SfPEELPFE a a HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE SEXu, The plants in which the 149 Ri EPRODUCTION IN FLOW: esi ERING PLANTS are called angiosperms, Ay ans are car roduce by ‘sexual reproduce : " 1 reproduce by ‘sexual reproduction’ methog ; f pa reproduction in flowering plant The flowering plants Like human rom hum eings, plants hi nans. The sex : - “a they are different in form Bans (or reproductive organs) of a plant are in its Figure 40,. Flowers; contain thesesual 4A Figure 40, Flowers contain the sexu Figure 4 Arles rns mons and Fgwe 2. Peapod ae ab sexual reproductive ongans inside), These seeds can be sown in the soil to inthe soil to grow new pe Flowersmake fruits which contain seeds. grow more plants. These seeds can produce new plants, flowers. In other words, flowers contain the sexual reproductive organs of a plant (see Figure 40). In most of the plants, the same flower contains the male organ as well as the female organ. In ‘other words, the majority of plants are bisexual having the male and female reproductive organs in the same pl flower). In fact, the reproductive part of higher plants is the flower. ‘The function of a flower is to make male and female gametes and to ensure that fertilisation will take place to make new seeds for the reproduction of plant (see Figures 41 and 42). Sexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in flowering plants. From all this discussion we conclude that flowers are for sexual reproduction in plants. A flowe plants. The sexual Seed eh pn imran eabee piace in the olla wing stops; aaa 't makes both'male and female gametes needed for sexual reproduction in 1. The male organ of flower called ‘stamen’ makes the male gametes (male sex cells) of the plant. These male gametes are present in pollen grains 2. The female organ of a flower called ‘carpel’ makes the Those female gametes ate presenbin ovules, Te female gametes present in ovules are eggs’ the plant. female gametes (female sex cells) of also called ‘ova’, ‘egg cells’ oF ju , a 3, The male gametes present in poll gametes or egg cells present in ovules. The fertilised egg cells grow within ov! 5. The seeds produce new plants on germination (under sui light, etc.). We will now de we will discuss the sex len grains fertilise the female sules and become seeds. table conditions of water, warmth, air and « of a flower including the sexual reproductive organs ‘And then fhe various part eke ants in detail. al reproduction in PINTH CLASS : BIOLOGy SCIENCE FOR TE! ‘The main parts of a flower are : Receptacle, Sepals, Petals, Stamen and Carpel. These main parts of a flower are shown in Figure 43. 1. Receptacle. The base of a flower to which all the parts of a flower are attached is called receptacle (see Figure 43) 2, Sepals. The green, leaf-like parts in the outermost circle of a flower are called sepals (see Figure 43). All the sepals taken together are called ‘ealyx’. The function of sepals (or calyx) is to protect the flower in its initial stages when itis in the form of a bud. 3, Petals. The colourful parts of a flower are called petals (see Figure 43). The petals lie inside the sepals. All the petals taken together are called ‘corolla’, The petals are usually scented. The function of pe and to protect the reproductive organs which are at the centre 4, Stamen. The little stalks with swollen tops just inside the ring of petals in Stamen is the male reproductive organ of the plant (see Figure 44). Stamen produc re3. Diagram to show the parts of flower. tals (or corolla) is to attract insects (for pollination of the flower. a flower are called stamens. es pollen grains. The Poten a — m¥studygear ober pe) Se ] caesen cpa |e ci ae pal =! cat samen oa One nee eis: Female gamete ‘€oo) Figure 45. Capel : Female reproductive organ of 8 Ps (Carpel is also caled PistiD. Figure 44. Stumen : Male reproductive organ of a plant stamen is vids of two parts: filament and an anther (eee Figure 48). The stalk of stamen is called filament nd the swollen top of stamen is called anther. Its actually the anther of astamen which males the pollen. tains and stores them (The pollen grains appear to be yellow, powder-ike substance tous) Pollen | Contain the male gametes (or male sex cells) of the plant. It is clear from this discussion! Hi gametes of a plant are made in the anther of stamen- Another point to be noted is that a a has a number of stamens in it 5. Carpel. In the centre of a