Je uff onan Mwano TIntrepection To METAL WORKING, ~ Mopuie-1 —WtreyeqION wCONCEPLS Merl — wevking OF Forming iS fe powess ‘Tn which memis ave Caortin erepes to Me desived Shapes Ay ene fan tRe Yield -Steess Q tre roe ra! ee Changed foun them to —Brvesses je" she Wnportance oF merle fq mnedean technology Gs due, in lage par, to we ese weR “wnich hoy 1 t, te fosmed Tato i useful nape _aveh as Tubes; was ets . Useful shapes = Ae gpnacared In two) basic ways 5. Be Pesee deformation Processes ~ so eal = volume and mass gre casseved and tte mem fs Aispiaced foom one eee etal Jocaten be ancther 2) By mes! Remsva! ser machining paccesses : Fn. order), © gre © afte weauived Shape do which atestal 1S xemoved t) —> TWese are psunday wmanaipaclineg processes Bui deformation processes. Rolling, Pougng, Extrusion and seeding 2) “Tase are _-Semoday manapactinin poowsses « Volume cand cass , cf tiie fenishad — Gompofient Qocy Wan the Baste mang and shearag mateata | Tarn 8g, tea] cateng, "7 7, Forming PROCESSES *- is CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMAR “The. Prunary fermung Psocesses an be Classyed te five baste carpories Uased © “Ve type OF fora used te Gransform rf work. eo ; FORGING Roecin a Wie Drawing t 4 » ) 2p } x SS, tence j EXTRUSION STRETCH FORMING YL, i Deep Peawing h)rw yy ) Direct Compression PROCESSES = + Sn rhese pecesses, compsessive forces at “Ro work = —Sujoce Ac a wont fa memi Fews in a divection pomendicala to Re applied forces - are applied divectey oa Rowing and Forging — pencess - oy Anpigect _Compaession Processes, «An ‘Rese , the Compressive forees on the worls apolud om a “ndueck means > Arditreck Compwession Precesses include wire dang , Tube dewing exbusion and deep 9 Qa. ~ 7m P appl forces are Tensile, Aut tf ndusct- Comprasive force? ehweloped 44 tf, weacteon ieee with fe die seach nf Values The fows und. : * Tre wetal f ley +f action y Combined —Stess -Brare which — Indlades Fgh Compressive forces 9 ar leak ome $ tha prcipal Auction s * The beste oxeune tension type Forming process ws _aueh fownang, when ct metal shock fs useappad 60 tte Contour of fo die und WH pplication % Tensile forces B) “een _procssses ° An Faw pooessses, dueck tensile forces aa uad © foo * tfe moral . example, in stretch fortis a meta shat & held = (pra — contours 4S a dee j and formed clue fo The Te. ct temee VOLS pce mt fer - fox ack!/ rve® processes =e Beet metal forening in a ~ These ave used roaely « An ese Aeodung forces oe applied to the Shea” wag la dte ord panch - For ey —_ Ganges; zon forming = sy _cSaeemnve: Eboomeses « Srmarng involves tf appiication OF Smamng forces oF _Brrticient - fag ated to rapture fa emt! in TR piane oF srear * (E — patching, Blaniing ark piercing , DEFORWATION PROCESSING SySTEn Derormansw “Vie SIETcN. Beet FW ATton Luar’ o7ste™ s meTAL {s Goncemad wi + dutsibuteon of WR Me ove 6m dfermation Zone. Bess, Srewn, ard paiticle Velocities afd uit | eaceaaeecad yequired to pom fia. operation: wa material but e Create fracture © Appiied forces crust develop — ick A fo ne BSrvesse = vruut = Oot pr The glow Ames t Wo wateral uy be a stoong Faancten g (Biren; _Btsoin and temp eration roe woakep was uel ° s or cies - _ Celatio cool wateeet yjace ard far tongs fem The Gericke = along Wik workpax © fo ie are = | portant Ccomideration , Avch pmckeal coneane as = tol wey and Butan fuwh Q fe Product - Paste DEFORMATION .