of her displacement..

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:
frame of reference
This is a set of axes used to specify the position of object in space at any instant of time. For
practical purposes, the frame of reference of the earth is taken to be at rest (i.e an inertia
frame of reference). However, this is never so. In two dimensional continuums, the frame of
reference consists of two axes.
z

This is a three dimensional frame of

x reference to specify the position of
an object at any time in space.

In four dimensional continuums, the time coordinate is added to the space coordinate (x, y, z).
Hence for three dimensional frames of reference position is defined as (x,y,z). But for four
dimensional frame of reference, position is define as (x,y,z,t) – (space-time)

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When an event in a frame of reference is observed in two frame of reference moving relatively
with respect to each other, their observations will be different. This leads to the concept of
relativity. (see Einstein theory of special relativity)
However, all frames of reference moving at a constant velocity with respect to each other are
equivalent. All frames of reference at rest or moving with uniform velocity are called Galilean
frames and that are equivalent for describing the dynamics of moving bodies.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. What is an inertia frame of reference?
2. What is a Galilean frame of reference?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. The following are types of coordinate system except …. (a) rectangular coordinate
system (b) cubical coordinate system (c) cylindrical coordinate system (d) spherical
coordinate system
2. Another name for the horizontal axis of a Cartesian coordinate system is …. (a) Y-axis (b)
ordinate (c) abscissa (d) coordinate
3. An ant on a graph page moved starting from the origin to another point (-6, 8). What is
the displacement of the ant? (a) 4units (b) 7units (c) 9units (d) 10units
4. A rat on a horizontal frame of reference moved from (13, 7) metres to another point (x,
0) metres. For what value of x will the displacement of the rat be 25m? (a) 16 (b) 21 (c)
37 (d) 43
5. ---- is the distance moved in a specified direction. (a) vector (b) displacement (c)
distance (d) scalar
6. A body moving with uniform acceleration a is represented by points (10, 30) and (25, 65)
on a velocity-time graph. Calculate the magnitude of a. (a) 0.47ms-2 (b) 0.50ms-2 (c)
0.60ms-2 (d) 1.67ms-2 (e) 2.33ms-2
1. Differentiate between distance and differences
2. Sketch a Cartesian plane and locate the following points on it.
(i) (-3, 4)
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 (ii) (5, -2)
(iii) (4, 0)
(iv) (1.2, -4.6)
(v) (5.72, 3.31)

1. The position of a point in space from a reference point is determined by A. acceleration

and displacement B. acceleration and momentum C. distance and direction D.
speed and direction E. velocity and displacement
2. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about displacement? It A. describes the
motion of a body B. has magnitude only C. is distance measured in a given direction
D. is the change in the position of an object E. is the time rate of change of velocity
3. The following are types of coordinate system except …. (a) rectangular coordinate system
(b) cubical coordinate system (c) cylindrical coordinate system (d) spherical coordinate
system
4. Another name for the horizontal axis of a Cartesian coordinate system is …. (a) Y-axis (b)
ordinate (c) abscissa (d) coordinate
5. An ant on a graph page moved starting from the origin to another point (-6, 8). What is the
displacement of the ant? (a) 4units (b) 7units (c) 9units (d) 10units
6. A rat on a horizontal frame of reference moved from (13, 7) metres to another point (x, 0)
metres. For what value of x will the displacement of the rat be 25m? (a) 16 (b) 21 (c) 37 (d)
43
7. The location of the point P on the diagram below is A. (2, 3) B. (-2, 3) C. (3, -2) D. (-3, -
2) E. (-2, -3)
y-axis
𝑷° 3
2
1
−𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 x-axis
1 2 3
−𝟏
−𝟐
−𝟑

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8. The unit of distance measured in a specified direction is A. m B. ms-1 C. ms-2 D. N
E. Nm
9. ---- is the distance moved in a specified direction. (a) vector (b) displacement (c) distance
(d) scalar
10. A lorry travels 10km Northwards, 4km Eastwards, 6km Southwards and 4km Westwards to
arrive at a point T. What is the total displacement of the lorry? A. 6km
South B. 4km North C. 6km North D. 4km East
11. A boy walks 10m due West and then 10m due South. His displacement is A. 10𝑚, 𝑆30°𝑊
B. 10𝑚, 𝑆60°𝑊 C. 10√2 𝑚, 𝑆45°𝑊 D. 10√2 𝑚, 𝑆60°𝑊
12. A man walks 30m West and then 40m North. Calculate his displacement from the starting
point. A. 30m, West B. 40m, North C. 50m, North-West D. 70m, North E. 70m,
North-West
13. A girl walks 12m Northwards, 5m Eastwards and 7m Southwards. Her total displacement is
A. 5𝑚, North B. 5𝑚, East C. 7.07𝑚, 𝑆45°𝑊 D. 7.07𝑚, 𝑁45°𝐸
14. A man walks 5km South and then 3km in the direction 60° West of South. His distance
from the starting point is A. 7.00km B. 7.50km C. 8.00km D. 10.72km
15. In a school compound, a girl walks 40m due east from the laboratory to the staff room t-o
submit her report. Then she turns and walks 30m due north to her classroom. Determine
the magnitude of her displacement from the laboratory. A. 10m B. 35m C. 50m
D. 70m
16. A body moving with uniform acceleration a is represented by points (10, 30) and (25, 65)
on a velocity-time graph. Calculate the magnitude of a. (a) 0.47ms-2 (b) 0.50ms-2 (c)
0.60ms-2 (d) 1.67ms-2 (e) 2.33ms-2

1. What is an inertia frame of reference?

2. What is a Galilean frame of reference?
3. The position of an ant and a spider in a room are A(2, 3, 5) and S(6, 0, 8). Determine the :
(a) distance OA and OS if O is a point (b) distance between the ant and the spider.
4. Sketch a Cartesian plane and locate the following points on it.
5. (-3, 4)
6. (5, -2)
7. (4, 0)

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 8. (1.2, -4.6)
9. (5.72, 3.31)
10. (a) Sketch the coordinates of P(5, -2) and Q(-3, 4).
a. (b) Determine the distance between points P and Q in (a) above.
11. A line RS of magnitude 10 units is specified by the coordinates R(6, 4) and S(-2, K),
determine the positive value of K.
12. The bearing 2300 represents .......................
13. A car travels from town A due North to a town B 4km away. It then travels due East until
it arrives town C 5km from B. Determine the distance of town C from A.
14. An aircraft flies a distance of 5km from a town A on a bearing of 0300 to a town B. What
is the bearing of A from B? (Ans = 2100)
15. Find the bearing of a coordinate (3,6) with reference to the origin (0,0). Ans = 0630
16. (a) Differentiate between distance and displacement. (b) Toluwalope rides a motorcycle
12km due east and later 5km due south. Calculate the: (i) total distance covered (ii)
magnitude of her displacement.
17. (a) Determine the distance between two points A(2, -5) and B(6, 8). (b) If the location
of A and B are with reference to a point (0,0), What is the bearing of A?
18. A ball is displaced from a point O to a point A along a straight line through a distance of
5.0m. It was later returned to O along the same path. what is the resultant displacement
?

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Position, Bearing, Distance,

Displacement, Coordinate, frame of reference, etc e.t.c

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

A girl went for a walk in the park. She started at a point A, walked 200m North to point B, then
turned and walked 150m east to point C. Finally, she turned again and walked 100m south to
point D. What is the girl’s total distance travelled during her walk, and what is her
displacement from the starting pointA?

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:

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Every position in space carries the weight of history and the promise of a new beginning
Position is the fingerprint of existence, unique to every point in the symphony of space.
Direction is the whisper of destiny – an arrow pointing the way to our next chapter

WEEK :3

TOPIC : SCALARS AND VECTORS

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :

1. Differentiate between scalars and vectors;

2. Add two or more vectors together;

3. Differentiate between resultant and equilibrant;

4. State Lami’s and parallelogram laws of vectors;

5. Resolve vectors into components;

6. Find the resultant of two or more vectors using resolution of vectors;

7. Solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have been taught vectors in their Mathematics class before now.
They have DSTV satellite dish in their various homes. They have noticed/observed the direction
of the dish before now.

SUB-TOPIC 1:
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CONTENT:
CONCEPT OF SCALARS
Scalars are physical quantities that have magnitude but no direction. That is, scalar has value
and unit but no direction. E.g, 10km. This 10km could be in any direction since there is no
actual direction. The ‘10’ is the value- the magnitude. Therefore, just 10km is a scalar quantity.
Scalar quantities are always not directional.
Scalar quantities unlike vectors have only magnitude. Example; length, area, volume,
temperature, work, energy, power, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, efficiency, surface
tension,
Other examples of scalar quantities include:
- Speed
- Time
- Density
- Mass
- Distance, etc.
10km

Scalars are non directional physical quantities.

CONCEPT OF VECTORS
Vectors are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. This means that vectors
quantities have values and are always directional. E.g, 10km due North. Here, the value, which
is the magnitude, is ‘10’ while the direction is North.
Examples of vector quantities include: pressure, friction, tension, electric field intensity,
magnetic field intensity, moment of forces, torque, upthrust.
Other examples of vector quantities are:
- 25km at 𝑁60°𝐸
- Displacement
- Force
- Acceleration

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 - Momentum
- Impulse
- Velocity 25km at 𝑵𝟔𝟎°𝑬
- Weight, etc. Vectors are directional physical quantities.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SCALARS AND VECTORS.

S/N SCALARS VECTORS

1. Scalars are non directional Vectors are directional
physical quantities. physical quantities.
2. Always directed towards Always directed towards a
different directions. particular direction.
3. E.g, 100km 100km due east.
4. E.g, mass Weight

Their similarities include:

- They are both physical quantities;
- They both have values, which are the magnitudes.
Types of vectors
1. Position vectors; are vectors whose starting point is fixed to a position
2. Free vectors; are vector whose starting point could be anywhere in space.
3. Unit vector; a vector whose magnitude is one. It is often represented as â.
4. Orthogonal vectors; are vectors whose lines of action are mutually perpendicular to
each other
5. Collinear vectors; are vector whose lines of action are parallel to one another.
6. Coplanar vectors; are vectors whose lines of action lies on the same plane.
7. Resultant vector; a single vector that has the same effect as a system of vectors.
8. Null vector: a vector whose magnitude is zero.

Representation of vectors
Vectors can be represented by a directed line segment whose length is proportional to the
magnitude of the vector and its direction is pointing in the direction of action of the vector.
a

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Vectors are represented with bold face letters a, a, orâ.
-

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. A measurable quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called ---- (a) vector (b)
scalar (c) displacement (d) distance
2. The following are example of vectors except ---- (a) moment (b) pressure in gas (c)
tension (d) viscosity
3. A vector whose magnitude is one is called ----- (a) collinear vector (b) orthogonal vector
(c) unit vector (d) free vector
4. A set of vector whose line of action lies on the same plane is called ---- (a) collinear
vectors (b) concurrent vectors (c) coplanar vectors (d) coordinate vectors
5. Which of the following groups of quantities is NOT all vectors? (a) (a) momentum,
velocity, force (b) acceleration, force, momentum (c) momentum, kinetic energy, force
(d) magnetic field, acceleration, displacement

1. What are vector quantities?

2. List five examples of each of the two types of the physical quantities.
3. State three differences between scalars and vectors.
4. State the similarities between them.
5. What is the difference between 20km and 20km due South?
6. How would you differentiate a scalar from a vector quantity?
7. List five examples of scalar quantities.
8. Mention five physical quantities you consider as vectors and why.