flower, there is a flask-shaped organ called carpel, reproductive organ of the plant (see Figure 43). A carpel is made of three parts: Silay (cee Figure 45) The top part of carpe is called stigma, Stigma is for receiving the polle anther of stamen (during, pollination). Stigma is sticky 90 that pollen, can sSceiaaiay carpel is called style. Style is a tube which connects stigma to the ovary. The swolles a carpel is called ovary (eee Figure 45). The ovary makes ovules and stores these GaiaThe flowers which contain only one sex organ, either stamens o carpels, are called unisexual flowers. The flowers of p melon plants are unisextal flowers. On the other hand) the flowers hich contain both the sex organs, stamens as well as carpel, ate called bisexual flowers. The flowers of Hibiscus and mustard plants are b flower A new seed of the plant is formed when the male gamete present in a pollen grain unites with th female gamete present in the ovule. This happens in two steps : poll Li }. Pollination om the anther of stamen should be carried to the stigma of carpel. The transfer of p From the anther ofa stamen tote stigma of carpe is called pollination. Th polit \ \ t £ 4% a x ination. When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower (or anothe flower on the same plant), it is called self-pollination [see Figure 47(a)] oe When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower fon one plant are transferred to the stigma of a flower on eerste — tds oftheir o eknectahelpin are shoddy Another similar plant, is ee ewer falled cross-pollination [see nation by tanserrng pln fromthe i. These ty Figure 47(0)]. Insects help in PStperofove owertothestgma fancier wind to te sigma f0ss-pollination as follows: flower. polinationSCIENCE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOL og, 152 When an insec this flower stick to its body nation (see Figure 49). tr tpother flower and helps in cross pollinatio F 2, Fertilisation ——— sna soap oa body are trate the anther of flower in one plant fo he stigma of lowe, a also carries pollen grains fFOM one flow, nectar, th 4 ait 6A the flower of a plant for SUCLINE & tar, tl sation. Fertilisation occurs when the male til oon the stigma, the next step is ferti pens a ah tre female gamate (orga) present in.oves This happens a, Cr carpal, it bursts open and. rows a pollen ty Ara poll san st present in pollen : ge een goin als om ve stigma of ; ovary [see Figure 50) follows through the style towards the female gamete in the ov [see Figure 50)] Pane? ale gamete ‘moves down the poten be pole be au a 6 ee o om ES Female nd combines with ‘The part of see ne a (cua), CO", ovary : @ © Figure 50, Fertilisation in a flower. Pala A male gamete moves down the pollen tube. The pollen tube enters the ovule in the 18 oe ear a The tip of polen tube bursts open and male gamete comes out of RSE pollen tube. In ovary, the male gamete of pollen combines with the nucleus of female gamete te or egg present in ovule to form a fertilised egg (called zygote) [see Figure 50(b)]. And we say that fertilisation has taken place. oi Formation of Fruits and Seeds The fertilised egg (or zygote) divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ove (@) Wheat Figure develops ough cost around it and is gradually converted into a seed containing the baby plan. Tn fac - alse eggs in the ovules present inthe ovary ofa flower get fertilised by male gametes from pollen se fg70W to become seeds, The ovary of flower develops and becomes a fruit (with seeds inside it. Ti } "Aétive state te, it germi » it germin Plants like it Serminati ‘Apple (atu Pea pod (a fruit Seeds fhe apple) Pops (seeds) 4 (@) An apple isa fut. 1 has ama (@)A pea pod is frit. bas 085 Figure Si. A fruit pea plant inside it other parts of flower like sepals, petals, stamens crn behind. So, atthe place on plant where we had a eds of the plant inside it. Stigma and style dry up and falloff, Only the ¥9 Z lower originally, we now have a fruit (which is the"aa HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE A seed is the reproductive unit ofa plant (which can be used to grow a new plant)-T ) (a) Abean seed (Abe Parts of seed a baby plant (or embryo) and food for the baby plant (see Fi The part of Gevelops into shoot with leaves is called plumule and the part which develops in The part of seed which contains stored food for the baby plant is called cotyledon. The vb com, peas, and beans, are all seeds (see