- fs fe basis fer te forradig and * Prastie deformation dy Various Prrcesses Prop ag oF matesial S * ‘Prastic deformation %n merals fs achieved fy trem Arona afeic yred LSLPRSS - vier Avera and ductility fn tusn depends on tRe bempescture Te yield aa decseases wit Yocweasing ye mperature und Conversely fie, dnekelay Senpaoves - Trevuence _OF “PLASTIC Deformation ON METALS ee = E gh ail Balgected fo Plante When a Poly capsratine Matesia| Is foomation , ar nem temperature C cold wosking) the oo qr alyformed [eregens and THES asscciated wit Hue Main aspects Anisotecry and — Wosk Imdencig fs fe mera! matron Consists YD arch +e load " appiud % compsrcsive lid OD Sn roll and Forgeng \\ Aen yond Fogg s unifosrn epiined \y Nature ( leo apBee eee ; I ay Re geuns aw eogeret pesperdiculax 40 The duecteon ~ ge ypplied load Cueaes elorganon J gmins, Tensile load peratiel to ‘ > Appiication hewever fe — Ellengertion ‘Rat Q applied lead > Gd. Pefewation sf emis Tn wine Amusing undergoes -2uch an effect. occurs 10 2 disection cS TRAN HARDENING? | > Dasieg Plastic desesmatien, “Re grees gets elongated but fie Mass Contenuall semcuns unchanged and qrue foundasies are “in tack However, Aistocations entaing tee sR ae boundasies and makes fuies defoomation dyficautte > Fartfes plastic dyfosmtion — sequises bighes lead fan te viously applied one i-e> metals exhibits higha Stser gu es Pheremenon 75 Rnmwn aS Strain hardening ov work ZF Te + Heghes fe atrount of plastte defesmation, higha es Be Brsain hasdening ard fe meri! becomes = mse harder ue! Stoong., enchrcateg aRae fie, cacy and Ke abel 7 dafoem furfer Gomes down . ancl fe associated nciwcus fn Stseng i Ps wi Smaller aus, Suce tave a ch Geate, Mose ‘obstacle to _ Swain has Gea Sy Meketls “leges ae ound ana whi ; dulccations / plake dyoorationreg) Tre Prenomencn Sevan hardenin ancl associated 1dloe.Se in Aevengihi iS oy used fr ee geen ta an} auys. Typical eXamples toclles Gncweaning the Prag h of wie ceeuurng Coot) it tReugh a elie, ! i lage toody meta! Ay shetch. and Rar Of & aurcrope: faeclge 4 ay ) : Amisotrepy : Aft plastic difpomnation Wn Cotd working | Re qruns gets bye With untaxed geauns » he metal Shows Onyfoumn paperties In LotR hosizental and vertical dieections . “Tre = mechanical = pwperties meunly fie 8 wl) Je bever Tn the Atwecteon eongaten oF yews an compaud te te Petpendicutar divecton 4 elongatcon . The Phenomenon oF exhibing AiFferent —_ psopestves Sn Augen disectens Ys leowed Anisotropy “Tre above Anisotsopte phenomenon fs used for ebralinug directeenal — psoperties Tn fre Structures ancl Prnducts « (CD Arproving he -Strenmh OF comecting med aleg Tis ax %) 4 Pog ane} “oeseas ing Tie G % sheet metal ae : “Tr. . advanced Polymer —mataix — Composites reed} wik Carton fibres also exhibits ratty cluse teonal prpets and une used tm cusceny os (Broun 7 Taibo eae \o cestam directions »)Be ; There axe Hoo’ Classes F Anisobvopy Ive-@) a) ‘Prwefened Ortentaton / b) Mechanica! fibenrg . a) “PREFERRED ORIENTATION < Also. temed Conysrallograh' Ansctop occurs when Sip Planes and Slip bands align tRemselves Fn Fic omentation OF defesmatien Ge) in fe dwection J cpplid lead in “Tension and. perpendicular 7 fe duuction in Compenssion b) mecHANICAL EIBERING > AN ae ocars au fe Fee alignment OF inclusions, Smpurttes ancl voids in +e metal sy Ab