[RESET Ratio refers to the comparison of two quantities of the same kind. It is a number that expresses one quantity as a fraction of the other. It can be written with the use of a colon, *:," such as a: b or can also be expressed in fraction form such Sean a example, if you want to write the ratio of 3 and 4, you can write this as 3:4 or 3. Proportion 's an equation or statement that shows that two ratios are equal. That is, if the ratio a: bis equal to the ratio ¢ : d, then a, b, c, and d are said to be in Proportion. It can be written in fraction form or using the symbol ":.” See the examples below, j wherein b #0 and d#0 or wherein b #0 and d#0 For the example of proportion in fraction form, the extremes are the values that are hit when you draw a diagonal line from top left to bottom right, ~ Therefore, the extremes are a and d. On the other hand, the means are the values that are hit when you draw a diagonal line from bottom left to top right, These values are bande. In the example that uses the symbol “:,” the extremes are the values represented by the outermost values, which are a and d, while the means are represented by the innermost values, which are b and c. a d nga extremes For instance, in the proportion 5 : 11 = 13 : 9, 11 and 13 are the means, and 5 and 9 are the extremes. Example 1: Show that 7 : 21 = 12 : 36 is a proportion. To show that the 7 : 21 = 12: 36 is a proportion, express them in fraction form. 7212 21 36 Scanned with CamScannerZn e fraction >> simplifies Then, simplify both fractions and check ifthey are equal Th Hes et i equal because they to 1, while the fraction 2 also simplifies to i. The two ratios are eq y 3 are both equal to i Thus, 7: 21 = 12: 36 is a proportion. , ion or not. It is your time to check if the following ratios show a proportion or Try It4 Write P if the ratio is a proportion. Otherwise, separate sheet of paper. 1, 3:33and4:44 3. ; 2. 3 and 9:42 4. 49: 14and > write NP. Write your answers on a 64:24 and 3:8 Now, let us check the different properties of a proportion. / When you were in Grade 7, you learned one of these properties, which states that the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. That is, in the proportion # =<; where b #0 and d#0, ad = be. 2.3 To illustrate, suppose that a = 2, b = 4, c = 3, and d= 6, then we have 7 ==. Multiplying the means, we have (4)(3) = 12, and multiplying the extremes, we have (2)(6) = 12. As we can see, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. That is, ad = be = 12. Now, let us study the other properties. Consider the proportion 2 = b#0 and d #0, the following properties can be derived. @ 1. One property can be derived by multiplying both sides of the equation by 2. 7 ee . c Applying Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE) and cancellation of common b terms (as shown below), you can simplify the result to 2 c c 5 Wherein qd 222,08 bede a,b_s,b beds a_b ed Scanned with CamScannerTo show this property, let us consider the proportion 2 Multiplying this Proportion by gr We have Simplifying both ratios, we have 2-2 3 d 2. Another property can be derived by multiplying both sides of the equation by =. Applying MPE and cancellation of common terms (as shown below), you can simplify the result to 2 c To show this property, let us consider the proportion gn3. Multiplying this Proportion by 5, we have Simplifying both ratios, we have = & 3. The third property can be derived by getting the reciprocal of both ratios. That is, e/a alol= glo o1o)> To show this property, let us consider the proportion 2 e 3. Getting the reciprocal, 6 2. simplifying both ratios, we have 2 = 2. we have 4 = 2 Scanned with CamScannertion by in sides of the equal y ying bot : ived by multip! mmon terms (as shown ewer ie oe tne MPE and cancellation of the 60" below), you will get ad = be. 8x pa=2xbd D d 8 pd = Exbd aaa aia ad = be To show this property, let us consider the proportion = 3, and d= 6. Applying the property, we have (2)(6)=(4)(3) 12=12 ; 5. Another property can be derived by adding 1 to both sides of the equation. When you apply the Addition Property of Equality (APE) (as shown below), you will get 2-3 thena=2,b=4, 4 6 a+b_c+d =pr ar avee futeoe a b a c+d d To show tis prope, let us consider the proportion $53. Adding 1 to both ides, we have 1==41, sides, we have 2+ 3 Simplifying both ratios, we have Scanned with CamScanner6. The last property can be derived by subtracting 1 from both sides of the equation. When you apply the Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE) (as shown below), you will get 2= 2 b aye poet abcd bbdd a-b_c-d “bod ‘To show this property, let us consider the proportion 2.3 Subtracting 1 from both sides, we have 2: Simplifying both ratios, we have -1_.1 . 