Figure 53). The baby plant present in mY studygear Bee = (@) Wheat seeds (i) Bengal gram seeds (c) Com (or maize) seeds ) Bean seeds nres show seeds of some common food crop plans. All these seeds eam be used to grow new erop plants under suitable conditions These (called dormant state. When the seed gets suitable conditions like water, air and wart wy plant grows out ofthe seed. In this way, the parent plant reproduces more .ds through flowers. NN very dry. In this dry state, the seeds can remain alive but mth, ete;, it inactive state ide id. etc, it germinates and a ne\ plants like itself by forming see Germination of Seeds ‘The seeds obtained from a plant are ust inactive for long periods. They are said to trpins to grow”, When a seed begins to grow, it is sud io Be begin to grow. When Gon of seeds. erminaion begins when the sid bso WOM ells and bursts rat Jh the seo coat, The water hele the enzymes fo function the wed, The enzymes digest the stored through the seed oes Take ft sohble. This soluble food makes ine race ‘and plumule present in the seed to grow. The ger 1 is shown in Figure 54 ‘The radicle of the seed grows first to soil and begins to absorb water and miner the choot ree Figure 54(0)]- The shoot and rook gr0%" further above the ground, it develops green leaves [see Fieve 54(d)). The greet ‘vn food fa the preserice oisamileniams seclio€ S720 gradually ually ‘be dormant, When a seed gets water, air and wa srminate. Thus, the beginning of the growth of nas (8 mination of a bean seed form the root [see Figure 54(2)}. The root pushes down into the orTrom the sol. After this the plumule grows upwards to foun [see Figure 54(c)]. When the shoot comes uP wn eaves of the shoot begin to synthesise and ultimately becomes a new plant.SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS derstand sexual reproduction, we sperms, ova (or eggs) ike male sex, female se nd in sexual reproduction, These are discussed below Our father is a male and our mother is a female. We can also say that our fat smother has female sex. Now, 04 male whereas a woman is femal female sex. Similarly, a boy has a male sex and a girl has a female father is a man and our mother is a woman. This meat Thus, a man is said to have sex, Just like us human being: Even the plants have male and female sexes. As we will leam nds on the type of sex cell present in its body is called male. On the other h gas’) in its body is called female. We will now having mu male sex cells called ‘sperms’ i female sex cell aalled ‘ova’ (or ‘eg wand, an animal having Huctive We cebtoductive cells called ‘sex cll’. These W Say that: The cells involved in “xual reproductive cells (oF $°° The male gamet gether is ova. T eee i O° [cleus 2° FSM Had it has a long their tails. The? ipof their 8 Ieiselear from the < sefemale gametes of fefemale sex cells angle cell called ZY ‘pda female gamete is te multicellular anim: nes of fusion of ga tetilisation For sexual reprodu ‘sion of a male game iisation. Since the led ovum (or ¢; : (or egg), ma zygote during cmatses a new cell ca fee S88) Brows a cigs, gPment (when om baby Sean i the ute identified) weet $8, gh of satis Picture s ™s (greatly188 SCIENCE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOGy Internal and External Fertilisation). TY In We have just studied that the fusion of a sperm with an ovum (or egg) is called fertilisation. Now, the 77% an ‘ovum (or egg cell) is made in the body of the female animal. So, the fertilisation of an egg by @ sperm can UR ecqus take place either inside the body of the female animal or outside its body. This leads to two modes of PUR ive fertilisation in animals : internal fertilisation and external fertilisation means anette h occurs inside the female body is called internal fertilisation. In internal J” Gauviro fertilisation, the female animal's eggs are fertilised by sperms inside her body. In mammals (including chang‘ human beings), birds and reptiles, the fertilisation occurs inside the female body. In other words, internal Fr fertilisation takes place in mammals (including human beings), birds and reptiles. In internal fertilisation, J i46 off the male animal puts his sperms into the female animal’s body. This transfer of sperms from the testes of [7 Taw the male animal into female animal's body occurs at the time of copulation (or mating). Copulation is the variou act by which the male animal transfers his sperms into the female animal's