fosmation - AM We \wpusities and voids, Which ase Gn Re chain be urdauies fore fie deformation FR, hence qs a ie along wR Re qs and i fe Aisectwn 4 deformation - ° fete pig mames «He metal weaker Wm Re dieeckon Perperd tales +3 4at 4 de fesmetcon Cinssipication OF PRoceSses BASED ol TEMPERATURE meral forming is gene Classifred as Hor working and oa working Used of “Tempemture oF Forming Ray: PRUNES ¢— 4 Fs the forming Of meats abe Weir myyattaatin Tempaatue * Hoe worniig cofers te Te defoumatton omed our unde conclitisn Tempacture, and _steain wate Such fiat semu peccosse Secar _Balrran tially cay | the ditoamation Pmeess -S0 Mit forge Broouns an de! cachieved = with eae no eeerc 8) Js hor uenmed , the original grain Shiclue *. When a rmeral 4 expemls takes place under Jeans up and deformatton te cad. AS Son aS tf lad Fe venmeved, the fongmenks copsral acs as Nucleh and newer —Smait exysrals Stab Jeng, Mesiog te Recap miizaiteos . Thi perluces, fen rset _Bewuckia on Aepormateo.n . wr For Recyerailizaton to take place, a finimum amount Planttc alifosmeatten Ts se@uired © Te mmunumum fempexarun ar which wallizaten fR pram fs temed fie aera Temperature — io [ne Recmysrallizaton Tempaatun clirends on Fovioweg factors, (2) “Tepe of mem] ) Crenical Compostteon OF te. coatenia | ©) Armour of Prior defeoma tion Ay revealing bime ve) Gwin ize - * Hoe Worxin Pmresses such as mailing | Extusion ov forgug awe used Sn” the fine ste ta amet Cou Yi Ste a wrote produc. * The Bémin iy hee working Ss fauge Ce= ato A) Corpered Tension Oo Creep ects., = mel tt i rve4) + in hoe wortcing 4s usually Cawied ouk at temperatures v abve O-6 Tm and ab righ Jgemn mies! in Re. wang 0-5 w so s! ~ Het working sesuiks fn decrease fn re We emg reauuad to om te. | and an “fereaced abhi to” Flow usitRouk- commend, bak, Seri disor ar bor wormage Tempeiatures adc in decweasiig fre Chemical in howmgenities 4 tae Poanes anger Bemctuves * Blow potes and possittes are elunmated wel ay fe fin of}, ne © Canfives, Caawe Colamnas co % afte Conteh au bsexen dewe cand sopenae| Ve _-Sialin euler meen reliiged gies. Sn fo _Sevucline = From hot wo wesuts IN Fnacare In cd and gas Re er State Trare = Changes Trae awe bean duantages Hot woseing ._ _ ie Ces clioaduan 4 3S a: ) Hic semperatures cur Tnwwlved | 2 she metal and +e fanace cttmosphess 2) Hee wortng ace. staction betwee fecomes o& pblem e ate 2s dene Sn aby, oxfdatenn sesuits; and Considuabte amount of metal be lost. Raaclure Metals like embattled ony gen and sRusfore uk pe fot woked Tn an ‘nat afitosphe. or Pavrected from fe attr 44 @ Suitable barrier. 3) Sugace — decautnnioatin L. hor-uorked Sree] can be a a! peo and fread aa a as Tequred ed layer. Titanium Ue to remove Re4) TFQued nm oxlde makes Fe dupvaur 40 pepe Baya fertsner on — het -s0tled — Poeducts , and becuse allowance mudt be-wads fox ©*pansion and Contection tke dunensumal Telwances for hot worked mill Psseluct ant queate, Ran For. Cold —workad psoductr &) —Simuctiie and — peopetres. 