Analysis I, class 4

Reminder:
√
i) ∀a > 0 : lim n
a=1
n→∞
√ √
E.g. lim 2 = 1, lim n 0.1 = 1
n

n→∞ n→∞
√ √ √ √ √
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, . . . , n 2, . . . → 1 (n → ∞)
3 4 5

√
n
ii) lim n=1
n→∞
√ √
3
√ √ √
1, 2, 3, 4 4, 5 5, . . . , n n, . . . → 1 (n → ∞)
√
n
iii) lim n! = +∞
n→∞

iv) Squeeze principle (aka. Sandwich theorem): (an ), (bn ), (cn ) : N → R so that

ˆ ∃N ∈ N : ∀n ≥ N : an ≤ bn ≤ cn ,
ˆ ∃ lim an = lim cn = A ∈ R,
n→∞ n→∞

then ∃ lim bn = A.
n→∞

√
v) (xn ) : N → R+
0 , xn ≥ 0, and ∃ lim xn = A ∈ (0, +∞), then lim
n
xn = 1
n→∞ n→∞

Proof : (xn ) is convergent, and lim xn = A > 0:

n→∞

A A
> 0 : ∃N ∈ N : ∀n ≥ N : |xn − A| < ε =
for ε :=
2 2
r r
A A A A 3A n A √ n 3A
|xn − A| < ⇐⇒ − < xn − A < ⇐⇒ 0 < < xn < ⇐⇒ < n xn <
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
r r
A 3A (sandwich) √
Here, lim n = lim n = 1 ======⇒ lim n xn = 1 □
n→∞ 2 n→∞ 2 n→∞

Note: lim xn must be finite and positive!

n→∞
Counterexamples for lim xn = 0:
n→∞

1 √ 1
ˆ xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim √ =1
n n→∞ n→∞ n n
 n
1 √ 1 1
ˆ xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim =
2 n→∞ n→∞ 2 2
 n
1 √ 1
ˆ xn = =⇒ lim n xn = lim = 0
n n→∞ n→∞ n

Counterexamples for lim xn = +∞:

n→∞
√√
ˆ xn = n =⇒ lim xn = lim n n = 1
n
n→∞ n→∞
√
ˆ xn = 2n =⇒ lim n xn = lim 2 = 2
n→∞ n→∞
√
ˆ xn = n =⇒ lim n xn = lim n = +∞
n
n→∞ n→∞
5. Determine the following limits if they exist:
√
n
i) lim 3n5 + 2n + 1
n→∞

Conjecture: As n ≈ +∞ : 3n5 + 2n + 1 ≈ 3n5 ≈ +∞ (dominant term)

√n
√
n
√n √
5
3n5 + 2n + 1 ≈ 3n5 = 3 · n n → 1 (n → ∞)

Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations (dominant term 3n5 ):
√
n
√
n
√
n
√
n
3n5 ≤ 3n5 + 2n + 1 ≤ 3n5 + 2n5 + n5 = 6n5 (n ≥ 1)
√n √
5 √ n
√n √
5
3 · n n ≤ | 3n5 +{z 2n + 1} ≤ 6 · n n (n → ∞)
| {z } | {z }
↓ ↓ ↓
1 1 1
(sandwich)
√
n
So lim 3n5 + 2n + 1 = 1.
n→∞

√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞
s
√ √
5
  v
n n 2 1 u3 + 2 + 1 ,
u
3n5 + 2n + 1 = n5 3 + 4 + 5 = n n · n 4 5
n n t
| n{z n }
=:xn
 
2 1 √
where lim xn = lim 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim n xn = 1
n→∞ n→∞ n n n→∞
√n 5
So lim 3n5 + 2n + 1 = 1 · 1 = 1.
n→∞

r
n n+1
j) lim
n→∞ 2n + 3
Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations:
r r r
n n n+1 n 2n
n
≤ ≤ (n → ∞)
5n 2n + 3 | {z2n}
| {z } | {z }
r
↓ =1
n 1 ↓
= 1
5 (sandwich) 1
↓
1
r
n
n+1
So lim = 1.
n→∞ 2n + 3
√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞