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
Addition of vector
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The addition of two or more vector produces a single vector call the resultant vector.
A resultant is a single vector which has the same effect as a system of vectors put together.
Equilibrant is the vector that will bring a system of vector to equilibrium when added to the
system. It has the same magnitude as the resultant of the system but acting in the opposite
direction to the equilibrant.
Consider two vectors a and b, the addition of these vector can be obtained by joining the head
of one to the tail of the previous one. The resultant is the vector that joins the beginning to the
end.
b
b

c
a
a
c=b+a

Case 1. Parallel vectors acting in the same direction

For two parallel vectors acting in the
V1
same direction, the angle between
V2 the vectors is ZERO
Resultant R = V1 + V2

Example 1: Three men pushed a car out ofa muddy ground by applying the following forces
450N, 600N and 920N. What is the resultant force on the car?
𝑅 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑅 = 450 + 600 + 920 = 1970𝑁
Case 2. Parallel vectors acting in opposite direction
For two parallel vectors acting in
opposite direction, the angle
V1 V2
between the vectors is 1800

Resultant R = V2 - V1

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Example 2: during a tug of war game, team A pull in the positive x direction with a force of
900N and team B pull in the negative X – direction with a force of 1200N. what is the resultant
of the train?
V1 = 900N V2 = 1200N
𝑹 = 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽1 = 1200 – 900 = 300N
Case 3. Two perpendicular vectors acting at a point.
V1
R
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑹 = √𝑽𝟏 2 + 𝑽2 2

V2

The angle made by the resultant with the direction of V2 is given as

𝑉1
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑉2
Example 3: two force 8N and 15N acting along the vertical and the horizontal axis respectively
acts on a body of mass 3kg. What is the acceleration of the body?
Solution: 8N

15N

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑹 = √𝑽𝟏 2 + 𝑽2 2

𝑅 = √82 + 152

𝑅 = √64 + 225
𝑅 = √289 = 17𝑁
Force = mass x acceleration
F = ma F = R = 17N m = 3kg a =?
17 = 3 X a

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 17
𝑎= = 5.7 𝑚𝑠 −2
3
Case 4. Two vector acting at a point and at angle to each other.
V1

Ø
V2

This case can be solved by using the parallelogram law of vectors.

Parallelogram law of vectors state that:

Parallelogram law of vectors state that when two vectors acting at a
point are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent
sides of a parallelogram, the resultant of the two vectors can also be
represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram drawn from the common point of the two vectors.

V1

Ø 180 - Ø
𝜃
V2

𝑹2 = 𝑽𝟏 2 + 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 cos(180 − ∅)

Ø is the angle between the two vectors. The direction the resultant force R made with
V2( 𝑖. 𝑒 𝜃) can be obtained using the sin rule. This is given as
𝑉1 sin(180 − ∅) = 𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝜃𝑖𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑉2
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Example: two forces F1 and F2 act on a particle. F1 has magnitude 5N and in direction 0300, and
F2 has a magnitude of 8N and in the direction 0900. Find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant.
Solution:

5N

300
900
8N

5N

300 R
1200
8N ϴ

The angle between the two forces is 0900 – 0300 = 600

𝑹2 = 𝑽𝟏 2 + 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 cos ∅
𝑅 2 = 52 + 82 − 2(5)(8) cos(180 − 60)
𝑅2 = 25 + 64 − 80 × cos 120
𝑅2 = 89 − 80 (−0.500)
𝑅2 = 89 + 40

𝑅 = √129 = 11.4𝑁
(b) direction of the resultant

1200
ϴ

don’t forget
- 1200 is obtained from (1800 – 600) in the diagram
- we use V1 because we are looking for the angle between R and V2.

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 𝑉1 sin(180 − ∅) = 𝑅 sin 𝜃
5 sin(120) = 11.4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5 × 0.866 4.33
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
11.4 11.4
𝜃 = sin−1 0.3798 = 22.30
So the direction of the resultant in three digits ( 90 – 22) = 0680
EXPERIMENT 1:
- Educator should carry out an experiment to verify the parallelogram law of vectors
- using the force board

CASE 5. Three vectors acting at a point and in equilibrium.

Consider a metal ball suspended from a ceiling by a string. If is pulled by an horizontal force as
shown below, the triangular law of vector may be applied as shown below.

F T
w
W
F
Triangular law of vectors states state that when three
vectors acting act a point are in equilibrium, the vectors
can be represented in magnitude and direction by the
adjacent sides of a triangle by joining the head of one
vector to the tail of the previous one.

Example: a 15 kg mass suspended from a ceiling is pulled asides with a horizontal force, F, as
shown in the diagram above. Calculate the value of the tension T (g= 10m/s2)
Solution:

600
T
600 T 150 N

F
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F

150 N We applied the Lami’s theorem to get

Using the trigonometric ratio;
𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑻
𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎 =
𝑻
𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝑻=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝑻=
𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑻 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝑵
EXPERIMENT 2:
- An experiment to verify the Lami’s theorem using the force board.

N.B. note that the resultant of a system in equilibrium is ZERO.

The triangular law of vectors is also called the Lami’s theorem

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The angle between two parallel vectors acting in opposite direction is ---- (a) 00 (b) 450
(c) 900 (d) 1800
2. The resultant of a system of forces is equilibrium is ---- vector. (a) unit (b) free (c)
orthogonal (d) null
3. What is the resultant of the forces 6N and 8N acting act an angle 600 to each other? (a)
9.0N (b) 10.1 N (c) 11.1N (d) 13.5N
4. Two vectors a and b act on a body. What will be the angel between a and b for the
resultant to be maximum. (a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800

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 SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:
Resolution of vectors
Any position vector can be resolved into two components which are perpendicular to each
other. Consider the vector P acting at angleϴ t o the horizontal as shown below,

P
Px

𝜃
Py

𝑷𝑥 = 𝑷 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑷𝑦 = 𝑷 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

For a system which consist of several vectors, each vector in the system can be revolved into
two components as shown above. V1
V2
Consider a system of vectors as shown below,

V3

V4

If 𝜃1 , 𝜃2, 𝜃3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜃4 are the angles made the vectors 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑉4 respectively, then the
component of the resultant along the horizontal is given as:
4

𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝑉𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑅𝑥 = 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑉3 cos 𝜃3 + 𝑉4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃4

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And the vertical component of the resultant vector is given as:
4

𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝑉𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑅𝑦 = 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 + 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑉3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 + 𝑉4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4

N.B 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 , 𝜃3 , 𝜃4 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 the angles the vectors V1, V2, V3, and V4 makes with the positive x
direction
The magnitude resultant R is given as:

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2

The direction of the resultant with respect to the positive x direction is given as
𝑅𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 [ ]
𝑅𝑥
Example: a boy pull a nail from the wall with a string tied to the nail. The string is inclined to
the wall at angle 600. If the tension in the string is 4N. What is the effective force used in
pulling the nail?

Solution;
nail Tx = T sin 60

600
T
Ty = T cos60
rope 600

The tension has two components Tx and Ty. note that the value of Tx and Ty were obtained
using the trigonometric ratio.
The component of T to extract the nail is Tx.
𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛60
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 𝑇𝑥 = 4 × 0.866 = 3.464 𝑁

EXAMPLE: four forces act at appoint as shown below. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force. 12N
10N
400 300
600
9N

15N

Solution:
Vector F Fi Angles ϴ with +ve x Fx = Fcos ϴ Fy=Fsin ϴ
direction
F1 10N 300 10cos30 = 10sin30= 5.00
8.66
F2 12N (180 – 40) = 1400 12cos140= - 12sin140=
9.192 7.713
F3 9N (180 + 90) = 2700 9cos 270= - 9sin270= -9.00
0.000
F4 15N (360 – 60) = 3000 15cos300= 15sin300= -
7.50 12.99
∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟓 ∑ 𝑭𝒚
= −𝟗. 𝟐𝟕𝟕

OR
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝐹2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝐹3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃3 + 𝐹4 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃4
𝐹𝑥 = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 12𝑐𝑜𝑠140 + 9𝑐𝑜𝑠270 + 15𝑐𝑜𝑠300
𝐹𝑥 = 10 × 0.866 + 12 × −0.766 + 9 × 0 + 15 × 0.500
𝐹𝑥 = 8.66 − 9.192 + 0 + 7.500 = 25.35𝑁
Vertical components
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 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 + 𝐹2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝐹3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 + 𝐹4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4
𝐹𝑦 = 10 sin 30 + 12 sin 140 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛270 + 15𝑠𝑖𝑛300
𝐹𝑦 = 10 × 0.500 + 12 × 0.6428 + 9 × −1 + 15 × −0.866
𝐹𝑦 = 5.00 + 7.713 − 9 − 12.99 = −9.277

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2

𝑅 = √25.352 + (−9.277)2

𝑅 = √642.6 + 86.06 = √728.66

𝑅 = 27𝑁
Direction of the resultant force
𝑅𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 [ ]
𝑅𝑥
−9.277
𝜃 = tan−1 ⌈ ⌉
25.35
𝜃 = tan−1 [−0.366]
𝜃 = 20. 10
ϴ is negative. Tan ϴ is negative in the 2nd and the 4th quadrant. Looking at the geometry of the
forces, R will be in the 4th quadrant.
∴ 𝜃 = 360 − 𝜃 = 360 − 20.1
𝜃 = 339. 90
This is the angle made by the resultant with the positive x –axis.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The component of a force along the vertical and the horizontal axis is given as 24N and
7N respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force?
2. The resultant of two forces 12N and 5N is 13N. what is the angle between the two
forces? (a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800
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 3. Two uniform velocities are represented by V1 and V2. If the angle between them is 𝜃.
Where 00≤ 𝜃 ≤ 900 ,the magnitude of their resultant is -----
1
2 2 1/2 2 2
(a) (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 2𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) (b) (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 2𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 2

1 1
2 2 2 2 −
(c) (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 2𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) (d) (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 2𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
2 2

4. Below is the diagram of an experiment to determine the resultant of a system using a

force board, calculate the angle between the 25N and the 35N.

25N
35N

50N

5. The wind velocity is 30ms-1, 300 north of West. Find the component in the north and
West direction
6. A force of 15N acts in the positive x-direction. In what direction to the positive x-
direction will a force of 20N be applied to give a resultant whose component along the
x-direction is zero?

Essay
1. A boy drag a heavy crate along the horizontal ground with a string inclined to the
horizontal at 500.if the tension in the string is 1500N, calculate the effective force pulling
the crate along the ground.
2. A body is in equilibrium under the action three forces. One of the force is 6.0N acting
due East and one is 3.0N in a direction 600 North of East. What is the magnitude and
direction of the third force?
3. Two forces acting at a point makes angles of 250 and 650 respectively with their
resultant which is of the magnitude 15N. find the magnitudes of the two component
forces.
4. Differentiate between scalar and vector

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 5. The resultant of two forces acting on an object is maximum if the angle between them is
(a) 1800 (b) 900 (c) 450 (d) 00

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. 200inches due east is an example of ---
A. Displacement
B. Speed
C. Acceleration
D. Distance
2. 20km due east is an example of ---
A. Scalar quantity
B. Vector quantity
C. Fundamental quantity
D. Basic quantity
3. 500 miles is an example of,..
A. Displacement
B. Distance
C. Force
D. Speed
4. The following are examples of scalar quantities. Except ---
A. Time
B. Density
C. Velocity
D. Mass
5. One of the following is a vector quantity.
A. Force
B. Distance
C. Mass
D. Speed

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1. Which of the following quantities is a vector? A. Volume B. Momentum C. Energy D.
Speed
2. Which of the following physical quantities is not a vector? A. Force B. Displacement
C. Acceleration D. Speed
3. Which of the following sets of quantities has its middle one expressed by both its
magnitude and direction? A. Displacement, distance, speed B. Density, volume, force
C. Displacement, mass, force D. Work, force, time E. Force, work, time
4. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities is made up of vectors? A. Speed and
displacement B. Mass and force C. Displacement and acceleration
D. Momentum and length.
5. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities comprises vectors only? A.
Capacitance and resistance B. Electric field potential and electric field intensity C.
force and velocity ratio D. Impulse and weight.
6. Which of the following physical quantities is wrongly classified as either scalar or vector?
A. Electric field strength (vector) B. Electric potential (vector) C. Gravitational field
intensity (vector) D. Gravitational potential (scalar) E. Magnetic field (vector)
7.
𝟏𝟎𝑵

𝟏𝟕𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝑵
𝟎

𝟔𝑵

Four co-planar forces of magnitudes of 10𝑁, 17𝑁, 6𝑁 and 20𝑁 acts at a point O as shown
in the diagram above. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force. A.
53.0𝑁 B. 21.0𝑁 C. 7.0𝑁 D. 5.0𝑁
8. Two strings each inclined at an angle of 300 to the horizontal are used to hold a bucket of
water weighing 20𝑁. Calculate the tension in each string. A. 20√3 𝑁 B. 20𝑁 C.
10√3 𝑁 D. 10𝑁
9. Two forces of magnitudes 3N and 5N acting at a point are inclined at an angle of 300 to
each other. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force between them. A. 5.83 N. B.
6.30 N. C. 7.74 N. D. 8.20 N E. 8.50 N