4 hoe worked metal a : ally nok Bo wmfeom © ved fe Cmss —Seciwn an merals/ which have been old worked and annealed 6) ~The xTovemmmm «be at nig Rea “Temperatures for wie te mae Cong sfan the extemal Sufaces, qe joe con occur a Ro Intestor si Loupe pieces which Cools Aiooly From fe wworkaig aemperabaon . > “We lower berpesnture Limit Soy te Hoe workng af Oa meml fs fie lowest temperature Qt which Me sare secporatization Fs sapid ero ath to Climate _Stwaltn Pn the txme when te melal fs ab tempaatero ies dewey hee 7 temperature wit depend on Gerors Buch as unt of chagrin ten and “he bee qRar the metal Ts ak hat temperature => Metal which fs hap med and Coole] wapid' i Fempectiine will wequua 9” ht hot — werkeing Tempera y Re Same dupes 3 cliposmaten spar will meta| Aut dupooned and. soy cooled + => “The uppes unite fer het working % dereunuad fhe “Tempemtuve ak which eit. meting or excessiveIve (6) i 4) Raed % oxtde makes % diifraur 40 produce food _Sujace ferisher on — het -zot'ed Paducts , and becuse _ mut be-wads for ©™pansion and Contsction hor worked mill paooluct allowance Re. dumensunal “Tetuances for ant qveates Ran For. Cold —workad psoductr &) Semctoe and Peopertres 5 hoe-worked metal ase all not Be uniboom 0 vet We cuss —Seciwn an ‘m merals’ which have been oid worred and annealed 6) The = =Tntestow tl «be at niqphen Temperatures for focges tumes —? Cesley Ran aRe extemal Supaces, 7 geek con occu Fn the interior 4 age pieces which Cools Paty from fe werkaig aemperaties > "Ie lower bernpesnture Limit Soy te Hoe Workieg af Oa meml fs fie lowest temperature Qt which Me sare secporattzation fs sapid Croat to Climate _Stwaln Pn the txme when te metal fs ab tempeatero St beer he nertig femperature whit depend om Gectors Such as amMunt of chagrin ten and @ bum qfar “ie metal Ys at hae temperature > Metal which %s hapi ened and Cooke] wpidly foe fempecrttine will requie a” hi hot — working Tempera fare y Re Same wea) a gosmer ten thar will meta| eet dupooned nck slowly cooled « => “The uppes Amit for hot working % dereunnad fhe “Temperature ak which eittin me cteay or excessiveEe i Tve i) Orddeten Occurs Greverally fix. tmaxunum workuig Tempeatua climiied to 50% below the meiting point. “Tnts 8s ro Allow for sta possibuily oy sequgared “wegen s of louoe-mesiag pout material - ig Ory a Very Sra amount of gras bound film of a lower Umecteng Comtdient fs seed to Make a material Cambie nto pieces when it fs ctfoemed . 2 va a Conditin % — Rrown as Hee Shortness , or may > Most Hot Wor King operateens cua Carried out fn anumbey ae teuibpie passes OF SEPS The, ad fempercabue foy whe Foveumeduate passes Gs Rept well above fie mintmun There axe “Two Wiechanisms -=ecponsible fox Aejretung iy Hot wesking , sane On “te §=metal => 50 Aluminium and Atpha sto, Auramic wecovesy 1S te Mogren mechanism - = Tag occurs fie feomatsn of a weil developed Sab grain Stwucture “4 Cmss slip and climb, aS occurs fn Cueep Aste smation . The. acttvatton erergy for hot aovting is Cquat +o Rak for Crap and for 2a diffusion - > So metals with a four Brachng faut enaiga (Copper, nicke| ancl Aanrenitic _srantox sel) if) achiatis enagy for -agtening in hot works is Pao san for Crop . for ‘fave metals, Fie ey Pecess {s Noun ie aeEe i Tve i) Orddeten Occurs Greverally fix. tmaxunum workuig Tempeatua climiied to 50% below the meiting point. “Tnts 8s ro Allow for sta possibuily oy sequgared “wegen s of louoe-mesiag pout material - ig Ory a Very Sra amount of gras bound film of a lower Umecteng Comtdient fs seed to Make a material Cambie nto pieces when it fs ctfoemed . 