MAPEH Reviewer

Electronic Music

 The capacity of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and
loudspeakers to create different sounds was given importance by 20th-century
composers like Edgar Varese, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Mario Davidovsky.
 The composer records different sounds that are heard in the environment such as the
bustle of traffic, the sound of the wind, the barking of dogs, the strumming of a guitar,
or the cry of an infant. These sounds are arranged by the composer in different ways like
by playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or in reverse.
 Music that uses the tape recorder is called musique concrete, or concrete music. In
musique concrete, the composer is able to experiment with different sounds that
cannot be produced by regular musical instruments such as the piano or the violin.

Electronic Composers

 EDGARD VARÈSE (1883–1965)

 He was born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar)
 Varèse was considered an "innovative Frenchborn composer."
 He pioneered and created new sounds that bordered between music and noise
and spent his life and career mostly in the United States.
 Varèse's is considered as the "Father of Electronic Music," and the use of new
instruments and electronic resources.
 He was also dubbed the "Stratospheric Colossus of Sound."
 He died on November 6, 1965.

His musical compositions are characterized by:

 an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and

 "organized sound" (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order to
capture a whole new definition of sound).
Some of his works include:

 Poème électronique
 Ionisation
 Arcana
 Amériques
 Density 21.5
 Octandre
 Déserts

 KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928– 2007)

 Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the realm of electronic music.
 He was born in Cologne, Germany. He had the opportunity to work with
Messiaen, Schoenberg, and Webern.
 Stockhausen drew inspiration from these composers as he developed his style of
total serialism together with Pierre Boulez.

Some of his works include:

 Gruppen (1957)
 Kontakte (1960)
 Hymnen (1965)
 Licht (Light)

Electronic Instruments

1) Audio samplers  They can record, playback, and store sounds. Most samplers come
wth a sequencer, others come with a controller or keyboard.
2) Drum machines  These machines are usually used in the electronic hip hop kind of
music. They are mostly used during recordings as a replacement for human drummers.
3) Sound modules  Sound modules can be digital pianos, synthesizers, samplers, simple
tone generators, and much more.
4) Tabletop synthesizers  These instruments are similar to sound modules yet differ in
size and movability. They can be an advantage for musicians who are touring most of
the time and for those who lack space. In spite of their compact size, they can produce a
substantial amount of sound punch.
 5) Audio sequencers  These electronic musical instruments can produce samples of music
which are part of synthesizer, controllers, and drum machines. Audio sequencers are
called as step sequencers and are mostly monophonic.
6) Production stations  They have the special ability to blend the force of audio
sequencers, samplers, controllers, and drum machines. These are stand-alone
instruments that can give a musician all he needs to create music.

Popular Music

 POPULAR MUSIC literally means “music of the populace,” similar to traditional folk
music of the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be
called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people,
whether on radio or in live performances.
 Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United
States and United Kingdom during the mid- 1950s.
 The terms "popular music" and "pop music" are often used interchangeably, although
the former describes all music that is popular and includes many different styles.
 "Pop" and "rock" were roughly synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they
became increasingly differentiated from each other.
 In music, the term “standard” is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs
from a particular genre or style, such as those by Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers
and Hart.
 Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood.
 It also features highly singable melodies within the range and technical capacity of the
everyday listener.
 Standards also known as pop standards, American standards, or jazz standards are the
traditional compositions that originated from the 1910s

FORMS OF POPULAR MUSIC:

 Ballads
 The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text
dealing typically about love.
 The word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee” and
“ballade” which refers to a dancing song.
  Used by poets and composers since the 18th century, it became a slow popular
love song in the 19th century.
 ballad is an emotional love song with suggestions of folk music, as in the Beatles’
composition “The Ballad of John and Yoko” and Billy Joel’s “The Ballad of Billy.”
This style is sometimes applied to strophic story-songs, such as Don McLean’s
“American Pie.”
 Alternative
 Alternative is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music
underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s.
 In this instance, the word "alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from
mainstream rock music.
 The term ‘alternative’ first came around when bands formed that played mostly
rock music but also incorporated other genres, such as reggae, folk, electronic,
punk, grunge, etc, into their music.
 The lead instrument of this genre is the electric guitar with lyrics that talks about
social terms, like drug abuse, depression, and environmentalism.
 Rock N’ Roll
 Rock n’ roll was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late
1940’s to the 1960’s
 It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz and gospel
music with the Western swing and country music.
 The lead instruments were the piano and saxophone, but these were eventually
replaced by modern instruments
 In its classic form, rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars (lead,
rhythm), a string bass or bass guitar, and a set of guitars that provided the
rhythmic pattern.
 Disco
 The 1970’s saw the rise of another form of pop music known as “disco.” Disco
music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the
establishment of venues for public dancing also called discos.
 The term originated from the French word “discotheque” which means a library
for phornographs record.
 The disco style had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by
a steady beat for ease of dancing, and accompanied by strings, horns, electric
guitars and electric pianos or synthesizers.
 DONNA SUMMER(DISCO QUEEN)
 BEE GEES
  KC
 MICHAEL JACKSON
 THE SUNSHINE BAND
 THE VILAGE PEOPLE