body. During copulation, very} Fonrod large number of sperms are discharged into the female body, These sperms fertilise the eggs inside her body. For example, during copulation a man puts his sperms inside a woman’s body through an organ Why called penis. These sperms then fertilise the egg inside the woman’s body. So, this is a case of internal In fertilisation. The fertilisation which occurs outside the female body is called external fertilisation, In external fertilisation, the female animal's eggs are fertilised by sperms outside its body. In amphibians (like frogs and. toads) and fishes, the fertilisation of eggs occurs outside the female animal's body. In other words, in amphibians (like frogs and toads) and fishes, external fertilisation takes place. In external fertilisation, the male and female animals release their sperms and eggs in water where fertilisation takes place by collisions between sperms and eggs. For example, the males and females of frogs and fishes release their sperms and eggs in water in which they live. The sperms then collide with the eggs and fertilise them outside the body of female frog or fish (see Figure 62). From the above discussion we conclude that there are two different modes of fertilisation in internal fertilisation and external fertilisation. The fertilisation in humans, cats, dogs and birds! examples of internal fertilisation. The fertilisation in frogs and fishes are the examples of external fertilis Figure 62. As the female frog lays eggs in water, the mall releases its sperms. The colisors between sperms and leads to fertilisation, This is an example of external fertil We know that the new cell which is formed by fertilisation is called ‘zygote’. And this Sows and develops into a full organism (or baby animal), The method in which a zygote gro develops into a full organism also varies in different animals. For example, in human bel rows and develops into a baby inside the female body (mother’s body). And then the mother to the baby. Just like humans, the animals like cats and dogs also give birth to their young ones: B Process is entirely different in the animals (like birds) which lay eggs. For example, a hen sits on its fer 888 for a considerable time to give them warmth. During this period, the zygote grows and de = @ complete chick. This chick then comes out of the egg by breaking its shell, It is clear iscussion that all the organisms do not give birth to individuals like humans do, ‘The Advantages of Sexual Reproduction ‘The sexual reproduction has many advantages ov offsprings are almost identical to their parent becau: ‘genetic variation is not possible in asexual reprod fet asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the ise they have the same genes as their parent. So, much luction. This is a disadvantage of asexual reproductiONbecause it inhibits the further evol ‘ the In sexual reproduct fi have genetic variations. In th xual reproduction leads to a greater variety in population nvironment). This is because the ° re always likely to dividuals which ranges than others, a indi ges th uals will survive and reproduce th ass lude that sexual reproduction pr ngs by providing genetic variation, Sexual reproduction plays an origin of pecies to form better and stil Why the Amount of DNA Does Not Get Doubled During Sexual Reproduction sm sexual reproduction, though the genetic material DNA. (in the form of chromosomes) fr fe does not get doubled. This can be ¢ ai follows: The gametes are special type of cells called reproductive cells which contain only half the amount of DNA (or half the number of chromosomes) as compared to the normal body cells of an organism. So, when a male gamete combi ha female gamete during sexual reproduction, then the new cell ‘zygote’ will have the normal am NA (or normal number of chromosomes in it). For example, the human sperm has ote formed will have 23 somes, So, when a sperm and an eg isation, then the zyg 46 chromosomes, which is the normal numbe How Sexual Reproduction in Animals Takes Place Sexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in animals including human beings Sexual reproduction in animals takes place in the following steps male parent produces male gametes (male sex cells) called sperms. The sperm isa small cel ng tail (flagellum) for movement [see Figure 63(2). tes (female sex cells) called ova (ore . female parent produces female gat rer cell than the sperm, havinj f cytoplasm [see Fi n in nature birds are th fertilisation zygote thes . grows am ,s the ZyB0N ives birt! nes. But its fertilise | develops © i. ar from — e um (or egg) by # sperm 0 form a zygote ne vew cell called ‘zygote’ [see meee 4 fuses with it to form a ne Al call ee . ihe oC aa So, the zygote is a fertilised ovum (o = 63(b) and (¢)]. This ProcessSCIENCE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOgy Is (all of which remain together, number of cel 4. The zygote then divides again and again to form a large ee zygote grows and develops to become "I And ultimately zygote g 1 develop ere ee From the above discussion we conclude that the whole process of andiagg vo’ feta a iplgoedl and involves the formation of sperms and eggs; joining together of sperm lex multicellular anim, mn a baby animal. In comp! a then the growth and development of zygote to pepe sperms and eggs; to bring togeths sgote into a baby. We will study ductive system, we should (like human beings) there are special reproductive a s for fertilisation; and for the growth and development of Zy sperms and eg aoe all this in the human reproductive system. Before we describe the human repr know the meaning of the term ‘puberty’. This is discussed below Puberty TT ms sR ape When a child is small, sometimes it becomes difficult to tell from appearance whether it is a boy or a ve the same body shape. A time of rapid growth girl (see Figure 65). This is because small boys and girls and body changes starts in the early teens which makes the boy and the gil appear different and algy behave differently (see Figure 66). These changes start earlier in girls than in boys. We call the time between childhood and adulthood ‘adolescence.’ The production of male and female ‘sex hormones’ in the bodies of boys and girls increases dramatically at this stage and causes a wide-ranging changes in their bodies. The testes (in boys) and ovaries (in girls) make different hormones, so the boys and girls develop in different ways. Ultimately the boys and girls become sexually mature and their reproductive systems start functioning. The age at which the sex hormones (or gametes) begin to be produced and the boy and girl become sexually mature (able to reproduce) is called puberty. Puberty tends to start earlier in females (girls) than in males (boys). Generally boys attain puberty at the age of 13 to 14 years while girls reach puberty at a (a) Girls 2) Boys Figure 64, Girls attain puberty earlier than boys do, BY ‘SepPaatvely lower age of 10 to 12,years. On attaining puberty, the male gonads called testes star p Bale gametes called sperms and the female gonads called ovaries start pradn 1g female gametes ov2 (OF eggs). In addition to producing sex cells (or gametes) male and (eats ies also produce and secrete sex hormones with the onset of puberty male gonads (esos saa sex Wie {sts produce the male sex hormone called testosterone, a ox hormones, oestrogen and progesterone. The sex hormones play ae ocction because they make the reproductive organs to matne age at which the reproductive ind the ovaries produce two an important role in the process and star: functioning. Puberty is the “ty Sexual characteristics develop. ‘organs reach maturity and second the (arlous changes which occur in boys at puberty are : (moustache 1 2°?) between the thighs. Hair also grow on oth The voice dan at £tC) (see Figure 66). Body becomes more ““ePens (or cracks). Chest and shoulders broaden, Hair grow under armpits and in p muscular 1,0! the body like chest and fa6# The nar due to the development of mt penis and testes become larger, The04 Lay 159 Mima), i 3 ei oY oF a ) \k ah sow ¥ —" vee yoy W cies 2 have the Grown up boys an git a es. Th = alike sha ferent) _The various changes which occur in girls at puberty are: Hair grow under armpits and pubic x ico s s the same as in boys). Mammary glands (or breasts) develop and enlarge. The hips bre act < is deposited in various parts of the body like hips and thighs. Fallopian aa e. Ovaries start to release eggs. Menstruation (monthly periods) start. Fe a xd with adulthood begin to develop. All these changes in girls are brought < ten and spoken as ‘estrogen Human Reproductive System 3c Se of reproduction. The organs associated with the process of reproduction vcly. The reproductive systems in human beings become functional (or start functioning) at a Tenaite age ealled puberty. We will now describe the human male reproductive