2 va a Conditin % — Rrown as Hee Shortness , or may > Most Hot Wor King operateens cua Carried out fn anumbey ae teuibpie passes OF SEPS The, ad fempercabue foy whe Foveumeduate passes Gs Rept well above fie mintmun There axe “Two Wiechanisms -=ecponsible fox Aejretung iy Hot wesking , sane On “te §=metal => 50 Aluminium and Atpha sto, Auramic wecovesy 1S te Mogren mechanism - = Tag occurs fie feomatsn of a weil developed Sab grain Stwucture “4 Cmss slip and climb, aS occurs fn Cueep Aste smation . The. acttvatton erergy for hot aovting is Cquat +o Rak for Crap and for 2a diffusion - > So metals with a four Brachng faut enaiga (Copper, nicke| ancl Aanrenitic _srantox sel) if) achiatis enagy for -agtening in hot works is Pao san for Crop . for ‘fave metals, Fie ey Pecess {s Noun ie aeCorp WORKING -- a ve-(8) x Cold ney of a metal sesuts Fn an fnesease Th Amength ov hudness and a decsease in duct bey, + Cord momuing e. formag of metals Lelow rch secysralligatean temperaliine - * When Cold —workung Ts CXcessive tie metal wiil faucture begove weachag fe. destreq -Si2e and shape. In ordn (0 oid Such difficulties | Cold working opetateans cuz Came cut TM —Sevaal steps, wif ‘nteame diate. Annee ben, Operatens terducod be Soften the Cold —workan/ metal and wsestre te uctollg - Wh Sequana Of wepeated —Cold-workuns fs froauan ty callad Re cod soe encll ol yee - —¢ EFFEctS _OF = Sotd wonninG ON MerALS — a) _Anenal Stresses On Stas fasciitis} ») Given Stmucture Ss distorted . 9 _ Hadoess and Qsittteness cue Thewased at We cost of d) Fine Sayace fenish is Obbaunar 2) Crack foomesn “ take place ia By Baitably Adsuteag Me Cold work _ Amneal ct We pate can be seduced irk we. oa OF Areaiin ee : “$ i 7 ‘ pr TF Te fentsted Podut mut Le Ateenges tan fle fate annealed mateuial, tien th fend Operateon mutt be ceid J soaking ZP wit fe pepar dheyec Q ditemation toPrcauce We desiwed Arerge “ns woul peiany Oe? v fartowed + a seress celia, wD semove wsesidual Stresses WARM WORKING, /— + when memmls ove —Bulgected bo mechanical deformation ae sempeabures fetween ‘Mak used for cold worhueg and hok nereing. fe fs termed + Waem wortatg ~ In Bac Wortung , flan ae no -Signpicane cwtelaagice changes 8 fic peru «Ee, atta = Also, hen wale werrang 25. done at elevated yemparctture 5 ( below reeyaligation empmati) ae works oe mfnunal Wan Wor kan Snap v2en applucl most extens a eae #79 og Wa " see, uftene Tt offers te Potential of Gower” fo ARPS 1 educact sorgng lads and enesgy eugs Compad with Cold forgty - ge When Compaed wit for orf, Tt offense acluantag of Fmpeoved Aumensumal contol, igh cuality sefaces, and Jower en0g¢ costs - WRovaut PRopvers :— _PRopvets : > An hot wos , metals — fehave like Pp plaatic - mate rtals and de nor undergs ang werk inaadeneng effed- Orel fess oF du > (San pedudt hoe working an teimed —Wsouginte pstcluch Rese are tesmed! so, Since asc used as caw materials for Furtfiea pooce-sting Aiba machi, | ae > “The examples OF wanna Pred includes panduck of extwsion, sonny , forgagsrre-@) > for example, T-Sections, Chamels and angles Cexbrasion), ail secttons, wounds and off sectoos Csvlluty), tubes and ptpes Cdvaweng ) Crarecteristics OF wWRovaH7 PRopucts -— y “Rey ave formed divectly Froo fk Capt product ro the’ dested Shapes . 2) Trey break fie “@homegenmus Structure from fle. Cane _Bencture and und qe vepmnemené, and hence have Aetter mochanical paopeties ard have duuctooral fhw lines 3) a undergo faage Changes in Sape and Bul dysomats re. tinow defects Buch as blow . at te subsugace 4 ) and up level gets — elumaateel ae effect afin. fesmed ’) ~y aes acy tte Feoring Aecause Q hot feng lees, é) Have Rough Auugace ferish . 