1
1+
lim
n+1
= lim n = 1 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim √
n
xn = 1
n→∞ 2n + 3 n→∞ 3 2 n→∞
| {z } 2+
=:xn n
r
n
n+1
So lim = 1.
n→∞ 2n + 3
 √
n
k) lim 2 · 5n + 7n
n→∞

Solution 1 : with squeeze principle, give order preserving estimations (dominant term 7n ):
√
n
√
n
√ √
n
2 · 5n + 7n ≤ n 2 · 7n + 7n = 3 · 7n
7n ≤
√ √
n
7 ≤ |n 2 · 5{zn + 7n} ≤ 7| ·{z 3}
|{z} (n → ∞)
↓ ↓ ↓
7 7 7
(sandwich)
√
n
So lim 2 · 5n + 7n = 7.
n→∞
√
Solution 2 : with theorem of lim n xn :
n→∞
s   n v  
√ 5
 u 5 n
n n
2 · 5n + 7n = 7n 2 +1 =7· 2 + 1,
u
7 7
u
n
t
| {z }
=:xn
  n 
5 √
where lim xn = lim 2 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim n xn = 1,
n→∞ n→∞ 7 n→∞
 n
5 5
since is a geometric sequence with q = ∈ (−1, 1)
7 7
√
n n n
So lim 2 · 5 + 7 = 7 · 1 = 7.
n→∞

Reminder:
xn
vi) ∀x ∈ R : lim =0
n→∞ n!

n!
vii) lim =0
n→∞ nn

lim nk · q n = 0


viii) ∀q ∈ (−1, 1), k ∈ N :
n→∞

n3
E.g. lim (n3 · 0.5n ) = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ 2n

Remark : nk ≪ an ≪ n! ≪ nn

5. Determine the following limits if they exist:

r
n n
n 6 + 2 · n!
l) lim
n→∞ n!
r r s r
n n n
 n  n
n 6 + 2 · n! n 6 n n n
3 n 3
= +2 = 2 · +1 =2· +1
n! n! n! n!
6n
Note that dominant term is 2n , since lim =0
n→∞ n!
 n  r n
3 3
Here, lim + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 ∈ (0, +∞) =⇒ lim n +1=1
n→∞ n! n→∞ n!
r
6n + 2n · n!
So lim n = 2 · 1 = 2.
n→∞ n!
 n2 · 3n + 22n
m) lim
n→∞ 4n+1 + 2n
 n  n
2 3 3
2 n n n n · +1 n2 · +1
n ·3 +4 4 4 4 0+1 1
= lim = lim n ·  n = lim  n = = ,
n→∞ 4 · 4n + 2n n→∞ 4 2 n→∞ 1 4+0 4
4+ 4+
4 2
 n  n
3 3 1 1
since k := 2, q := ∈ (−1, 1) : lim n2 · = 0, and q := ∈ (−1, 1) : lim =0
4 n→∞ 4 2 n→∞ 2
r
(−5)n + 7n
n) lim
n→∞ 7n+1 + n7
v  n
u 5
− +1
r u r
n n n
(−5) + 7 7 7 0+1 1
u
= lim = u lim n ·  n = =√ ,
u
n
n→∞ 7 · 7 + n 7 tn→∞ 7 1 7+0 7
7 + n7 ·
7
 n  n
5 5 1 7 1
since q := − ∈ (−1, 1) : lim − = 0, and k := 7, q := ∈ (−1, 1) : lim n · =0
7 n→∞ 7 7 n→∞ 7
(−2)n + n
o) lim
n→∞ n! + 3n
 n
1
n 1+n· −
(−2) 2 1+0
= lim · n =0· = 0 · 1 = 0,
n→∞ n! 3 1+0
1+
n!
 n
(−2)n 3n 1 1
since lim = lim = 0, and k := 1, q := − ∈ (−1, 1) : lim n · − =0
n→∞ n! n→∞ n! 2 n→∞ 2