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10. Two forces of magnitudes 8 N and 5 N acts at an angle of 600 to each other. The magnitude
of their resultant is A. 4.8 N. B. 10.2 N. C. 11.4 N. D. 12.6 N.
11.
100𝑁

45° 60𝑁
10𝑘𝑔

Two forces 100 N and 60 N act on an object of mass 10 kg as illustrated in the diagram
above. Neglecting friction, calculate the acceleration of the object. A. 4.0𝑚𝑠-2
B. 13.1𝑚𝑠-2 C. 16.0 𝑚𝑠-2 D. 22.6𝑚𝑠-2

𝑭 5𝑘𝑔 𝑷 = 𝟒𝟎𝑵

12. A block of wood of mass 5𝑘𝑔 is pulled on a platform by a force of 40𝑁 as illustrated in the
diagram above. If the frictional force 𝑭, experienced by the block is 12𝑁, calculate the
magnitude of the acceleration of the block. A. 2.4𝑚𝑠 −2 B. 5.6𝑚𝑠 −2 C. 8.0𝑚𝑠 −2
D. 10.4𝑚𝑠 −2
13. Two vectors 3N to the North and X produced a zero resultant. Calculate X. A. 0𝑁, North
B. 3𝑁, East C. 3𝑁, North D. 3𝑁, South E. 3𝑁, West
14. A force of 25𝑁 inclined at N380E and another force of 15𝑁 inclined at N220W act on an
object. Calculate the magnitude of their resultant. A. 2 √11 𝑁 B. 3 √5 𝑁 C. 6 √2 𝑁
D. 4 √7 𝑁 E. 5 √19 𝑁
15. Two perpendicular forces have a resultant of 13N. If one of the forces is 5N, the other
force is A. 8N B. 9N C. 12N D. 18N
16. Two forces, 12N and 16N inclined at an angle 𝜃 to each other, have a resultant which is
parallel to the 16N force. The value of cos 𝜃 is A. 1.0 B. ¾ C. ½ D. 0
17. A force of 50N is inclined at 300 to the horizontal, calculate its vertical and horizontal
components respectively. A. 19.3N and 23.0N B. 23.0N and 19.3N C. 25.0N and 25.0N
D. 25.0N and 43.3N E. 43.3N and 25.0N
18. The angle between two parallel vectors acting in opposite direction is ---- A. 00 B. 450 C.
900 D. 1800
19. The resultant of a system of forces is equilibrium is ---- vector. (a) unit (b) free (c)
orthogonal (d) null
20. What is the resultant of the forces 6N and 8N acting act an angle 600 to each other? (a)
9.0N (b) 10.1 N (c) 11.1N (d) 13.5N
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21. Two vectors a and b act on a body. What will be the angle between a and b for the
resultant to be maximum. (a) 00 (b) 450 (c) 900 (d) 1800
22. A force that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant force is called
A. couple B. equilibrant C. friction D. tension E. torque
23. The force of 100N is inclined at 600 to the vertical. What is the vertical component of the
force? A. 100 √3 𝑁 B. 80 𝑁 C. 60 √3 𝑁 D. 50 √3 𝑁 E. 50 𝑁
24. A boy pulls his toy with a rope at an angle of 600 to the horizontal. If he pulls with a force
of F Newtons, the force that pulls the toy in the upward direction is A. F cos 60° B.
F sin 60° C. F tan 60° D. F/cos 60° E. F/sin 60°
25. Two forces act at a point O as shown below. What is the value of the vertical component of
the force? [sin 30° = 0.500, cos 30° = 0.866] A. 15N B. 25N C. 26N D. 36N E.
40N 30𝑁

30°
10𝑁
𝑂

1. (a) What is a vector quantity?

(b) Two forces 30N and 40N act at right angle to each other. Determine by scale drawing, the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force, using a scale of 1cm to 5N.
(c) Three vectors 3𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑁45°𝑊, 12𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑊 and 5𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑆 act at a point. (i) Sketch a vector
diagram to illustrate the given information. (ii) Calculate the resultant of the vectors.
2. (a) Explain; (i) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, (ii) 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒.
(b) State the triangle law of vector addition.
(c) A body of mass 5.5𝑘𝑔 moving with a velocity of 2𝑚𝑠 −1 is acted upon by two forces 4𝑁 and
3𝑁 at right angle to each other. Calculate the ; (i) resultant force (ii) final velocity of the body
if the forces acted for five minutes. NECO 2017

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Essay
1. Tabulate the below physical quantities into scalars and vectors.
Force, acceleration, speed, velocity, time, mass, weight, distance, momentum,
displacement.
2. (a) What is a vector? (b) Define the resultant of vectors.
2. (a) State the parallelogram law of vector addition. (b) The resultant of 60 N and 80 N forces is
100N. What is the angle between (i) the forces; (ii) the 80 N force and the resultant?
3. Find the vertical and horizontal components of 500 N force when it is inclined at (i) 60° (ii)
90° (iii) 150° to the level ground.
4. A boy pulls a lawn mower by exerting a force of 700N to the handle. Calculate:
(a) the vertical and horizontal components of his force on the mower if it is inclined at an angle
of 55° to the horizontal. (b) the reaction of the ground on the mower if its weight is 1000 N.
5. Two forces of magnitudes 1200 N and 1500 N act, such that their lines of action intersect
forming an angle θ. Find their resultants in N if θ is (i) 0° (ii) 30° (iii) 90° (iv) 135° (v) 180 °
6. A force of 200 N is inclined at an angle of 120° to another force P. The angle between the 200
N force and the resultant force is 50°. Find the magnitude of the; (i) force P. (ii) resultant of
the two forces.
7. Two equal forces each of magnitude 34 N acts on a body. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the resultant if the angle between them is 120°.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Vector, Scalars, Components, Resultant

vector, equilibrant, etc

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

I have both direction and magnitude in my stride,
Through space I can travel, in every way glide.
You’ll find me in Math, and nature’s grand scheme.
I am not just a mere dream but a key player in motion,
A reliable layer in coordinates and Physics.
I guide with precision and grace,
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Through the paths in the cosmos, at any given place?
What am I?

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
In the world of Physics, vectors are the language of direction and the poetry of magnitude.
Every vector is a story waiting to be told – of a journey in a particular direction.

WEEK : 4

TOPIC: EQUATION OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

LESSON OBJECTIVES : At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :

1. Interpret given examples of non-uniform acceleration;
2. Interpret velocity-time graph and use it to deduce acceleration;
3. Compute instantaneous acceleration;
4. State at least two deductions that can be made from a velocity-time graph;
5. Name at least three physical quantities associated with the equations of linear motion
6. Define relative motion;
7. Compute instantaneous acceleration;
8. Deduce the equation of uniformly accelerated motion;
9. Solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have seen cars’ accelerator before now and they can state its
importance. They are also aware that the motion of some objects can not be uniform due to
some factors like bump on the road, pot holes, etc
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 SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT:
Velocity – time v-t graph.
1. Gradient of a v-t graph = acceleration
v 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration = gradient =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

∆𝑣
∆𝑣 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 =
∆𝑡
∆𝑡

2. Area under a v-t graph = distance.

e d

0 a c t
b

i. Total distance covered during the motion = area of trapezium 0edc

ii. Distance covered during acceleration = area of triangle 0ea
iii. Distance covered during constant velocity = area of rectangle aedb
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 iv. Distance covered during deceleration = area of triangle bdc
𝑎𝑒
v. Acceleration = slope of line 0e ,𝑎 =
0𝑎
𝑏𝑑
vi. Deceleration = slope of dc, −𝑎 =
𝑏𝑐

Example 1
1. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly to 15ms-1 in 5 s. it then continues at this
velocity for the next 10s before decelerating back to rest in another 8 s.
Use the information to answer the following questions
i. Sketch the velocity time graph of the motion of the car
ii. Calculate the acceleration of the car
iii. Calculate the deceleration of the car
iv. What is the total distance travelled by the car
v. Estimate the average speed of the car.

15

0 5 t
15 23

𝑎𝑒
ii. Acceleration 𝑎 =
0𝑎
15
𝑎= = 3𝑚𝑠 −2
5
𝑏𝑑
iii. deceleration –a =−𝑎 =
𝑏𝑐
15 15
−𝑎 = =
23 − 15 8

−𝑎 = −1.875𝑚𝑠 −2
iv. total distance = area under the graph
= area of trapezium
1
S = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2

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 1
{(15 − 5) + (23 − 0)}15
2
1
= (10 + 23)15
2
33 × 15 495
= =
2 2
𝑠 = 247.5𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
v. average speed v =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
247.5 −1
v= = 10.8𝑚𝑠
23

Example 2
A body at rest is given an initial uniform acceleration of 8.0ms2 for 30s after which
the acceleration is reduced to 5.0ms2 for 30s. The body maintains the speed attained
for 60s after which it is brought to rest in 20s.
(a) Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information given above.
Using the graph, calculate (b) maximum speed attained during the motion. (c)
average retardation as the body is brought to rest. (d) total distance travelled during
the first 60s (e) average speed during the same intervals as in (c)

Solution.
(a) V(m/s)

V2
5ms-2
V1
8ms – 2

Stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4

0 30s 60s 120s 140s t (s)

(b)there are two stages of acceleration

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 Stage 1. Acelecation = gradient a= 8 ms-2
𝑉1 − 0
𝑎=
30 − 0
𝑉1
8=
30
Cross multiplying 𝑉1 = 8 𝑥 30 = 240𝑚𝑠 −1
Stage 2. A= 5 ms-2
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑎=
60 − 30
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
5=
30
Cross multiplying
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 150
But V1=240
𝑉2 − 240 = 150
𝑉2 = 150 + 240 = 390 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑖𝑠 390 𝑚𝑠 −1
(𝑐)
Average retardation is equal to gradient
𝑉2 −0
−𝑎 = but V2 = 390ms-1
140−120
390 − 0
−𝑎 =
20
−a = 19.5ms-2
Average retardation = - 19.5ms-2
(d) distance is in the first 60sec = area of triangle + area of the next trapezium
1 1
S = (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)𝑉1 + (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2 2
1 1
S = (30)(240) + (240 + 390)30
2 2
𝑆 = 3600 + 9450 = 13050𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(d) average speed 𝑉=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
13050
𝑉= = 217.5𝑚𝑠 −1
60

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
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 1. A train runs at a constant speed of 20m/s for 300s. and then accelerate uniformly to
a speed of 30m/s over a period of 20s. this speed is maintained for 300s before the
train is brought to rest with uniform deceleration is 30s. draw the velocity – time
graph to represent the journey describe above. From the graph find,
i. The acceleration while the speed changes from 20m/s to 30m/s.
ii. The total distance travelled in the time described
iii. The average speed over the time described. (J.M.B)
2. A car travels at a uniform velocity of 20m/s for 4s. if the brakes were applied to bring
the car to rest in the next 8 s. draw the velocity time graph for the motion. How far
does the car travel after the brakes were applied?