system and female rostrate gland and Pen si ale alled man, so we can also that \ vies ure the oval shaped organs which ie outside th maha bdominal cavit ar Figure 67). A man has two . re ee aia sera tut) Tories art the peimery 37 nv reproductive organs in man (or males). The function tae 7 none med organ in alga) aed ses new / //\ and also to make the male och mone cle stoner GK) Please note that the testes of a man make aire Ses or sperms) from puberty onwards throughout his i a a pouch called sco ar po 1 muscul: he testes are t Sn humans (side view) testes of a man lie in sma system in humans (side eeSCIENCE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOgy nost suitable temp ited tube called epididymis (see Figure 67) Th The : ; nother tube called urethra coming Ibs and ete pal sperm duct) which joins with ce Figure 67). Along the path of vas deferens, the glands called seminal cir secretions to sperms so that the sperms are now in a liquid. This liquid plus the sperms it contains js called semen (which is a thick liquid). The secretions of seminal vesicles and prostrate gland provide ms a COMMON passage for sperms and urine. Urethra carries the sperms to an organ called penis which opens outside the body T ody during mating for th nutrition to the sperms and also make their further transport easier. Urethra f@ ne penis passes the sperms from the man’s body into vagina in the womar purpose of reproduction. Please note that in man (or human male) there is only one opening for the urine ind sperms to pass out of the dy THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The human female reproductive system consists ofthe following organs : Ovaries, Ovicucts (which are also called Fallopian tubes), Uterus, and Vagina, The human female reproductive system is shown is Figure 68. Since the human female is called woman, so we can also say that itis the reproductive system of Ovaries are the oval shaped ongans which are inside the abdominal cavity of a woman near the nde kidneys (see Figure 68), A woman has two alopan te) Li ovaries. Ovaries are the primary reproductive AS ies is to make mature female sex cells (or ey ( Fureel of ra gence) CHET Ure east aS Ne < tee to make the female sex hormones (called NN og composed dace and lia RIS DG Sena ses io bated atten cee ae \ e required for feriisation \ Fron Just above the ovaries are the tubes called d¢ Bi hich are also known as fallopian he oviduets are not directly connected The female reproductive system i8 ‘oovaris but have funnel shaped openings which ae ee st cover the ovaries (see Figure 68). The ovum (or egg cell) released by hrough its funnel-shaped opening, The fertilisation of egg nec orar sea a aa sperm takes place in the oviduet 2 luce connect to a bg like ongan called uterus (or womb) at their other end I ter mas Pee ee aise pe “ed egg) into a baby takes place in Hee ‘ « to the outside ofthe body (ace Figure 68). Vagina receicnn’ °° another tube called Vai avs body. Vagina isa tubular struct. Vagina olay een Penis for putting sperms ini ty, Nagi i a ubul gina is also called ‘birth canal’ boeauge ite Eaeougil Pl Sati ' bor after the completion of development inside te he moth woman (or human female) the opening for paca he uterus of eam SHA ins for passing out urine (called urethra) and the ow 00 ORGANISMS RE that of the mal than the development of th Jn human beings oduced 4 Suiduicts (see Figure ¢ he oviduBIOLOgy HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE formal - matin | tis obvious from the above hat the fer avity, the J than that of the male reprod 1 ley | i _ nthe fe ra that yctive system, lexity in ot * female the development of the baby in the mother's uteru! © 67). The Fertilisation ee ‘i Dada : In human beings, internal fertilisa kes place, Th sanaiider ] man are introduced into the vagina of the wor , ‘ gland add way, millions of sperms are rel th ne ti P We up through cervix into the uterus. F A provide the body ng, for the oviducts (see Figure 69) (which are and. go in shown, 69, Ferilistion in human to form a zygote (fet Fig One ofthe oviducts contains an ovum (or egg cel) released by the ovary during ovulation: Or apes fasts with the ovum (reg) in he oviduct to form a zygote This i calle ertiis the FrSatieation of the ovum (or ega) takes place in the oviduct Development of Embryo —_— SS ST When the ovum (or egg) is fertilised in the oviduct, then a zygote is formed. The zy wall of hur ® it