TP 02
STRINGS, FORMATTED OUTPUT, MATH FUNCTIONS
UA.DETI.IP
Carlos Costa
Summary
Strings
– Review
– Special characters
– Slicing
– Content check
– Modifications
– Methods
– Formatting
Mathematical modules
– module concept
– math and cmath modules
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Python String (review)
A sequence of characters
>>> print("IP course 2021-22") #OK
>>> print('IP course 2021-22') #OK
– letters, numbers and >>> print('Let's go coding') #Error
symbols >>> print("Let's go coding") #OK
>>> print("She "likes" coding") #Error
Uses quotes 'Hello' or “Hello” >>> print('She "likes" coding') #OK
>>> print("""Learn Python
Programming""") #OK
Triple quotes – multiline string >>> print('''Learn Python
Programming''') #OK
>>> first_name = "Carlos”; last_name = "Costa"
+ for concatenation >>> full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
>>> print ('IP is cool! '*3)
* for replication IP is cool! IP is cool! IP is cool!
>>> age = 20
>>> print (full_name + " age: " + str(age))
Possible to convert numbers >>> 100 + int(”33”)
into strings, and vice-versa 133
>>> int(3.14) #down casting
– int(), float(), str() 3
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Special characters
The backslash (\) is used to introduce a special character
>>> print('Let's go coding’) #Error Escape
Meaning
>>> print("Let\'s go coding") #OK sequence
>>> print("She "likes" coding") #Error \\ Backslash
>>> print("She \"likes\" coding") #OK
\’ Single quote
>>> print("IP course - 2021\\22")
IP course - 2021\22 \” Double quote
# Introduces new line (\n) \n Newline
>>> print ("Carlos Costa,\nAveiro University")
Carlos Costa,
\t Tab
Aveiro University
# Introduces tab (\t)
>>> print("Carlos Costa,\
[email protected]"); print("Susana Mota,\
[email protected]")
Carlos Costa,
[email protected]Susana Mota,
[email protected] 4
String – sequence of characters
Strings are arrays of bytes representing unicode
characters
Python does not have the character data type
– character is a string with a length of 1
Square brackets [] used to access to string elements
>>> str1 = ('FACE')
>>> print(str1[0])
F
>>> print(str1[3])
E
>>> print(str1[-1])
E
>>> print(str1[-3])
A
5
String length
len(…) – built-in function that returns the length of a
string
>>> s = "Aveiro city!”
>>> l = len(s)
>>> print (l)
12
Useful to avoid errors – access to indexes beyond
string end
>>> print (S[14])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
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String slicing
Used to obtain sub-strings of the original string
Default values:
start - 0
stop - the last index of the string
step - 1
S = "Aveiro city!"
S[0:6] A v e i r o c i t y !
S[7:] A v e i r o c i t y !
S[-8:-6] A v e i r o c i t y !
S[0:5:2] A v e i r o c i t y !
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* stop: end position not included
String slicing (cont)
>>> S = "Aveiro city!"
>>> S[0:6] # default step - 1
'Aveiro'
>>> S[7:] # default end position - str length
'city!'
>>> S[-8:-6] # negative start | end positions
'ro'
>>> S[0:5:2] # defined step - 2
'Aer'
>>> S[:6] # default start position - [0]
'Aveiro'
>>> S[:6:-1] # negative step – start at the end
'!ytic' # of the string and move left
>>> S[::-1] # reverse the string
'!ytic orievA'
>>> S[7:-2:] # combine positive and neg indexes
'cit'
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Check string content
in keyword
– check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string
– returns True or False
– can be used in a if statement (we will see later)
>>> print ('city' in S)
True
# Check if NOT
>>> print ('city' not in S)
False
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String immutability and modifications
Strings are immutable – cannot be modified
Several methods for String modifications
– they return a new string object
>>> txt = "Aveiro University"
>>> txt[2] = 'E'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> txt.replace("University", "Univ")
'Aveiro Univ'
>>> print(txt)
Aveiro University
>>> new_txt = txt.replace("University", "Univ")
>>> print(new_txt)
Aveiro Univ
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String methods
Method are function applied to a particular object
Syntax
<object>.<method>(<parameters>)
Examples
>>> txt = "Hello students!"
>>> txt.find('s')
6
>>> txt.upper()
'HELLO STUDENTS!'