Objective
1. The planetary motions are examples of ----- motion. (a) rectilinear (a) rotation (c)
vibratory (d) spin
2. The rate of change of velocity is called ---- (a) speed (b) displacement (c) uniform
velocity (d) acceleration
3. Which of these is also referred to as negative acceleration? (a) instantaneous
acceleration (b) uniform acceleration (c) retardation (d) non-uniform acceleration
4. The gradient of a distance –time graph gives ---- (a) velocity (b) acceleration (c) speed
(d) displacement
5. ---- represent the area under a velocity – time graph. (a) distance (b) speed (c)
acceleration (d) none of the above
6. Which of these graphs represent the velocity-time graph of the motion of a spherical
metal ball falling through a fluid until it attain it terminal velocity?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

SUB-TOPIC 2:
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CONTENT:
RELATIVE MOTION
This is the motion of a body with respect to another. All motion is relative. The motion
of a car on the road is with respect to the earth or any other frame of reference in which
the motion of the car is being observed.
Resultant velocity of relative motions
• Consider two cars X and Y travelling in the same direction and at the same speed,
a commuter in X will observe that Y is stationary (not moving)
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑦
Relative velocity 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑦 = 0
• If car X is to be travelling at a speed Vxwhich is greater than the speed of Vy, a
commuter in car Y will observe the speed of car X to be
𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑋𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑌
A commuter in X will observed the relative velocity of Y to be
𝑉𝑦 − 𝑉𝑥
This value will be negative. This means that to an observer in X, the car Y will
appear to be going backward (going the opposite direction with a speed of /Vy -
Vx/

• But is car X and Y were to be travelling in opposite direction, the relative velocity
of X with respect to Y will be
𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑋𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑌
Vy – Vx = relative velocity of Y with respect to X

N.B. note that the relative velocity of X with respect to Y, Vxy is equal in magnitude but opposite
in direction to the relative velocity of Y with respect to X, Vyx.
Vxy = - Vyx
EXAMPLES
1. Two racing cars A and B travelling in the same direction at 300m/s and 340mls
respectively. What is the relative velocity of A with respect to B?
Solution:
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 Va= 300 km/h
Vb=340 km/h
Relative velocity of a with respect to B, Vab = Va -Vb = 300 – 340 = -40 km/h
(note that this is negative. A appears to be travelling in the opposite direction to B)
2. A boat whose speed is 8 km/h sets course on a bearing 0600. If the tide is running at a
speed of 3 km/h from a bearing of 3300, find;
i. The actual speed of the boat(i.e, relative speed of the boat)
ii. The direction of travel
Vt Vb
0 Vb N.B the angle
Direction of tide 60
900 in the
𝜃
triangle is
boat
V rel obtained by
Vt
geometry

To obtain the relative velocity (actual velocity), draw the component velocity such that the
head of one point to the end of the other. Draw the relative velocity to beginning from end of
the first to the head of the last.
Using Pythagoras theorem
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 2 = 82 + 32
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 2 = 64 + 9 = 73
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 = √73 = 8.54 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
Let ϴ be the angle between the relative velocity and the direction of the boat.
𝑉𝑡 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝑉𝑏 8
𝜃 = tan−1 [0.375] = 20. 60
ANALYSIS OF RECTILINEAR MOTION.
Supposing a body moving at an initial velocity ′𝑢′ later attains a final velocity ′𝑣′ in time 𝑡,
Its acceleration is given as:
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
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Change in velocity = v-u
𝑣−𝑢
∴𝑎= − − − − − (1)
𝑡
By making v subject of the formula,
We have 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − − − − − (2)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Recall that 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑠
∴𝑣=
𝑡
∴ 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
𝑣+𝑢
Since the body above experienced two velocities, u & v, thus, the average velocity is
2
(𝑣+𝑢)𝑡
Hence, 𝑠 = − − − − − (3)
2

Putting (2) into (3), we have

(𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑢)𝑡 2𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 2𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑠= = = +
2 2 2 2
1
Hence, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + (𝑎𝑡 2 ) − − − − − (4)
2

From (1),
𝑣−𝑢
𝑡= − − − − − (5)
𝑎
Putting (5) into (3), we have
𝑣 + 𝑢 𝑣 − 𝑢 (𝑣 + 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢)
𝑠=
× =
2 𝑎 2𝑎
But (𝑣 + 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢) is a different of two squares, implying that (𝑣 + 𝑢)(𝑣 − 𝑢) = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
𝑣 2 −𝑢2
Hence, 𝑠 =
2𝑎

Making 𝑣 2 subject of the formula, we have

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 − − − − − −(6)

Thus, in summary, the equations of motion include:

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡

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 𝑣+𝑢
𝑠=( )𝑡 =
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
Under gravity, for a body descending, 𝑔𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒. Therefore, the above equations become:
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝑠
Under gravity, for a body ascending, 𝑔𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒. Therefore, the above equations become:
𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠

Derivation of equation of uniform motion

Recall that,
Equation (i) --- 𝑉 = 𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡
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 (𝑉+𝑈)𝑡
Equation (ii) --- 𝑆=
2 𝑉 = 𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡 … … … (𝑖)
Substituting equation (i) into
equation (ii) (𝑉 + 𝑈)𝑡
𝑆= … … … (𝑖𝑖)
[(𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡) + 𝑈]𝑡 2
𝑆= 1
2𝑠 𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
1 2
𝑆 = [𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑈]𝑡
2 𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆 … … … (𝑖𝑣)
1
𝑆 = [2𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡]𝑡 1
2 𝑆 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2 … … .. … . . (𝑣)
1 2
𝑆 = [2𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 ]
2
1
𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 … … … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2
Again from equation (i),
𝑉 = 𝑈 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑉 − 𝑈 = 𝑎𝑡
Dividing both sides by a,
𝑉−𝑈
= 𝑡 − − − − − −(3)
𝑎
Substituting equation (3) into equation (ii)
(𝑉+𝑈)
(ii) --- 𝑆 = 𝑡
2
becomes
(𝑉 + 𝑈) (𝑉 − 𝑈)
𝑆= ×
2 𝑎
(𝑉 + 𝑈)(𝑉 − 𝑈)
𝑆=
2𝑎
Expanding the bracket in the numerator,
𝑉 2 − 𝑈2
𝑆=
2𝑎
Cross multiplying,
𝑉 2 − 𝑈 2 = 2𝑎𝑆
𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆 … … …. (𝑖𝑣)

Summarily, the equations of uniformly accelerating bodies are:

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 .N.B. note that these equations can only be applied to solve problems on bodies
moving with constant/uniform acceleration. Problems on bodies moving with non-
uniform acceleration can be solved using differential calculus.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The graph below represent the velocity time graph a body

e d

0 a c t
b

Sketch the corresponding displacement –time graph for this motion.

1. Define the following terms (i) average speed (ii) average velocity (iii) uniform
acceleration (iv) constant velocity
2. State the value of the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity.

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:
Application of the equations of uniform accelerating bodies.

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 1. A train starts from rest and accelerate until it attains a velocity of 8m/s is 10 s. calculate
the acceleration of the train.
Solution:
For a body at rest velocity is zero.
Initial velocity U=0
Final velocity V= 8m/s
Time t=10 s
Acceleration a= ?
{ you use any of the four equations that has U,V, t, a has identified from the question}
V = U + at
8 = 0 + ax10
8 = 10a
Dividing both side by 10
a = 0.8m/s2
2. A horse rider moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two point
70.0m apart in 7.0 s. if his speed as he passes the second point is 15.0 m/s. what is its
speed at the first point?
Distance S = 70.0m
Time t = 7.0s
Initial speed U = ?
Final speed V = 15.0m/s
(𝑉+𝑈)𝑡
{ the equation containing S, t, U, and V is S = }
2
(𝑉 + 𝑈)𝑡
𝑆=
2
(15+𝑈)7
70 =
2
Cross multiplying
(15+U)7 = 140
Dividing both sides by 7
15 +U = 20
U = 20 – 15
U = 5m/s
3. A body starts with an initial velocity of 26m/s and moves down it with uniform
acceleration of 7m/s2 for 25 s. find the total distance moved in metres
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 Solution: Initial velocity U = 26m/s
Acceleration a = 7m/s2
Time t = 25 s
Distance S = ?
1
{the equation containing U, a, t and s is 𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 }
2
1 2
𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑆 = 26 × 25 + × 7 × 252
2
𝑆 = 650 + 3.5 × 625
𝑆 = 650 + 2187.5
𝑆 = 2837.5 𝑚

Motion of bodies under gravity

Neglecting air resistance, motion of bodies moving under gravity (either vertical upward
or downward) is an example of uniformly accelerating motion.
1. A body thrown vertically upward in the earth gravitational field.
When a body is thrown vertically upward from the earth surface, it retards uniformly
(with acceleration of a = -g) until it attain it maximum height where its final velocity is
zero. (V = 0)
If U is the initial velocity with which the body was projected vertically upward and
H=S is the maximum height where it the velocity is zero (i.e, temporarily at rest
before coming down)
g – acceleration due to gravity

𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆
V=0 s = H a = -g is negative (retardation) where g is the acceleration due to gravity
0 = U2 + 2(-g) H
0 = U2 -2gH
2gH = U2
𝑈2
𝐻= H is the maximum height
2𝑔
Again , using V= U + at
V = 0 a = -g
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 0 = U + (-g)t
0 = U –gt
gt = U
𝑈
𝑡=
𝑔
T is the time to reach the maximum height.
If the body is thrown vertically upward and allowed to return to the point of projection,
the total time of flight is given as
2𝑈
𝑡=
𝑔
2. Motion of a bodies falling freely under gravity
The body was initially at rest, hence the initial velocity is zero. As it falls, it velocity
increase i.e it accelerate, a = g
Using , 𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆
V2 = 0 + 2gH
𝑉 = √2𝑔𝐻
This is the velocity of the body just as it it about to reach the ground
Again using
1
𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
H = 0 x t + ½ g t2
H = ½ gt2
2𝐻
𝑡=√
𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
CLASSWORK; A projectile is fired vertically upward and it reach a height of 78.4 m. find the
velocity of projection and the time it takes to reach the highest point.( take g = 10m/s2)
Solution: initial velocity U = velocity of projection
U =?
Maximum height S =H = 78.4 m
Acceleration a = -g = -10m/s2
Final velocity V = 0 m/s ( body is temporarily at rest at the maximum height)
{ U, S, a, V}
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 𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆
V2 = U2 + 2(-g) H
0 = U2 – 2 x 10 x 78.4
U2 = 1568
U = √1568
U = 39.6 m/s

CLASSWORK; A body falls from a height of 80m. what is it velocity just before hitting the
ground
Solution; height H = S = 80m
Initial velocity U = 0 ( body is taken be initially at rest)
Acceleration a = g = 10 m/s2 ( this is positive because the body is coming down)
Final velocity V = ?
{ S, U, a, V}
𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆
𝑉 2 = 02 + 2 × 10 × 80
𝑉 2 = 1600 = 40𝑚𝑠 −1

A stone is dropped from a height of 196 m. neglecting air resistances; calculate the time to
reach the ground.
Solution
H=S = 196 m
2
a = g = 10 m/s . ( g is positive because the body is moving downward)
U=0m/s ( body is taken to be initially at rest)
t= ?

1
𝑆 = 𝑈𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
196 = 0xt + ½ x 10 t2.
196 = 5 t2.
196
𝑡2 =
5
2
𝑡 = 39.2
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 𝑡 = √39.2
𝑡 = 6.3 𝑠

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. A body moving with uniform acceleration a is represented by points (10, 30) and (25,
65) on a velocity-time graph. Calculate the magnitude of a. (a) 0.47ms-2 (b) 0.50ms-2 (c)
0.60ms-2 (d) 1.67ms-2 (e) 2.33ms-2
3. A car starts from rest and covers a distance of 40m in 10s. Calculate the magnitude of
its acceleration. A. 0.25ms-2 B. 0.80ms-2 C. 3.20 ms-2 D. 4.00 ms-2
4. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2m/s^2 for 4s. The velocity attained at
this time is ---
A. 2m/s
B. 4m/s
C. 6m/s
D. 8m/s
5. A lorry moving with uniform acceleration accelerate from 20m/s to 80m/s in 2
seconds. What is the acceleration of the lorry?
A. 30m/s2
B. 250m/s2
C. 1250m/s2
D. 100m/s2
1. A car started from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a maximum velocity of
80km/h in 20s. It is then brought to rest in further 12s. Find the deceleration of the
car.
2. Explain the term uniform acceleration. A bus accelerates uniformly from an initial
velocity of 25ms-1 to 52m s-1 in 35 seconds, calculate the acceleration of the bus.
3. List two physical quantities that can be deduced from a velocity-time graph.
1.
2. A stone was thrown vertically upward with an initial speed U. If g is the acceleration of
2𝑈
free fall, show that the time taken for the ball to return to its point of projection is
𝑔
3. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 19.6m/s. what distance does it
travels before coming to rest momentary at the maximum height?

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 4. With what velocity must a ball be projected vertically upward for it return to it point of
projection in 5s?
5. A vehicle which starts from rest is accelerated uniformly at the rate of 5m/s2 for 5 s. It
attains a speed which is maintained for 60 s. the vehicle is then brought to rest by a
uniform retardation after another 3 s. determine the total distance covered.

Objective
1. Two cars A and B move parallel to each other but in opposite direction. If the velocity of
A is 10m/s and that of B is 15m/s. what is the relative velocity of B with respect to A?
2. A car travelling with a uniform acceleration of 3m/s2 starts from rest. What time will it
attain a velocity of 15m/s?
3. A ball was thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 40m/s. a similar
ball was thrown 1 s later from the same spot with the same velocity. At what time will
the two ball meet each other?