22 We need to understand these properties so that we can apply them in solving problems and equations that involve proportions. Also, in solving equations involving proportions, cross multiplication can be used just like in the following examples. Example 2: Solve for x in each proportion. agai) 5 5 aera 5 15 o XH6_ x44 x-3 x Solution: a. ae alo 5(x+1)=(3)(5) Apply cross multiplication. Multiply 5 with x +4 and multiply 3 with 5, 5x+5=15 5x=15-5 Transpose 5 to the right-hand side of the equation, 5x=10 Subtract 5 from 15. 5x _ 10 Divide the whole equation by 5. 55 x=2 Scanned with CamScannerx _ 12 i au — ILD Apply cross multiplication xa Divide both sides by 15. Apply cross multiplication. tributive Property and FOIL method, fare Apply Dist XX 46x-x=-12 —— Trangpose x° and x to the left side of the pea eee gequciion x oe a Simplify the expression. “12 Divide each side by 5. act? 2 . 7 Itis time to check if you can apply this skil in solving the following equations. Try it2 Solve for the value of x in each proportion. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. xo X+5_ x43 4720 2 2 x Let us check how these skills are applied in solving reablife problems involving proportions. Example 3: In a certain regular polygon, the measures of an interior angle and an exterior angle are in the ratio of 5 : 1. Name the type of polygon. Solution: To determine the type of polygon, we need to know the number of sides this polygon has. Since in the problem, the given is the ratio of the measures of an interior angle and an exterior angle, let us take a look at the relationship between the two. In any polygon, an interior angle and an exterior angle of a polygon are supplementary. So, if x represents the measure of an interior angle, the measure of its corresponding exterior angle is 180° — x. " Scanned with CamScannerHence, we have the proportion: oy 1 180°-x (180° - x) =1(x) Apply cross multiplication. 900-5x =x Add 5x to each side. 900 = 6x Divide each side by 6. 150 =x Measure of interior angle ; Now, the measure of the exterior angle is 180° - 150° = 30°. Remember that, in geometry, the exterior angle of a regular polygon is equal to ee where nis the number of sides. Thus, solving for the number of sides, we have: 360° n 30° n=12 Thus, the regular polygon is a regular dodecagon. Try It3 In a certain regular polygon, the measures of an interior angle and an exterior angle are in the ratio 3 : 2. Name the type of polygon. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Let us solve another word problem involving proportion. Example 4: Find the fourth term in a proportion if the first three terms are 12, 17, and 36. Solution: os Let x be the fourth term of the proportion. So, 47-=— >. Solve for x. 12x=612 Cross-Product Property of a Proportio yuiex= 51 Divide both sides by 12. , Try It4 = Find the fourth term in a proportion if the first three terms are 18, 35, a Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. ‘Scanned with CamScannerProof: Statements 14. a-d=b-c a _ © jg equal to ad= be, Example 5: Prove that padi is eq Reasons 1. Given 2. MPE 3. Definition of Division 4. Associative Property of Multiplication 5. Multiplication Inverse Property 6. Multiplicative Identity 7. Definition of Division 8. Associative Property of Multiplication 9. Commutative Property of Multiplication 10. Associative Property of Multiplication 11. MPE 12. Associative Property and Multiplicative Inverse 13. Multiplicative Identity 14, Commutative Property of Multiplication In triangles, the Fundamental Theorem of Proportionality is used in ee Similar triangles. Itis fundamental to understand this theorem so.asto better understan the other theorems of similar triangles that will be discussed in the next modules. Scanned with CamScannerThe Fund: lami : drawn parallel to ss) Theorem of Proportionality states that, “If a line is points, the othe > side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct oe ner two sides are divided in the same ratio.” The Findsiieneliipeoes Me can see that side VW is parallel to side YZ of AXYZ. =e m i aera oor same as XV:V¥ = XW We. Proportionality states that a: ¢ = b : d, which is the Using the Fundamental Theorem of Proportionality, we can say that AD: DB = AE: EC. Thus, taking the measurement of these sides, we have the - x, From here, we can solve for the value of x. proportion 6 : 8 = 6_3 Cross-multiply. 8x ex =(3)(8) Simplify the right-hand side of the equation. 6x = 24 Divide both sides of the equation by 6. x=4 Therefore, the value of xis 4. Scanned with CamScannerAnswer: This is TRUE because of cross multiplication, Analyze the three rectangles below. Measure the following rectangles by using a ruler. Record your data by filing out the table on a separate sheet of paper. A 8 ® 5 < AB AB AD — Rectangle a (em) (om) AD (nearest thousand) 1 Z 3 What have you noticed about the values of a in the three cases? Guided Activity 2 Now that you have practiced analyzing proportions through the previous activity, let us take a look at how to find a ratio from a given proportion. The first item is done for you. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Scanned with CamScannerFind the ratio of x to y, 1. 