moves down slowly in the oviduct and forms a by mitosis inks into the soft and thick linin, uterus a hollow ball of cells, now called an embryo, ae ded in it (gee Figure 70). The embedding of embryo in the thick lining of the uterus is called implantation. ae yster in the oviduct the oviduct n¥studygear Figure 70. IORGANISMS CE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOGy now oo SCIENCE al (called ute nd = twwgen the uterus is connected to placenta jn A ton adstke special tse develope beteaen : ae th " rough the placenta that a ern other wordy ine pee takes place throy “ iit are mel (rompryo and the mother takes place through trients, oxygen and waste products between the ¢ exchange of nutrie ne the placenta ¢ ” ; ‘ y Sexus ey a is b Z A amature follicles. | Sten ature OVUM (Or eg “ \ he a inks the embryo to the The embryo grows and This baby hs jst Bet Bor smother through umbilical cord. In plea elopsisidetheuters(orwomb) Wecan seein this picture tfattheumiie lose to mother’s of the mother and becomes foetts. cord ig sill attached 10 the baby. Ti i ot joined. Because This pictur shows the sie view of vical eon will be jet ted onto, tof bloed venels re clos weach developing fects 2 fow weeks Some the new boor baby Rear y and_ before bith, mate supplies, ‘The time period from the fertilisation up to the birth of the baby is called gestation The average gestation period in humans (or the average duration of human pregnancy) is BARESE about nine months (or about 38 weeks) During the gestation period, the foetus growsite ne a baby (see Figure 72). Birth begins when the strong muscles in the walle of a eager tar agconttact rhythmically. The rhythmic contraction of uterus muscles gral Fran eaky Cu of the mother's body through vagina. This is how a baby is Boma Us were born from our mother in this way, Differences Between Zygote, Embryo and Foetus 'ed after fertilisation. A zygote develops and becomes comes a foetus. The main differences be — an embryo. And finally, an emi een zygote, embryo and foetus are given Belli 1. A zygote is formed by the fusion An embryo is formed by the z forall dae enae pone | Anabela eT con a on iene = cnt a een, | * centre | 2 ts aa im Se nerd of development (up to. weeks evelenes in the later 8 "te cor of time icra (pt ta, | fe athe ove a 3 Azypoieis asinge ce. tis | 3, An embryo is multicellular, es lining having BEG bE rowing baby in the embryo ne Pody features of devel Vesa and the uterus Ii fre not mach deve | baby (tke hands le Thetls: So the breakir be identified Sy Gav Reed at the breakdow‘ i “OLog, n ee Sexual Cyele in Females : Menstruation wn, her ovaries already contain many thousand of inmat : mature follicles, When a girl reaches the age of puberty, then one fll . ature ovum (or egg), On maturing, the follicle bursts and the ovum (or egg) sh z ‘ovulation takes place on the Mth say of the b is the of 28 days), In human females (or girs), the ovaries start releasing ovum or egg (female jery 28 days from the age of puberty. That is, in girls ovulation star , note that ovulation does not take place every day after puberty. It which is almost once a month ; | ovulation, the inner lining ofthe uterus becomes thick and soft with Iot of blood d gestation J by the ovary gets fertilised by the sperm, then the uterus has to keep 0 ‘ ven below < mid oxygens et, 80 that it may grow int rat and supply it with food a , ' for further develop Py Mt available atthe time of ovulation, then fer ue course of time, If, however: ¢ 0 ar eng) is not fertlsed, so the thick and soft ute (or ot take place. Since the Ov ed, Thus, the unfertilised ovum (or egg) dies wit a food capillaries in it NOL Fed TT nd soft uterus lining contains a tot of blood duces blood alongwith other tiss so breaks down. the ration) © of the vagina in the f ner, thick and bleeding’ (Gee Figure sels, so the breakin} ‘bleed i of the uterus alongwith its blood 1 soft lint ood and other tissues come Om ty that the breakdown and of the innIce FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOgy SCIEN 164 .d menstrual flow oF ccrmeaeaica been EA cot arial, oc ia. ovum (or eg) released by the oF) O14 doesnot ge fered ue | ean to notary ot ane jod of 28 days (to 30 days), 0 itis also Mt are eral fami Menstruation occurs every 28 days bees tion (release OF vill now describe the menstruation (or me Ment age, mercantile prin We wl a -an be reproduced in the al cycle) point-wise which és en) is called menstruation or menst menstru al cycle. This is described ‘The sexual cycle in females (or wom ag 12 years, the sex hormones released into her 1. When a gitl rea 2 years, blood cause some of the ova (or egg cel Usually one mature ovum (or egg) is rele This is called ovulation 3. Before ovulation (or release of ovum), the of tiny blood vessels (or blood capillaries), and prepares i case it gets fertilised by sperm). 