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST:
1. Which of the following statements about a moving objects is correct? A. When
accelerating, the resultant force acting on it must be equal to zero B. There must
always be a non-zero resultant force acting on it C. At a steady velocity, the resultant
force acting on it must be equal to zero D. At a steady velocity, the air resistance must
be equal to zero.
2. A body moving with uniform acceleration a is represented by points (10, 30) and (25, 65)
on a velocity-time graph. Calculate the magnitude of a. (a) 0.47ms-2 (b) 0.50ms-2 (c)
0.60ms-2 (d) 1.67ms-2 (e) 2.33ms-2

V/ms-1
Use the information below to answer questions 3, 4, and 5.
24
20
16
12
The graph here shows the 8
variation of velocity with 4
time for a body moving in a 0,0 t/s
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
straight line.
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 3. Calculate the total distance travelled by the body. A. 600m B. 400m C. 300m D.
100m
4. Calculate the average speed of the body for the duration of the motion. A. 30ms-1
B. 20ms-1 C. 15ms-1 D. 5ms-1
5. Calculate the magnitude of the retardation of the body. A. 5.0ms-2 B. 2.0ms-2 C. 1.0 ms-2
D. 0.5ms-2
6. A car starts from rest and covers a distance of 40m in 10s. Calculate the magnitude of its
acceleration. A. 0.25ms-2 B. 0.80ms-2 C. 3.20 ms-2 D. 4.00 ms-2
7. A body accelerates uniformly from rest at 2ms-2. Calculate its velocity when it has
travelled a distance of 9m. A. 3.0ms-1 B. 4.5ms-1 C. 6.0ms-1 D. 18.0ms-1
8. A body is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 10ms-1 from a point 2m above the
ground. Calculate the total time taken for the body to reach the ground. [g=10ms-2] A.
1.00s B. 2.00s C. 2.18s D. 3.00s
9. The two position of a body undergoing a uniformly accelerated motion are (10s , 10ms-
1
and (30s , 50ms-1) on the velocity-time graph. Calculate the magnitude of the
acceleration of the body. A. 0.5.00 ms-2 B. 2.00 ms-2 C. 10.0 ms-2 D.
40.0 ms-2
10. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity, 𝑢. Which of the following
𝑢2
expressions correctly represents the maximum height reached by the ball? A. B.
2𝑔
2𝑢2 2𝑢 𝑢2
C. D.
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
11. The time rate of increase in velocity is called A. force B. momentum C. acceleration
D. speed
12. At a birthday party, the celebrant pops a corked fruit wine. If the corked shoots out the
bottle at an angle of 400 to the horizontal and travels a horizontal distance of 4.50m in
1.25s, calculate the initial speed of the cork. A. 4.2ms-1 B. 4.7ms-1 C. 5.6ms-1 D.
7.1.0ms-1
13. Which of the following graphs describe the motion of a body that accelerates uniformly
with an initial velocity greater than zero?
A B C D
V V V V
.

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0 0 0 t 0 …leadership with distinction
t
t t
 14. The area under a velocity-time graph represents A. final velocity attained B.
distance covered C. acceleration D. work done
15.Which of the velocity-time graphs below correctly describes the motion of a body pulled
by a force that is equal to the frictional force acting on it?
A B C D
V V V V
.

0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t

16.Which of the following velocity-time graphs does not represent an accelerated motion?

A B C D
V V V V
.

0,0 t 0,0 t 0,0 t 0,0 t

17.State two deductions that can be made from a displacement-time graph. w 2017
18.Name the four physical quantities associated with the equations of linear motion.
(WAEC 2013)
19.A particle moves on a straight path with an initial speed u and final speed v in time t.
Show that the total distance x covered by the particle is given by: x = ut + ½ at2 where
𝑎 is the magnitude of acceleration. (WAEC 2008, 11a)
20.A body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration of 6ms-2. What distance
does it cover in the third second?
21.The velocity ‘v’ of a space shuttle in a time ‘t’ is given by : v = 25 + 3t2. Find the
instantaneous acceleration at t = 9s.
22.A particle moving in a straight line with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 40ms-1 at
a point P, 20ms-1 at a point Q and comes to rest at a point R where QR = 50m. Calculate
the : (i) distance PQ (ii) time taken to cover PQ, and (iii) time taken to cover PR
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 23.
24.A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 20𝑠 to attain a speed of 25 𝑚𝑠 −1 . It
maintains this speed for 30𝑠 before deceleration uniformly to rest. The total time for
the journey is 60𝑠. (i) Sketch a velocity – time graph for the motion. (ii) Use the
graph to determine the: (α) total distance travelled by the car; (β) deceleration of
the car. waec 2018
25.A car travelling at a constant speed of 30ms-1 for 20s was suddenly decelerated when
the driver sighted a pot-hole. It took the driver 6s to get to the pot-hole with a reduced
speed of 18ms-1. He maintained the steady speed for another 10s to cross the pot-hole.
The brakes were then applied and the car came to rest 5s later. (i) Draw the velocity-
time graph for the journey; (ii) Calculate the deceleration during the last 5s of the
journey; (iii) Calculate the total distance covered. waec 2019

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Speed, distance, time, acceleration,

etc

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

The speedy Sprinter
A sprinter starts running on a straight track from a standstill position. Every second, his
acceleration doubles. So, in the first second, his acceleration is 1 m/s2, in the second second,
it’s 2 m/s2, in the third second, it’s m/s, and so on. Figure out how many second it will take
for the sprinter to cover a total distance of 64m?

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
In uniformly accelerated motion, change becomes the architect of the journey.
Uniformly accelerated motion : the rhythm of velocity harmonizing with the crescendo of
time.
Acceleration is the catalyst that transforms uniform motion into a symphony of change.

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WEEK : 5

TOPIC: PROJECTILE

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :

1. Explain the concept of motion under gravity;

2. Deduce equations of motion under gravity;

3. Define projectile and trajectory;

4. Give at least two examples of projectile in sport and in warfare;

5. Define/describe time of flight, maximum height and range;

6. Solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have seen football being kicked or projected before now.

SUB-TOPIC 1:
CONTENT:

CONCEPT OF PROJECTILE.
Projectile refers to the motion of a body which travels freely in space but under the influence
of gravity and air resistance. When a ball in kicked into air, it will travel through space in a
plane. The motion in a plane is a combination of upward and horizontal motion.
The path through which a projectile travel is called trajectory.
Example of projectile
In sport,
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 - Throwing of discus
- Throwing of javelin

In warfare
- Firing of catapult
- Shooting of arrows with bow
- Launching of missiles

Miscellaneous
- Throwing of stones

Projectile of bodies at angle 𝜽 to the horizontal

When a body is projected at an angle 𝜽 to the horizontal, the trajectory is a parabola.

hmax

Horizontal range

The motion of this projectile can be splitted into two:

I. The horizontal motion
In the horizontal motion, the body moves with constant velocity. Therefore the
horizontal acceleration is zero. This also implies that the initial and the final
horizontal velocity are equal.
ax = 0Vx = Ux

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U
 𝜃

U is the initial velocity with which the body was projected. Resolving U into it vertical and
horizontal components, we have:

Uy

1. Ux = U cos 𝜃
2. Uy = U sin 𝜃
𝜃
Ux

∴ 𝑼𝒙 = 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑼𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
the horizontal Range R, is the horizontal distance covered by the projectile.
Since the acceleration along the horizontal is zero,
Horizontal Range R, 𝑅 = 𝑈𝑥 𝑡
𝑅 = (𝑈 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑈𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … … … … (𝑖)
1. Vertical motion
The vertical motion is an example of a uniformly accelerated motion. The equations of
uniform motion are still valid for it.
During the upward motion,
Vertical acceleration ay = -g (where g is the acceleration due to gravity)

Initial vertical velocity Uy = U sin 𝜃

At the maximum height, the body is temporarily at rest. Therefore Vy = 0

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Substituting these into V = U + at
Vy = Uy + at
0 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + (−𝑔)𝑡
0 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
𝑔𝑡 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡= … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑔
t is the time to reach the maximum height.
The total time of flight is twice the time to reach the maximum height
2𝑈 sin 𝜃
Total time of flight T, 𝑇= --- --- --- --- (iii)
𝑔

Using the equation, 𝑉 2 = 𝑈 2 + 2𝑎𝑆

𝑉𝑦 2 = 𝑈𝑦 2 + 2(−𝑔)𝑆𝑦
0 = (𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − 2𝑔𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥
2𝑔𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
2𝑔

Summarily 𝑅 = 𝑈𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … … … … (𝑖)

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡= … … …… … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑔
2𝑈 sin 𝜃
𝑇= --- --- --- --- (iii)
𝑔

𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
2𝑔

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The horizontal range R can also be expressed as
𝑈 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑅= … … … … (𝑣)
𝑔
For range to be maximum, 2𝜃 must be equal to 900.
Therefore maximum range occur when 𝜃 = 450
𝑈2
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = … … … … (𝑣𝑖)
𝑔
Vertical Horizontal
component component
Initial velocity Usin 𝜃 Ucos 𝜃
Velocity at the any point Vy Vx
p 0 Ucos 𝜃
Velocity at the max Sy Sx =Ut cos 𝜃
height -g 0
Displacement at any
point p
acceleration

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. A particle dropped from a vertical height h falls freely for a time t. With the aid of a
sketch, explain how h varies with t2.
2. A particle is projected horizontally at 15ms-1 from a height of 20m. Calculate the
horizontal distance covered by the particle just before hitting the ground. [ g = 10ms-2]
3. A particle is projected horizontally at 10ms-1 from the top of a tower 20𝑚 high.
Calculate the horizontal distance travelled by the particle when it hits the level ground.
[g = 10ms-2] W2014
4. A tennis ball projected at an angle θ attains a range R = 78m. If the velocity imparted to
the ball by the racket is 30ms-1, calculate θ. W2014
𝑦

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P
1. (a) The diagram above illustrates a projectile motion. Identify each of the physical
quantities labelled P, 𝛽, H and R.
(b) Write an equation to show the relationship between P, 𝒈 and 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 , where 𝒈 is the
acceleration due to gravity and 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 is maximum R.

3
A particle is projected from the ground level with a velocity of 40m/s at an angle of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = .
4
Calculate the
I. Time of flight
II. Range
III. Ime taken to reach the greatest height
IV. Greatest height

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
CLASSWORK:
1. a projectile is fired from the ground level with a velocity of 500m/s at 300 to the
horizontal. Determine;
- it horizontal range
- the greatest height attained.

SOLUTION:
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 𝜃 = 300
𝑈 = 500𝑚𝑠 −1
R=?
𝑈 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑅=
𝑔
5002 sin(2 × 30)
𝑅=
10
250000𝑠𝑖𝑛60
𝑅=
10
R= 25000 x 0.866
R = 2165m
𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
(i) 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔
500 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 30
2
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2 × 10
250000 × (𝑠𝑖𝑛30)
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
20
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12500 × 0.5
Hmax = 6250m
0
2. A bullet is fired at an angle of 45 to the horizontal with a velocity of 450m/s. calculate
(i) time to reach the maximum height (ii) the maximum height reached and the
horizontal distance from the point of projection at this instant.
SOLUTION
(𝑖) 𝜃 = 450
𝑈 = 450𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑔 = 10𝑚𝑠 2 𝑡 =?
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
450𝑠𝑖𝑛45
𝑡=
10
𝑡 = 45 × 0.7071

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 t = 31.8 s
(Further examples should be solved as classwork)

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. A ball is projected horizontally from the top of building with a velocity of 10m/s. the
height of the building is 45m. determine;
i. Time taken by the ball to reach the ground
ii. Distance of the ball from the building after hitting the ground
iii. The direction of the ball to the horizontal just before it hit the ground.

1. For a particular value of U, at what 𝜃 to the horizontal should a ball be projected in

order to have a maximum range? (a) 150 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 600
2. Which of these is not true about the horizontal motion of a projectile? (a) constant
acceleration (b) uniform velocity (c) it is not affected by gravity (d) accelaeration is zero
3. A coin is pushed from the edge of a laboratory bench with a horizontal velocity of 15m/s
of the height of the bench is from the floor is 1.5m. calculate the distance from the foot
of the bench of the point of impact with the floor. (g = 10m/s2) (a) 0.75m (b) 2.25m (c)
8.22 m (d) 15.00m. (WASSCE 2011)

1. Using any of the equation of uniform motion, such that the maximum height attained by
a ball projected at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with a velocity U is
𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔

SUB-TOPIC 3:

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CONTENT:
BODIES PROJECTED HORIZONTALLY AT A HEIGHT ABOVE THE GROUND
The motion of such projectile can also be splitted into two: the horizontal and the vertical
motion.