4x=5) | : ae . Answer: Applying the properties of proportion mentioned in the 3 ae a discussion, the ratio of x to y is given by 5: 4 or 3. 5 2y 2x _3 4 a 5. xa+xb=yc+yd Independent Activity 1 To further check your understanding of how to apply the concept of proportion in solving equations, let us work on the following activities. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. A. Find the value of the indicated variables. £-8 3, ¥28_2 eo 22 26 " y+3 6 x 14 2, 15_45 4, 2p-6_2p+3 ge, 4945 6 16 7 Ts bb-11 9 B. Solve for the value of x. 1. a Independent Activity 2 7 Let us solve the following number problems that involve the application of the different properties of proportions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. A. Given the first three numbers of the proportion, find the fourth number that will satisfy the given proportion. 34.6 4. 8, 12,32 3. 35. 2. 15, 60,4 4. 11, 23,33 ap 2_D ' ; B. Ifa, b, and c are positive numbers with ace then b is the geometric mean 17 Scanned with CamScannerJac, Find the geomattle moan jp, botwoon @ and ¢ and can bo solved using ee each of tho following If tho values of a and @, reaped 1. Gand 49 3, 26and 36 4. Band 60 2. Sand 125 C. _Answor the following questions , 1, The ratio of the measures of the two anglos of an Isoscolos right triangle jy 1: 2. Explain why this is true. Show examples and illustrations. sn and Find the lengths of two segments whose sum Is 64 centimoters an lose 2. ratio is 3: 5. ; 3. Asegment 51 centimeters long is divided into two segments whose ratio is 7: 10, How long is each segment? 4. The ratio of the side measurements of two squares is 4 ; 5. What is the ratio of their areas? Their perimeters? 5. If xis to 9 and 9 is to x, find the value of x. Use proportion in solving for the value of x. a The Golden Ratio can be found not only in Greek temples and sculptures but also, be in the proportions of the human skeleton. The ratio of the total height of the navel is a close approximation of the Golden Ratio, Ratios of many other parts of the human body are also in the Golden Ratio, In this activity, you will play the role of a researcher. Your goal is to discover how the Golden Ratio is perceived in the human body. This activity will be accomplished with your family. Copy and complete the table provided below by measuring and recording the indicated body measurement of each member of your family. Indicate the name of the family member. Be guided by the illustration below on how you will perform the measurements. 3: total height «: height from floor to navel : length of the index finger | : distance from the fingertip to the big knuckle length of the leg distance from the hip to the kneecap length of an arm distance from the fingertip to the elbow 18 Scanned with CamScannerto take the post-assessment to see how much you have a ter of the correct answer on your answer sheet, You are now goin write the lett out the topic. learned abt io and proportion, you are now Jarned about ral orrect answer le To check how much you have eal going to take the final assessment of this module. Write the letter of tl on your answer sheet 1. Find the ratio of x to yin the equation 11x = 9y. x 4 o “9 "ty : 41x a pi BOF ‘ 2. Which of the following ratios are equivalent? c. 7:2and 14:49 A. 4:8 and 30:15 B. 3:4and 12:9 D. 6:7 and 36:42 In Batch 2021, 58 of the 198 students are varsity players. What is the ratio of the 3 non-varsity to the varsity students in simplest form? 29 70 a 2 uy 99 & 29 99 a 9 29 29 o 0 4. Whats the value of x in the proportion a = A x53 B. x=5 5. Whats the value of x in the proportion A. x=3 20 Scanned with CamScanner7. The length and width of a rectangular garden are in the ratio 4 : 3. If the length is 24 feet, what is the width? A. 6 feet C. 18 feet B. 12 feet D. 24 feet For numbers 8-10, refer to the information below. In aclass, the ratio of the girls to the boys is 7 : 5. There are 35 girls in the class. 8. Which of the following equation represents the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in the class? A. Bae 535 35 oa B. se p. 2=% x 357 9. How many boys are there in the class? A. 10 boys C. 20 boys B. 15 boys D. 25 boys 10. How many students are there in the class? A. 50 students C. 60 students B. 55 students D. 65 students 44. Find the fourth term in a proportion if the first three terms are 20, 24, and 40, respectively. A 44 c. 52 B. 48 D. 56 For numbers 12-13, refer to the information below. The ratio of the sides of two squares is 6:7. 42. What is the ratio of their areas? 6 36 = Ca Ag = 6 vp # os 36 13, What is the ratio of their perimeters? - a §& o = 7 49 6 vp. 4 Bag 36 24 Scanned with CamScannerFor numbers 14-15, refer to the information below. Arope that is 72 feet long is divided into two segments 14. What is the length of the shorter segment? with a ratio of 4: 5. A. 24 feet C. 40 feet B. 32feet D. 48 feet 15. What is the length of the longer segment? A. 24 feet Cc. 40 feet B. 32 feet D. 48 feet Scanned with CamScanner