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String methods (cont)
Many useful methods… Play ▶
str.isalpha() True if all characters are alphabetic.
str.isdigit() True if all characters are digits.
str.is... ...
str.upper() Convert to uppercase.
str.lower() Convert to lowercase.
... ...
str.strip() Remove leading and trailing whitespace.
str.lstrip() Remove leading whitespace.
str.rstrip() Remove trailing whitespace.
s1.find(s2) Finds string s2 in string s1
str.split() Split str by the whitespace characters.
str.split(sep) Split str using sep as the delimiter.
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String formating
How to get a beautiful output?
– For instance, produce the following output
"The bill value is $1.50"
Two ways to obtain a formatted string
1. String format method: str.format()
>>> total = 1.50
>>> s = "The bill value is ${0:0.2f}".format(total))
>>> print(s)
The bill value is $1.50
2. f-strings (f”…”)
>>> s = f" The bill value is ${total:0.2f}"
>>> print (s)
The bill value is $1.50
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str.format() method
Allows variable substitutions and value formatting
– Format strings contain “replacement fields” surrounded by {}
– Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text
Example
>>> print('{0} {1} cost ${2}'.format(6, 'bananas', 1.74))
6 bananas cost $1.74
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str.format() method (cont)
Using keyword arguments instead of positional parameters
Example
>>> print('{quantity} {item} cost
${price}'.format(quantity=6, item='bananas', price=1.74))
6 bananas cost $1.74
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str.format() method examples
>>> x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
>>> '{0}, {1}, {baz}'.format(x, y, baz=z)
'1, 2, 3’
# formatting...
>>> '{} {}'.format('one', 'two')
'one two'
>>> '{:*>10}'.format('test')
'******test'
>>> '{:04d}'.format(42)
'0042'
>>> '{:5.2f}'.format(3.2451)
' 3.25'
>>> print(1,2,3)
1 2 3
>>> print('{:4d}{:4d}{:4d}'.format(1,2,3))
1 2 3
>>> print(10,20,30)
10 20 30
>>> print('{:4d}{:4d}{:4d}'.format(10,20,30))
10 20 30
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f-String
New and improved way to format Strings
Syntax similar to str.format() but less verbose
f”…”, F”…”, f’…’, F’…’
Example
>>> name = "Sofia"
>>> age = 33
>>> f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."
'Hello, Sofia. You are 33.'
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Examples: Str-method versus f-String
Str-method F-String
# 'one two'
'{} {}'.format('one', 'two') f"{'one'} {'two'} "
# '******test'
'{:*>10}'.format('test’) f"{'test':*>10}”
# '0042'
'{:04d}'.format(42) f'{42:04d}'
# ' 3.25'
'{:5.2f}'.format(3.2451) f'{3.2451:5.2f}'
# 1 2 3
'{:4d}{:4d}{:4d}'.format(1,2,3) f'{1:4d}{2:4d}{3:4d}'
# 10 20 30
'{:4d}{:4d}{:4d}'.format(10,20,30) f'{10:4d}{20:4d}{30:4d}'
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Math functions
Python math module that provides most of the
familiar mathematical functions
– cmath module to work with complex numbers
Python Module?
– File defining a collection of related functions and objects
The module must be imported before using it
>>> import math
>>> import cmath
Using a module function
<name of the module> . <name of the function>
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Math functions – usage examples
>>> degrees = 45
>>> radians = degrees * math.pi / 180
# Angle arguments are always in radians!
>>> math.sin(radians)
0.707106781187
>>> cmath.sqrt(-1)
1j
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Some math functions
math. Description
pi An approximation of pi.
e An approximation of e.
sqrt(x) The square root of x.
sin(x) The sine of x.
cos(x) The cosine of x.
tan(x) The tangent of x.
asin(x) The inverse of sine x.
acos(x) The inverse of cosine x.
atan(x) The inverse of tangent x.
log(x) The natural (base e) logarithm of x.
log10(x) The common (base 10) logarithm of x.
exp(x) The exponential of x.
ceil(x) The smallest whole number>= x.
floor(x) The largest whole number <= x.
degrees(x) Convert angle x from radians to degrees.
radians(x) Convert angle x from degrees to radians.
help(math) Shows all math functions in the console
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