U = Ux

1. Horizontal motion
In the horizontal motion, the body moves with constant velocity. Therefore, the
horizontal acceleration is zero. This also implies that the initial and the final horizontal
velocity are equal.
Ux = Vx = U
ax = 0.
If t is the time to reach the ground,then
𝑅 = 𝑈𝑡 … …. … …. (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
2. Vertical motion
The vertical motion is an example of a uniformly accelerated motion. The equations of
uniform motion are still valid for it.
During the upward motion,
Vertical acceleration ay = -g (where g is the acceleration due to gravity)
The body was given an initial horizontal velocity. Since no vector has a perpendicular
component, Uy = 0
Height H = Sy
Substituting these into S = Ut + ½ at2.
1
𝐻 = 0 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
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 1 2
𝐻= 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑒
2𝐻
𝑡=√ … …. … …. (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
Essay
Using any of the equation of uniform motion, such that the maximum height attained by a ball
projected at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with a velocity U is
𝑈 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑔
1. Explain the concept of motion under gravity;
2. Deduce equations of motion under gravity;

3. Define projectile and trajectory;

4. With what velocity must a ball be projected vertically upward for it return to it point of
projection in 5s?

5. A tennis ball projected at an angle θ attains a range R = 78m. If the velocity imparted to the
ball by the racket is 30ms-1, calculate θ. W2014

6. A projectile is fired from the ground level with a velocity of 500m/s at 300 to the horizontal.
Determine; (i) it horizontal range (ii) the greatest height attained.

7. A particle is projected horizontally at 10ms-1 from the top of a tower 20𝑚 high. Calculate the
horizontal distance travelled by the particle when it hits the level ground. [g = 10ms-2]
8. (a) What is trajectory? (b) 2. State the parameters that determine the total time of flight of
a projectile other than acceleration of free fall due to gravity.
9. A tennis ball projected at an angle 𝜃 attains a range 𝑅 = 78𝑚. If the velocity imparted to
the ball by the racket is 30𝑚𝑠-1, calculate 𝜃 [𝑔 = 10𝑚𝑠-2]

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 CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay
question)
1. For a particular value of U, at what 𝜃 to the horizontal should a ball be projected in
order to have a maximum range? (a) 150 (b) 300 (c) 450 (d) 600
2. Which of these is not true about the horizontal motion of a projectile? (a) constant
acceleration (b) uniform velocity (c) it is not affected by gravity (d) accelaeration is zero
3. A coin is pushed from the edge of a laboratory bench with a horizontal velocity of 15m/s
of the height of the bench is from the floor is 1.5m. calculate the distance from the foot
of the bench of the point of impact with the floor. (g = 10m/s2) (a) 0.75m (b) 2.25m (c)
8.22 m (d) 15.00m. (WASSCE 2011)

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: gravity, Projectile, trajectory,

acceleration due to gravity, range, maximum height, time of flight, etc

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

I’m launched with force into the air, a soaring flight beyond compare, gravity’s pull, I must
beware, yet my trajectory I’ll declare.
A parabolic path I’ll trace, defying Earth’s unyielding space, calculating where I embrace, a
challenge for minds to embrace.
Through sky I’m hurled, a Physics puzzle to be unfurled. What am I?

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Embrace your dreams and goals with the force of a projectile, soaring through obstacles and
reaching new heights you never thought possible.

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WEEK : 6

TOPIC: EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :
1. explain what is meant by the moment of a force, centre of gravity;
2. state the conditions of equilibrium of a number of coplanar parallel forces;
3. State the principle of moments.
4. determine the position of centre of gravity for objects with uniform shape;
5. name and identify three types of equilibrium using stability of the body;
6. explain the effect of centre of gravity on the stability of a body.
7. Solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have opened and closed a door, unscrewed a nut before this
time.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT:
Resultant force
This can be defining a single force which can produce the same effect as the combined force on
a system. The addition of two or more force produces the resultant force. The resultant of any
system of force can be obtained through any of the process described earlier.
Equilibrant force
This is that force which when added to a system of vectors will make the resultant of the
system zero. Equilibrant has the same magnitude as the resultant force but it always acts in a
direction opposite to that of the resultant.
F1 F1

R R
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F2 E F2
 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑹) = −𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝑬)
For a system in equilibrium, the resultant force is ZERO.

Types of equilibrium
1. Stable equilibrium; a body is in stable equilibrium if it velocity and it resultant force is
zero. ( v = 0 and R = 0)
2. Dynamic equilibrium: a body is said to dynamic equilibrium if its velocity is constant or it
is rotating with a constant angular velocity. For bodies in dynamic equilibrium, velocity is
not zero but the resultant force on it is zero
(i.e, 𝑉 ≠ 0 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 0)
3. Translational equilibrium: a body is said to be in translational equilibrium if there is no
net force acting on it though it is at rest or moving with constant velocity.

Thus a body is said to be in equilibrium is it resultant force is zero.

Moment of a force
The turning effect of a force is it moment. Moment of a force about a point can be define as
the product of the force and it perpendicular distance from the point.
CASE 1; d
O

F
Moment of the force F about the point O = F x d
CASE 2.
d
O
𝜃

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The perpendicular component of F is 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. So moment of F about O is
Moment = 𝐹𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
CASE 3:

The force F will create a translational motion and not a turning effect. Therefore the moment
of F in this case is ZERO.
N.B note that the moment of a force is maximum when the force is at right angle.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The product of a force and its perpendicular distance force a point called ---- (a)
resultant (b) equilibrant (c) moment of force (d) couple
2. If moment M = Fdsin𝜃, for what value of 𝜃will the moment of the force F be zero? (a) 00
(b) 900 (c) 1800 (d) 2700.
3. The angle between the resultant and the equilibrant of a system of force is ---- (a) 00 (b)
900 (c) 1800 (d) 2700.
4. The type of equilibrium possess by a body falling through a fluid after attaining it
terminal velocity is ---- equilibrium. (a) stable (b) unstable (c) dynamic (d) neutral
5. The resultant force on a body in translational equilibrium is ---- (𝑎) = 0 (𝑏) < 0 (𝑐) >
0 (𝑑) ≈ 0

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
Principle of moment
This states that for a system in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of moments about any point is
zero.
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It can also be stated thus, for a system in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moment
about a point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moment about the same point.
Consider the system below,
a d
b c
P Q

W
W1
W2
Three downward forces, W, W1, W2.
Reaction act P and Q, constitute the two upward force acting on the body.
Taking moment about P,

clockwise moment Anticlockwise moment

i. Wxb i. Rq x ( b + c)
ii. W2 x (b + c + d) ii. W1 x a

Don’t forget moment of a force is Force x perpendicular distance.

Classwork: following the example above, take moment about the point Q and write out the
clockwise and the anticlockwise moments.
Examples;
1. A 40cm P B

7N

In the diagram above, AB represent a uniform rod of length 1.50m which is in equilibrium on a
pivot at p. if AP = 40cm, calculate the mass of the rod. (g = 10ms-2
Solution:
A 40cm P B
Since the rod is uniform, it weight act at the
centre of the rod
7N W

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 1.5
the rod is 1.5m long, it centre is = 0.75𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
2

taking moment about the pivot

clockwise moment = f x d = 7N x 0.4m = 2.8 Nm
Anticlockwise moment = f x d = W x (0.75 – 0.4) = 0.35W
At equilibrium, clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
0.35W = 2.8
2.8
𝑊= = 8.0𝑁
0.35
The weight of the rod is 8.0N
But weight W = mg
8 = 𝑚 × 10
8
𝑚= = 0.8 𝐾𝑔
10
Mass of the rod is 0.8 kg
2. A metre rule is found to balance at 48 cm marked. When a body of 60 g is suspended at
6 cm, the balance point is found to be 30 cm.
i. Calculate the mass of the rule.
ii. What is the new balance point if the 60 g is moved to 13 cm mark.
Solution 0 6 30 48 100

60 g W

W is mass of metre rule

N.B
- a metre rule is 100 cm long
- for uniform metre rule the weight (position of c.g) is 50 cm mark
- for non-uniform metre rule, c.g is at the balance point when no load is on the rod
(i) taking moment about the pivot
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clockwise moment fxd = 60 x (30 – 6) = 60 x 24 = 144

at equilibrium, clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

18W = 144
144
𝑊= =8𝑔
18
The mass of the metre rule is 8 g.
(ii) 0 13 x 48 100

60 g 8g

The 60 g is now at 13 cm mark, the new balance point is x the cg still remains 48 cm.
Taking moment about the pivot
Clockwise moment 60 x (x – 13)
Anticlockwise moment 8 x (48 – x )
At equilibrium, clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
60 (𝑥 − 13) = 8 (48 − 𝑥)
60𝑥 − 780 = 384 − 8𝑥
60𝑥 + 8𝑥 = 384 + 780
68𝑥 = 1164
𝑥 = 17.1𝑐𝑚
The new balance point is 17.1 cm mark
EXPERIMENT 3:
- An experiment to verify the principle of moment using the metre rule, standard mass
and the spring balance.

Conditions for equilibrium for a system of parallel forces

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 1. Sum of forces in one direction must equal to the sum of forces in the opposite direction.
Sum of upward forces must equal to the sum of downward forces.
2. Resultant force must be zero
3. The algebraic sum of moment about a point must be equal to zero.

However, for three non parallel co-planar forces to keep a body in equilibrium,
1. The line of action of the three forces must intersect at a point
2. The three forces can be represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of
a triangle by taking the head of one to the tail of the other.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. State the principle of moment
2. State the condition of equilibrium for a system of parallel forces

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:
Couple
A couple is a system of equal and opposite forces acting at a distance apart and whose lines of
actions do not coincide. A couple will always create a turning effect about a point midway
between the two forces. The forces of a couple create a torque. Couple cause an angular
acceleration.

F
F
d

The moment of a couple = F x d

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The perpendicular distance between the two forces is called the arm of the couple. The
moment of a couple about any point in a plane containing the two forces is the same. Moving
the couple from one point to another in the plane does not change the value of the moment of
the couple.
Application of couple
1. Turning of a tap head
2. Turning the stirring wheel of a car with two hands
3. Action of a corkscrew or
4. Use screwdriver to loosen a screw.
5. Action on a circular door knob

CLASSWORK: Two force of 10N each act at the opposite end of ruler 50cm long. Calculate the
resultant force and the moment of the force.
SOLUTION:
(i) Assuming the two forces are parallel

Resultant force R=0N

(ii) The question above is an example of a couple
F= 10N d = 50cm = 0.5m

Moment of a couple M=Fxd

M = 10 x 0.5= 5 Nm
Centre of gravity
This can be defined as a point on a body through which the line of action of the resultant
weight of the body passes through. It is the point on an object where the resultant weight of
the body is acting.
The position of the centre of gravity of an object can be determined through the following
methods:
i. Balancing method
ii. Plumb line methods

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EXPERIMENT 4-5:
- an experiment to determine the centre of balance of metre rule using the balancing
method.
- An experiment to determine the centre of gravity of a laminar irregular cardboard using
the plumb line method

Uniform objects often have their centre of gravity at their midpoint / centre.
The position of the centre of gravity of an object determines the stability of the object.

TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM / STABILITY

1. Stable equilibrium: bodies in stable equilibrium
i. Have centre of gravity close to their base (low c.g)
ii. Have wide base
iii. Returns to their original position after a slight tilt.

Wide
base
. .
c.g
c.g

Examples of bodies in stable equilibrium; a cone sitting on it base, a

funnel set upside down on a table

N.B when bodies in neutral equilibrium are slightly tilted, their potential energy increases but
the line of action remains within the base.

2. Unable equilibrium: bodies in unstable equilibrium

i. Have centre of gravity high above the base.
ii. Have narrow base
iii. Fall away from their original position when they are slightly tilted

.
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Example of bodies in unstable
equilibrium is cone resting on
 N.B when bodies in neutral equilibrium are slightly tilted, their potential energy
decreases and the line of action falls outside the base.
3. Neutral equilibrium:For bodies in neutral equilibrium, the potential energy remains
unchanged when they are slightly tilted.

the diagram below typify the types of equilibrium.