7 “They undergo —Suyacr Cxtdatwon ar sesuits in Scale fosmiatton — updge eceubuusilin at te cuter Supace . ADVANTAGES 3 LIMITATIONS OF METAL FoRMING a) Advantages of metal Working = Sewnnges a ae: * ret gre ie pecemany Useful Shape to merel * “They give te Yeauind 6 i i TR add mechani ca to a metal. “4 Prepedienstra se y ————— oo ttst—‘_ a Anpsove Re mera « Good 2uyee Fass + 2 peal Brouckure 3 ce metal afte wong ard close dumens otal Jewances ore achieved 10 ceyrain paocesses © « Caitaln process Drs wioved metal - * M4 compar, Shapes mers working paocess * Certain aay Saver forging. Go dunctesnat peopetes Fo a con be preduad fy a Comburateon OF es. duets Whe Cmcks, pinholes getr welded In pecesses Vike Forging and roiling Limitations OF mMeTAL WORKING + Supoe pecarumsatien take piace pduction of wntesnall Brresses ay bake po depenang upen aarenity oF press * work benendtg ark, _ Were ae = when Selid materials ana Sulgoered to loads, bh undesgo defosmation - Up © Cecertun amie $ Joods' afe aed will secover its Caigenal ~— aumensions opie: Jie load % vemeved - “This “s termed Me Elan te. Tie furiéeng each up % ulfich te soli Behavior dumensions, ts feraves elastically segeung its original feomed te Elastic Amit when ‘fz lead opplied is onel 1 lactic famit, Me Solid pesreaneat Aigormatcon ard is texmed as piaitic undergoes dufosmationi TRESS — STRAIN | DiaGreant * DEC LN. e > PROPOR TIONAL Limit > ELASTIC Lemma > UPPER YIELD PoIvT s leweR ipo Pow PH ULTPATE TENSE STRENGTH CUTS) > FRECTURE StREWaTH nm oN D> —_ E stRAiv Jensiie “Vest ed A _ nittal portion °F the Cure will be linear seprecenti Ehe elastic behavior Cobex tog Hoone!s law), Argond which, Non-linear xagion wopsasentig Plastic bevaviey —>» he “initial |mear postion of the Cure OB Ps fe elaste upto which Heoke's law is valid . point ‘ea’ iS te Lien foading up to which will 98 Cause any yegion elastic pestanent deformation re detezminattoo oF elastic limit 1s quite difeicuit and it depends on the Bensievy oF Steain ici jnsteument s —jRus, pene & is sepiaad 4 propor kona! Jamie GO) pone A —> Te pepertenal Limit fs fle stsess ak asbich fe stress-strain awe duiares Seem Lineal. The Slope OF the carve io thin weqfon ves Medulus J elantnity> pene “c' is Be Yeeld print. Yield Stren r iS koe which will peodua & smal amount oF Pesmanen Aifesma bon Cunualig equal to A Strain OF 0-002) permanent _-Stealh or offset Fs We distana oy Plastic deformation § _—-StaurS ope tf elastic Limit WitR Yncseasag plastic difenmatzon, te metal Accomes _Breonger, dua 40 Usemin adoring ov wodk hander eFfect Hence fe load sequaad to Cause furthers > This dpo os too fnoseases - > Fn Re load seaches fie maxumum Valua Rnoum as Yuitmate load ¢ pont E)+ The marumum load custded fe ongenal awa of Cass 2sectcon 4 Speamen Ts “Tensile —Seeng R - > od is Point, “k —Speamen Conttnues to datown wie seducd (ead, at peine F This load is tesmed and “Re Stress ot Tio pene fs os fea Bross . “fic Ultemate as cumnrces lead +esmed as Foactuse ? jn. Stes — _Biteelin ctierg eam uses Fe onigeal osea of canss —secteen fay deteamenes ay We stresses and is tesmed as Ergencemg or J Conventional _Gtvess — Stain dlagenen« described ([svscuesed aboveAveta Lb -Powt—puckomenow —_Luder's Ganbe Certain oraresials, Buch, as mild sel, exhibits a Well defaned elastic — plastic transition. “Im = yiel Ng occurs _Buadenly once re elastic Limie 5 cmssed and Ris |S seomed yield point phenomeron- ELBSTIC Cl) Banos OR STRETHER'S STRAINS ie > Yieraing, srs in a seeing manner with o yield dp ac which the copped —-stses= fous from On upper Yietd pine to o lower yletd POM * a lower rea goine Ws associated wit piantic. Insrabuily a | Flucraates aly wig Conteniad dis foxrnatiqn) 51 Basil = rowan as — Yieel eleaation OF eG ta which ee, mets, Stuns fo castain tad eae; amount oe O79 of We Yielf Car Wa upper yield eine) spat deformed metal at 45° to th londin axe ts femed which is rows as lueder's Gand. > within the Sastab ange, ap the eClongaicen contamues th = yietchd segion ques 4 The advance of ShapTye (30) 9 Lueder's band foont (which is cibout one yam ice) ate fe un yielded vegien, Hfus a Sees Q Lweders bands ae, pee > to homogeneous matestals Ta feont moves ar Comtank _Spead and at Commant -Stsess. “Thus, the lower yield _Bivess semauns ugh y Corstant ats safe yield cloapaten ur fluctuates cmund ‘far vale - => The bands ferined cmseg in cine bewned as Lucder's Bands On Stretcher “-stmins . Atte, Min stent , wo2® bh ~ weunes te — Plactic oS ereng sR, hence te neo : toa astrads _ Bess sised wit ned Strain and the -Steess—Strain Cune rises Fuster. Typical «~“STRess — STRAIN Curve for EASY DeformaTiOW i ) yr _ Biss. Semin Cusve Sruld hae louer yield point > bead senuired for ditosmation is ! directly — proporteoned te fe yg o a Pon + TF ‘We Yield point ts high hi | J o Me load Ts wequired and bow te yietd peer pont of Re wal, lowe te thie. load oe Auissed} fer efoonation . _s The matewal wi lower Yiell point con ‘be easily Shaped . > Gre 2 fas 1 lower yietd fre a0 compaad Yell Point 1-sxe-@) > Heatthg of fe Moremal seducing yell point and lowers, ‘fe Aevess Level. Hence it is easier to defoom “fe haat ‘ heared material - 2) Stress — STRAIN Curve Zireurn HAVE GenTLE SLOPE Q — Tie Stoess Stealin curve should Foure. lowes feat - & ¢ + Te means Rak He —Sryfeess Q 6) ‘fie erateda| —-munt Le low - * AS Shown maresial 1 has lower _Brpe as compaud & Ce) arel has fon sxtiress & wena mateial (1) 1s easier to dyom mw Letress Sevan gcurve writ Tower gate ure have a genre slepe + = » Gante slope nude Lease ooo. rd Ponca lower mie Q lonekig 3) Stress — Straw Capve SHOULO HAVE LARGER eLoNGATION BevavioR, - ~ A matenal with | Clongateon wilt rowe. Afeomateon witout x0) uadeqjong fradixe ond a Candy 5 ves ABroped . t x As shown w the fe rereial (1) Son Joge Slergaien oe “ Hence matewol Ci) can be Canily dete omeclave =) 7 Some maenals undergo Sen Pandang wich mans Mi leads @F2 sequin for tfosmateon et ioe! sesisiane 1S offeod Py ie materia! - oO 2 we An a fe _Sroain Porton Ss oe oy 1-2 Sion TG te slope 1-2 ts igh, _Seoih heudaning of the abcd Yo mnose and Lecomen difffaut vw ditpom . By hatng te marestal, the Maresh con Ae. sopsenad and Aredia ts ebarunased - | ome observaten® “On Steess- geram Cure for ducth cgials eet pias he laste, D2 Consfder q ductile metal _-Sulgected towarial leadeng and Bress— Brean Cusve 3s preted 7 Heoka's law ?s valed upto point a C55) Beyond A meral defesms plastically Tre matag tend, to __Birain Arasden io the wegen CA—8) . Wherefore = Sresses am meQuuad to bang About moxe sate metal -