Traditional composers

 According to national artist Ramon Santos “contemporary music in the Philippines refers
to compositions that have adopted ideas and elements from the 20 th century art music
in the west, as well as the latest trends and musical styles in the entertainment industry

 Antonio J. Molina (1894-1980)

 the first national artist for music, is considered one of the “triumvirate of Filipino
composers” which includes nicanor abelardo and francismo Santiago. He began
his music career as an orchestral soloist at the manila grand opera house
 he is best known for his poignantly romantic serenade for violin and piano
 misa antoniana grand festival mass
 ang batingaw, kundiman-kundangan
 chamber music – sting quartet. Kung sa iyong gunita, pandangguhan; and vocal
music – amihan, awit ni maria clara, and larawan nitong pilipinas

 Lucio San Pedro (1913-2002)

 san pedro is known as a “romantic nationalist.” He incorporated Philippines folk
elements in his compositions with western forms and harmony. His chords have
a rich expressive tonality, as represented in his well-loved sa ugoy ng duyan, a
lullaby melody sung by his mother

 Cipriano “ryan” Cayabyab (1954)

 Is a popular contemporary composer who also has classical compositions to his
credit, such as misa, four poems for soprano and piano, and Te deum. His
compositional style makes much use of suncopations, extended chords, and
chromatic harmony
 Misa, four poems for soprano and poem, te deum, kay ganda ng ating musika,
limang dipang tao, da coconut nut, alikabok, spoliarium, kumukuti-kutitap
 Col Antonino R. Buenaventura (1904-1996)
 Was a renowned composer, conductor, and teacher. His father lucio was the
chief musician of the Spanish artillery band in intramuros and founder of banda
Buenaventura
 Minuet, Mindanao sketches, divertimento for piano and orchestra, variations
and fugue, and greetings, pandanggo sa ilaw, princesa ng kumintang, pandanggo
ni neneng

 Dr. Alfredo Santos Buenaventura

 Composer, conductor and teacher, was born in sta. Maria, bulacon on October
14, 1929, he grew up in a musical environment and became a band member in
his hometown at a young age
 Maria makiling, diego silang, prinsesa urduha, cantatas and ating watawat, pasko
ng baranggay

 Rodolfo S. Cornejo (1909-1991)

 Was born on may 15, 1909 in singalong manila, inspired by his mother’s genuine
support. The young cornejo started formal music lessons at the age of 6
 Bailes de ayer, caprice, cello sonata, ibong adarna, kandingan, malakas at
maganda overture, okaka, oriental fantasy, song of the miners

 Hilarion Rubio Y. Francisco (1902-1985)

 Was born on October 21, 1902 in bacoor cavite, a composer, music teacher,
conductor and clarinestist, he created substantial workds for the orchestra. He
served as conductor for opera pallet, dance recitals, and movie music
 Bulaklaken, dance of the nymphs rondo, florante at laura, halik, danza, ang
konsyerto, ang magsasaka, bukang liwayway, concertino in C, Filipinas kong
mahal, hatulan mo ako, ginintuang araw

 Nicanor Abelardo
 Is one of the “triumvirate of Filipino composers
 Nsaan ka irog? Bituing marikit, mutya ng pasig, paskong anong saya, cavatina,
kundiman ng luha, magbalik ka hirang
 Francisco Beltra Buencamino Sr.
 Was born on November 5, 1883 in bulacan, he was the son of a musically
inclined couple, his father was fortunate buencamino, a church organist and
band master, his mother was luisa beltran, a noted singer
 Hrana, pandanggo ni neneng, collar de sampaguita, dulces las horas, mayon
 Larawan, mazurka, baholana

African Music

 The musical traditional and culture of Africa is wide and varied, African music varies by
region and by tribe