Ball in stable equilibrium Ball in unstable equilibrium Ball in neutral equilibrium

(you can easily identify the type of equilibrium by considering how a body will fall off its
equilibrium position when it is slightly tilted)
Centre of mass
This can be defined as the point on an object where the application of a force will produce
accelerationand not a turning effect.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. Mention two example each of bodies in (i) stable equilibrium (ii) unstable equilibrium
(iii) neutral equilibrium
2. Define a couple.

CONCLUSION

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TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay
question)
1. State the principle of moment
2. (i) Define centre of gravity of a body.
(ii) Draw a rectangle and indicate the point where its centre of gravity is located.
3. A body of mass 58g is suspended at the 20cm mark of a uniform metre rule. The
meter rule is adjusted on a pivot until it settles horizontally at the 40cm mark.
Determine the mass of the meter rule.

4. A spanner of length 0.2 m is used to loosen a wheel nut of a car. If the torque
produced by the spanner is 100 Nm, what is the maximum force applied at the end
to loosen the nut?
5. Show the position of the centre of gravity of the following shapes using simple
sketches;
(i) circular disc (ii) a uniform metre rule; (iii) an equilateral triangle
6. When a mass of 50𝑔 is hung from at the 5𝑐𝑚 marked of a uniform metre rule, the
rule balances on a knife edge place at the 35𝑐𝑚 mark. What is the weight of the
metre rule?
7. Explain the following: (a) Sports cars are very low with large tyres; (b) It is risky to
load lorries with heavy weights at the top. (c) Electric fans stand on a large base.
8. State three applications of stability.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Moment of a force, C.G, stability,

density and relative density, stable, neutral and unstable equilibrium, etc

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Amidst life’s storms, remember that a strong foundation of stability within yourself will guide
you through the chaos with unwavering grace.

WEEK 7: MID-TERM BREAK

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WEEK : 8

TOPIC: EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES IN LIQUIDS

LESSON OBJECTIVES : At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to

1. Define upthrust, density and relative density;
2. Name the instruments used for measuring relative density;
3. State Archimedes’ principle and principle of floatation;
4. identify the forces acting on a body fully immersed in a liquid;
5. State at least two applications of Archimedes’ principle and floatation;
6. Explain why some objects float in fluid;
7. solve simple numerical problems.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have seen objects floating in liquid or in gas before now.
They can mention some objects that float in fluid.

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT:
EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES IN LIQUIDS
Boat, ship or a swimmer can float on water. This is as a result of certain forces acting on these
bodies.
U

Consider a cube floating in water as

shoe below. For the cube to be in
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 The force U is called the upthrust.
Upthrust can be defined as an upward force experience by object in a fluid.
Upthrust can also be defined as the loss weight experienced by an object partial or
completely immersed in a fluid. for object floating in a fliud,
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡
W=U
For object partly or wholly immersed in a fluid, (e.g bucket of water inside the water in a
well weight lighter than )
U = weight loss
Consider a bucket of water of weight W in a well which is held by a string whose tension is
T. When the bucket is above the water in the well, the tension in the string equals the
weight of the bucket. (W = T)
When the bucket is inside the well, it experiences a weight loss which equal to the
difference (W – T)
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑈 = 𝑊 − 𝑇 … … … … (𝑖)
Where W is the weight of the bucket in air and T is the bucket in the well/fluid.

EXPERIMENT 6
- To measure the upthrust experienced by s body immersed in water using the spring
balance, eureka can and a beaker.

Archimedes’ principle
This states that when a body is partly or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences an
upthrust which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑈 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
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 Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity
Weight of fluid displaced W = mg
𝑚
But density of the fluid, 𝜌, 𝜌=
𝑣

Where v – volume is fluid displaced.

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑣
Weight of fluid displaced W =𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = (𝜌𝑣)𝑔
∴ 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑈 = 𝜌𝑣𝑔 …. …. … .. (𝑖𝑖)
𝜌 − 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
g - acceleration due to gravity

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. A piece of wood of mass 60 kg and density 600 kgm-3 float in water of density 100 kgm-3.
Calculate;
(i) Volume of water displaced by the wood
(ii) Fraction of the volume of the wood immersed in water

1. Differentiate between a resultant force and a equilibrant.

2. Mention two differences between centre of gravity and centre of mass.
3. A pencil of mass 5 g can be balanced horizontally on a knife edge at a distant of 3 cm
from the plane end when a mass of 2.5 g is hung from this end. Calculate the distance of
the centre of gravity of the pencil from this plane end.
4. Two boys of weigh 400 N and 700N sit at the end of a seesaw 4 m long pivoted at the
centre. What will be the position of a third boy whose weight is 600 N in order to
balance the seesaw?
5. When a mass of 50 g is hung from at the 5 cm marked of a uniform metre rule, the rule
balances on a knife edge place at the 35cm mark. What is the weight of the metre rule?
6. Differentiate between density and relative density.
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 SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
Density of a body
This can be defined as the ratio of the mass of body to its volume or mass per unit
volume. In the laboratory, the density of a substance can simply be determine by measuring
the mass of the substance using a triple balance and measuring the volume. With the mass
and volume of the substance known, the density can be determined using:
𝑚
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝜌 = … … … … .. (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑣
Density is a scalar quantity and it S.I unit is kgm-3. Another unit for density is gcm-3.
1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 = 1𝑔𝑐𝑚−3
Relative density
The relative density of a substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to the
density of water. This has no unit. It can also be easily determine by estimating the density
of the substance in kgm-3 and dividing it by 1000 kgm-3(the density of water or in g/cm3 and
dividing by 1gcm-3)
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑠
𝑅. 𝐷 =
𝜌𝑤
Relative density of a substance can also be defined as the ratio of the mass of the substance
to the mass of equal volume of water.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑅. 𝐷 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
The relative density of a liquid can be define as the ratio of the upthrust experience by an
object in the liquid to the upthrust experienced by the object in water.

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 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑅. 𝐷𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
EXPERIMENTS 7-11
- Experiment to determine the relative density of a liquid using the relative density bottle
- Experiment to measure the density of regular solid
- Experiment to measure the density of irregular solid using the eureka can
- Experiment to measure the density of liquids using the measuring cylinder and triple
balance
- Experiment to demonstrate weight loss by an object immersed in a fluid using the spring
balance.

PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION
The law of floatation states that for a body to float in a fluid, it must displace an amount
of fluid equal to it own weight.
Weight of object = weight of fluid displaced.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑊𝑜 = 𝜌𝑣𝑔 … … … …. (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Application of the principle of floatation
1. hydrometer
2. Submarine
3. Ship/boat
4. Hot air balloon
5. Floating iceberg

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
9. A piece of wood of mass 60𝑘𝑔 and density 600𝑘𝑔𝑚-3 float in water of density 100𝑘𝑔𝑚-
3. Calculate;

(i) Volume of water displaced by the wood; (ii) Fraction of the volume of the wood
immersed in water
10. Explain why an object feels lighter in water than in air.

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 SUB-TOPIC 3: MODEL EXAMPLES ON RELATIVE DENSITY

CONTENT:
EXAMPLES
1. A body of mass 20g appears to have a mass of 13g in oil and 12g in water. What is the
relative density of oil?
SOLUTION
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑚0 = 20𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑚1 = 13g
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤 = 12𝑔
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑚0 − 𝑚1 = 20 − 13 = 7𝑔
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚0 − 𝑚𝑤 = 20 − 12 = 8𝑔
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑖𝑙 7
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = =
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 8
7
R.D of oil = /8
2. A metal block of density 900kgm-3 weighs 60N in air. find its weight when it is
completely immersed in paraffin wax of density 800kgm-3 (g=10ms-2)
Solution:
𝑚
Density of the object 𝜌𝑜 = 𝜌0 = 900𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑣
Cross multiplying,
Mass of object 𝑚𝑜 = 𝜌𝑜 𝑣 … …. …. …. I
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑊𝑜 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑔 𝑊𝑜 = 60𝑁
𝑊𝑜
Mass of object 𝑚𝑜 = … …. …. …. II
𝑔
𝑊𝑜
Equating I and II 𝜌0 𝑣 =
𝑔

60
900 × 𝑣 =
10
9000 × 𝑣 = 60
60
𝑣= = 0.007𝑚3
9000
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 Recall, eqn ii
U= ?
𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑣𝑔 …. …. … .. (𝑖𝑖)
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑙 = 800𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑈 = 800 × 0.007 × 10 = 56𝑁
But upthrust = weight loss
U = Wo –T
56 = 60 – T
T = 60 – 56
T = 4N
Weight of the block in the paraffin wax = 4N
further examples should be solved as classwork)

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. A piece of wood of mass 60 kg and density 600 kgm-3 float in water of density 100 kgm-3.
Calculate;
(iii) Volume of water displaced by the wood
(iv) Fraction of the volume of the wood immersed in water

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay
question)
1. Differentiate between a resultant force and a equilibrant.
2. Mention two differences between centre of gravity and centre of mass.
3. A pencil of mass 5 g can be balanced horizontally on a knife edge at a distant of 3 cm
from the plane end when a mass of 2.5 g is hung from this end. Calculate the distance of
the centre of gravity of the pencil from this plane end.
4. Two boys of weigh 400 N and 700N sit at the end of a seesaw 4 m long pivoted at the
centre. What will be the position of a third boy whose weight is 600 N in order to
balance the seesaw?

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 5. When a mass of 50 g is hung from at the 5 cm marked of a uniform metre rule, the rule
balances on a knife edge place at the 35cm mark. What is the weight of the metre rule?
6. Differentiate between density and relative density.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Upthrust, density, relative density,

hydrometer, floatation, e.t.c.

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

(Each topic should be enriched with worked examples, images, past WAEC SSCE/NECO
SSCE / BECE JSCE questions.)
I rest upon the water’s face, yet I’m not bound by its embrace,
A mystery of buoyant grace, in liquids hold, I find my space.
Lighter than what’s below, I rise, defying nature’s compromise,
Though heavy thoughts may cloud the skies, I’ll stay afloat to your surprise.
What am I that breaks the water’s might, a puzzle for your curious sight?
Can you solve this riddle?

INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES :
Float like a leaf on water, where density becomes a choice and buoyancy becomes a state of
mind.

WEEK : 9

TOPIC: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

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LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, learners should be able to :
1. Define simple harmonic motion;
2. Give at least three examples of objects exhibiting simple harmonic motion;
3. State and define some terms used in describing simple harmonic motion;
4. Show the link between uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion;
5. Derive /Show the relationship between linear and angular motion.

6. explain the role of restoring force in simple harmonic motion;

7. state the formula for the period of oscillation for simple pendulum and a mass vibrating
at the end of a spiral spring;
8. State and explain the energy changes in simple harmonic motion;
9. Explain the terms forced, free and damped oscillations;
10. Explain resonance;
11. Give at least two applications of resonance;
12. Solve simple numerical problems;

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Learners have seen some objects that moves in to-and-fro manner
before now. See-saw have been used by most of the students in their primary school days.
Solve simple numerical problems;

SUB-TOPIC 1:

CONTENT:
CONCEPT OF SHM
Simple harmonic motion is an example of periodic motion. A periodic motion is one whose
pattern of motion is repeated at regular interval of time.
A body is said to be in Simple Harmonic Motion if it moves along a fixed path such that it
acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement from a fixed point and it is also
directed toward that fixed point.

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Simple harmonic motion can be defined as the motion of a body whose acceleration is always
directed towards a fixed point and is proportional to the displacement of the bodies from that
point.
Example of bodies in SHM
1. A vibrating simple pendulum
2. A mass at the ended of a vibrating helical spring
3. Oscillation of mercury in a U-tube
4. Motion of the balance wheel of a watch.
5. Motion of prongs of a vibrating tuning fork
6. Motion of a loaded test tube in water

Mathematical definition of SHM

Mathematically, SHM can be defining as;
𝑎 𝛼−𝑦
Where a is the acceleration and y is the displacement.
Introducing a constant,
𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑦
The
y displacement of bodies in SHM simulate the sinusoidal change describe by the sine curve.