Elements of African music:

1) Rhythm
Polyrhythm (different meter or metrical starting points going on at once)
2) Melody
 Organized within a scale of 4, 5, 6 or 7 notes
 Use small melodie interval
 Has recurring patterns and descending phrases
3) Harmony
 A cappella
4) Form
 Strophic
 Followes call-and-response form
5) Texture
 Homophonic

Traditional African music:

 Traditional music of Africa is rich and diverse, with many distinct musical traditions,
traditional music is most of the continent is passed down orally
1.) Apala
 A musical genre from Nigeria that is used to wake up worshippers after the ramdan
2.) Axe
 A musical genre that combines the afro-caribbean style of march. Reggae and calypso, it
originated in Salvador, bahia and brazil
3.) Jit
 A fast and hard dance music that is played on the drums while being accompanied by
guitar, its origin can be traced back to Zimbabwe
4.) Jive
 A variation of a jitterbug that is lively in form
5.) Juju
 A popular style that is based on traditional Yoruba rhythm, it originated in Nigeria
6.) Kwassa kwassa
 A dance style that mainly involves the use and movement of one’s backside or bottom,
it originated in Zaire
7.) Marabi
 An extended dance in vamping patterns and repeated harmony
8.) Reggae
 A sound with guitar and bass dominance, its origin can be traced back to Jamaica
9.) Salsa
 Music of afro-cuban origin
10.) Samba
 Music that originated in brazil
11.) Soca
 Music that combines calypso music and soul
12.) Were
 Muslim music played as a wakeup call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan
13.) Zook
 A fast carnival type of music

Vocal forms of African music:

 Maracatu
 The origin of maracatu can be traced back to the coronation of the black king ceremony
 Rhythm of maracatu is called “baque” or “toque”. This rhythm is determined by the
toada, the singing part of the maracatu in which a leader begins the song and is
answered by a chorus
 Blues
 The African-american communities living in the deep south of the US created the genre
and musical form popularly known today as blues. Slaves used to sing while working in
the cotton and vegetable field
 The term “blue devils” may have been origin of blues. It meant melancholy and sadness
or blue indigo, which was wrong by may west African cultures
 The lyrics often consisted of a single line which is repeated 4 times call-and-response is
the style in which blues is presented
 Harmony of blues is characterized by the primary emphasis of the first, fourth, and fifth
chords of a combination, the 12-bar and 48-beat repetitive pattern serves as the basis
for its rhythm
 AAB pattern of its lyrical structure
 Spiritual
 It refers to a song in religious from that originated in the camp meetings of the great
awakening of the early 19th century
 It is passionate as the blues. But it does not put much concern on the performance
 The focus was on the general loneliness of mankind

 Soul
 Is a music genre that combines rhythm and blues, gospel music and jazz that originated
in the US
 The genre occasionally uses improvisations, twirls and auxiliary sounds
 It has a catchy rhythm stressed the handclapping and extemporaneous body
movements
 Use for tense vocal sound through call-and-responses between the soloist and the
chorus

African musical instruments

 Are usually made from the materials found in nature. Like woods. Gourds, turtle shells,
and animal bones or skins
 Materials might be recycled from man-made objects
 chordophones aerophones idiophones membraphones
Kora  a long Nyanga  African Balafon  a wooden Djembe  a rope
necked harp lute pan pipes xylophone or tuned skin-covered
with 21 leather or percussions goblet drum played
nylon strings idiophone which with bare hands
plays melodic tunes
and usually has
between 16 to 27
keys
Adungu  a kind of Kudu horn  made Talking drums  Kalimba (thumb
African harp and from the horn of drums whose pitch piano)  a
considered as the the kudu antelope can be regulated percussion
most striking string and is occasionally depending upon instrument. It is a
instrument because used in jewish how the player sound box with
of its often ceremonies similar strikes the head of metal keys attached
exceptionally to a shofar the drum and to the top to give
beautiful form and changes its tension. the different notes
decoration These pitches
mirror a person’s
voice, and thus, the
drums are called “
talking drums”
Uhadi  a single- Rasps  a hand Shekere  a gourd
stringed instrument percussion shaker with gourd
traditionally made instrument whose pieces
from wood and sound is produced
dried gourd by scraping the
instrument
Slit  a drum made Agogo  a conical
from a hollowed bell-shaped
piece of wood in instrument, usually
which a narrow in two’s played by
groove serves as a hitting the bells
sound opening