Terms for describing a SHM

1. Amplitude (A). this the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.

2. Period (T); this is the time taken for the body in SHM to complete one oscillation. If a
body in SHM complete n cycles/oscillations in time t, the period of the SHM is given as.
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 𝑡
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇= … … ..… (𝑖)
𝑛
The S.I unit of period is seconds
3. Frequency (f); this is the number of cycles completed by a body in SHM in one seconds.
The S.I unit of frequency is Hertz (s-1). Frequency can also be defined as the reciprocal of
period,
1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓= … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑇
𝑛
𝑓=
𝑡

4. Angular frequency(𝜔); this is the ratio of one complete cycle to the period of the SHM.
Angular frequency is sometime referred to as angular speed. It S.I unit is rad/s. another
unit for 𝜔 is rev/min
2𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜔=
𝑇
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 … … … .. …. …. (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
5. Displacement (y); the displacement of a body in SHM simulate the sine curve and it is
given as;
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛ϴ
𝜃 is the angular displacement and it is given as 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
Where y is the displacement, A is the amplitude, 𝜔is the angular frequency and t is time.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. State five example of bodies in SHM
2. Define the following terms (i) amplitude (ii) frequency (iii) period

SUB-TOPIC 2:

CONTENT:
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SPEED AND ACCELERATION OF BODIES IN SHM
6. Speed (v); this is the rate of change of displacement/distance. Since this is not a uniform
motion, we result to differential calculus
𝜕𝑦
𝑣=
𝜕𝑡
𝜕(𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)
𝑣=
𝜕𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐴 𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 … …. … … . … (𝑣)
Speed of a body in SHM can also be given as,

𝑣 = 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑌 2 − − − − − (𝑣𝑏)
A body in SHM will have it maximum value when sin 𝜔t =1
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔𝐴 … … … .. … (𝑣𝑖)

7. Acceleration (a); this is the rate of change of velocity.

𝜕𝑉
𝑎=
𝜕𝑡
𝜕(𝐴𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
𝑎=
𝜕𝑡
2
𝑎 = −𝐴𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 …. …. …. …. (𝑣)

(students who had not taken lesson in differential calculus should not bother about the
derivation. But they should take note of the result)
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔2
𝜋
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 1.
2
EXPERIMENT
- To determine acceleration due to gravity g using simple pendulum.
- To determine the force constant of a helical spring

CLASSWORK

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 1. A body executing simple harmonic motion has an angular velocity of 22rads-1. If it has a
maximum displacement of 10cm. what is its maximum linear velocity?
𝜔 = 22𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
𝐴 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.1m
𝑣 = 𝜔𝐴
𝑉 = 22 × 0.1
𝑉 = 2.2𝑚𝑠 −1

Simple pendulum
This consists of a small mass attached to the end of a string.
O

A C

B is the equilibrium position. As the body passes through this position it kinetic energy is
maximum.
At B, speed is maximum kinetic energy is maximum potential energy is zero
At A and C, the bodyis temporarily at rest. Speed is zero as well as kinetic energy. But the
potential energy at this point is maximum.
The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
1. Period is directly proportional to the square root of the length of the string
𝑇 𝛼 √𝑙
Period increases with length.
𝑇1 𝑙1
=√
𝑇2 𝑙2

2. Is independent on the mass of the bob

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 3. Is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity.
1
𝑇𝛼
√𝑔
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ … …. … . … .. (𝑣)
𝑔

A body at the end of a vibrating helical spring.

This is another example of a simple a harmonic motion. It consists of a mass attached to the
end of a spring.

The period of the mass vibrating at the end of the helical spring is
1. Directly proportional to the square root of the mass
𝑇 𝛼 √𝑚
Period increases with mass
𝑇1 𝑚1
=√
𝑇2 𝑚2
2. Inversely proportional to the square root of the force constant of the spring.
1
𝑇𝛼
√𝑘
The period of a vibrating mass at the end of a helical spring is given as
𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
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 1. The number of cycle per seconds completed by a body in SHM is called ---- (a) period (b)
amplitude (c) angular frequency (d) frequency
2. Which of these is not true about bodies in SHM? (a) acceleration is proportional to
displacement (b) acceleration act in opposite direction to the displacement (c)
acceleration is directed toward the fixed point
3. A simple pendulum has a period of 4.2 s. when the length is shortened by 1m, the
period is 3.7 s. calculate the original length of the string. 9a) 74.5 m (b) 3.2 m (c) 2.7 m
(d) 1.8 m (ACEDEX, 2011)

SUB-TOPIC 3:

CONTENT:
ENERGY IN SHM
A body in simple harmonic motion undergoes displacement as a result of a restoring force
acting on its toward the equilibrium position. Energy is always involved when a body moves
through a distance under the action of a force.
Recall work done = force x distance
Consider a vibrating mass at the end of a helical spring; if an average force of ½F act on the
mass to cause a displacement of y
Work done = energy = average force x distance
E=½Fxy
1
𝐸 = 𝐹𝑦 …. …. …. …. (𝑣𝑖)
2
This is equivalent to the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
But F = Ky
Where k - force constant or elasticity constant y - extension/ displacement
Substituting this into (vi)

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 1 1
𝐸= (𝑘𝑦)𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦 2
2 2
1
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑦 2 … … … … …. (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
2
The potential energy of the mass is maximum when y = amplitude
1
𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴2 … … … … … (viii)
2

The kinetic energy of the mass is given as

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
But from eqn (vb)

𝑣 = 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑦 2
Therefore, KE at displacement y is given as
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝜔2 (𝐴2 − 𝑦 2 ) …. … .. … … … (𝑖𝑥)
2
Maximum kinetic energy will occur at the equilibrium position (i.e when y = 0)
1
𝐾𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2 … … … … …. (𝑥)
2
Simple pendulum
O

A C

The energy of the bob at B is entirely kinetic (equilibrium position)

The energy of the bob at A and C is entirely potential (the bob is temporarily at rest at these
points).

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At any point between A and B or C and B, the energy is the sum of the potential and the kinetic
energy of the bob at that position.

Damped oscillation
SHM is an hypothetical motion in which energy has been taking to be constant through the
motion and the amplitude does not change. However, a real-life situation is the damp
oscillation in which amplitude die out with time due to air resistance. Energy of the system also
depreciate with time.
In damped harmonic oscillation, the amplitude decreases with time until it is zero.

The amplitude of this motion is

gradually decreasing

To maintain an oscillation that would have been damped in simple harmonic motion,an
external periodic force is applied. This is called forced vibration
Forced vibration is a vibration resulting from the action of an external periodic force on an
oscillating body.
Resonance; this is a phenomenon in which the frequency of the external oscillator coincides
with the natural frequency of a body thereby making the body to vibrate with a large
amplitude.
Resonance explains why sometime at a radio playing some tunes could make a tumbler on the
same table to shake visibly.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: (5 fill in the gap question per subtopic, 3 short answer questions)
1. What is the angular speed of a body vibrating at 50cycles per second? (a) 200∏rads-1 (b)
100∏ rads-1 (b) 50 rads-1 (d) 0.01 rads-1
2. If a body moving with SHM has an angular velocity of 50rad/s and amplitude 10cm,
calculate it linear velocity.

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 3. A body in SHM has an amplitude of 10 cm and a frequency of 100Hz calculate (i)
acceleration at maximum displacement (b) period of oscillation (c) velocity at the centre
of the motion

CONCLUSION
TOPICAL TEST: (10 multiple Choice Questions, 10 fill in the gap questions and 5 essay
question)
1. The maximum displacement on either side of the equilibrium position of an object in
simple harmonic motion represents A. period B. amplitude C. wavelength D.
frequency
2. Which of the following activities will lead to decrease in the period of oscillation of a simple
pendulum? A. Increasing the amplitude of oscillation. B. Decreasing the amplitude of
oscillation. C. Increasing the length of the pendulum. D. Decreasing the length of the
pendulum.
3. A simple pendulum makes 50 oscillations in one minute. Determine its period of oscillation
A. 0.04 s B. 0.83 s C. 1.20 s D. 50.00 s
4. The bob of a simple pendulum takes 8.0 s to complete 10 oscillations. Determine the
frequency of oscillation of the bob. A. 0.80Hz B. 1.25Hz C. 7.50Hz D.
8.00Hz
5. The period of a body in simple harmonic motion is 0.0025 seconds. Calculate its frequency.
A. 0.0025 Hz B. 250.0000 Hz C. 400.0000 Hz D. 500.0000 Hz
6. The period of a simple pendulum X is 5s. What is the period of a simple pendulum Y which
makes 50 vibrations in the same time it takes X to make 20 vibrations? A. 12.5s B. 2.5s
C. 2.0s D. 1.2s
7. Two simple pendula P and Q make oscillations 200 and 300 respectively in equal time
times. If the period of P is 1.2s, the period of Q is A. 0.08s B. 0.06s C. 0.006s D. 0.8s
8. Two simple pendula A and B of equal lengths and of masses 5𝑔 and 20𝑔 respectively are
located in the same environment. The period 𝑻𝑨 and 𝑻𝑩 of their respective oscillations are
1
related by the equations: A. 𝑻𝑨 = 4𝑻𝑩 B. 𝑻𝑨 = 𝑻𝑩 C. 𝑻𝑨 = 𝑻𝑩 D. 𝑻𝑨 = 5𝑻𝑩
4

ESSAY
Answer all the questions.
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1. (a) During a training session, two footballers pass a ball repeatedly between themselves. Give
two reasons why the to and fro motion of the ball is not simple harmonic.
(b) A mass of 500g is attached to a vertical spiral spring and set into vibration. If the force
constant of the spring is 4Nm-1. Calculate the: (i) period; (ii) frequency of the oscillation. [π=
3.14]

1. A simple pendulum has a period of 3.0 s. If the value of g =9.9 m/s2. Calculate the length
of the pendulum.
2. An object moving with SHM has amplitude 5 cm and frequency 50Hz. Calculate (i) period
of the oscillation (ii) acceleration at the middle and end of the oscillation (iii) velocity at
the middle and at the end of the oscillation
3. Define the following (I) damped oscillation (ii) forced oscillation (iii) resonance

4. (a) A particle of mass 0.3 kg vibrates with a period of 2.5 seconds. If the amplitude is 0.3
m, calculate the maximum velocity and kinetic energy.
5. A body of mass 2 kg vibrates with a frequency of 5 Hz and amplitude of 4 cm. Assuming the
oscillation is simple harmonic and not damped, calculate: (a) The period of oscillation; (b)
The maximum kinetic energy;
(c) The kinetic energy when the particle is 3 cm from the equilibrium position. {π = 3.142}

Essay
1. Sketch the curve for displacement speed and acceleration and state the phase
difference between them.
2. Beginning from V = A 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 show that V

𝑉 = 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑦 2

3. Describe an experiment to verify the variation of the period of a simple pendulum with
length of the pendulum.
4. The period of a simple pendulum is 3.45 s. when the length of the pendulum is
shortened by 1 m, the period is 2.81 s. calculate (a) the original length of the pendulum
(b) the acceleration due to gravity
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 5. 1. A body of mass 20𝑔 perform a simple harmonic motion at a frequency of 5𝐻𝑧. At
distance of 10cm from the mean position, its velocity is 200𝑐𝑚𝑠-1. Calculate its: (i)
maximum displacement from the mean position; (ii) maximum velocity; (iii) maximum
potential energy. [𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝜋 = 3.14]

GLOSSARY OF TERMS / KEY WORDS / VOCABULARY: Cycle or vibration or oscillation, Period,

Frequency, Amplitude, Angular velocity, etc

PUZZLES / BRAIN TEASER:

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INSPIRATIONAL QUOTES:
Life’s journey, much like simple harmonic motion, is about finding balance amidst the highs
and lows, embracing the rhythm of change and growth.

WEEK 10: REVISION

WEEK 11: EXAMINATION
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RESOURCES [Text]:
1. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al. 2011. Macmillan, Nigeria.
2. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W. Reprinted 2015: AFP, Nigeria.
3. Model Physics for S. S. S. by J. E Salihu, Classic Educational Plc. Akure, Nigeria.
4. GCSE Physics by Tom Duncan, 1999: Butler & Tanner Ltd. Frome Somerset, London
5. All-inclusive Calculations in Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Solomon Dauda Y. (2010), Reese
Mau Concept Ltd. Abuja, Nigeria.
6. Nelson Functional Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Oluoma Okechukwu L., Nelson Publishers
Limited (2009).

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