1 ie etn or ogg) does not get fertilised (due to non-availability of sperm in the female body) then the thick and soft inner lining of uterus is no longer needed and hence it breaks. So, the thick and soft inner lining of uterus alongwith the blood vessels and the dead ovum (or egg) comes out of joy vagina in the form of a bleeding called menstruation. hes puberty at the age of about 10 to ls) in her ovaries to .ased from the ov become mature (or ripe). lary into the oviduct once every 28 days inner lining of uterus becomes thick and spongy, and full tsa to receive the fertilised ovum or egg (in 5. Menstruation usually occurs 14 days after ovulation and usually lasts for about 3 to 5 days. After menstruation is over, the inner lining of the uterus starts building up again so that it become ready to receive the next ovum (or egg) in case it gets fertilised. 7. Ifthe ovum (or egg) does not get fertilised even now, then menstruation takes place again. This ¢yele of menstruation is repeated again and again in women after every 28 days (till the time ovum gels fertilised). The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones. Menstruation stops temporarily when the ovum (or egg) gets fertilised and the woman gets: This ecause in ths cave the thick and soft ning ofthe uterus containing lot of blood vessels is for the growth and development of the fertilised ovum (or fertilised egg cell) to form a baby. Menstrt restarts after the birth of the baby. ee ae Menarche and Menopause The first menstruation (or menstrual flow) begin en ss truation (or menstrual flow) begins at puberty (when the girl or woman 1) 6RB0 +e bepntig of the npeducve eof gil (or woran) Meters wich il (or woman) becomes capable of having a baby. Mensiraaten ge fa ache age of about 4 o 50 yeas, With the permanent stoppage of meee cnn a wat. bet hiden She becomes infer. The pemanent soppage of menee eon te pe a 's called menopause. Menopause occurs in womer menstruation Oa life Ofa Woman, We and can no longer become pregnant. Menopause is the di lay by day (see Figure 77), Though our countey s ‘get sufficient food f vg h = paredy Stee Cae od for their lange families In the} ee Ml adequate clothing every year itis becoming very difficult for our ae yrovide (or cay very i 8, B00d housing and proper educeti Covent el cages ‘ant for the couples (husbands and wives) who a to every citizen of the county: ie = nol are in the reproductive stage Of TVIX). CoHOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE oF lives to control the size of their families by having fewer children by practising family planning through birth control measures. Family planning enables a couple to decide on the number of children it wants to have and when to have them. If a couple has less number of children, it can provide good food, good clothes, and good education to each child, This will make the parents as well as the children happy. So, a small family is a happy family (see Figure 78). It should be noted that having fewer children also keeps the mother in good health. We should rem nber that to keep the size of our family small by having less of children is in our own interest as well as in the interest of our Nation. The population is increasing ata ‘A smal family isa happy family This is a Family Planning ‘very apidrate, Wecan see crowdsof people Havingjustoneortwokidsisthebestopticn. Centre where people can obtain free everywhere Parents can then provide good food, good advice and contraceptive devices for the clothes and good education to each chikl, various. birth control. measures. Our Goverament has opened such Family Planning Centres throughout the country Family planning can be done by practising birth control measures. Birth control can be done by eventing pregnancy in females (or women). And pregnancy can be prevented by adopting a method or procedure by which sperms produced during copulation between man and his wife can be prevented from meeting the ovum (or egg) and fertilising it. It is possible to prevent fertilisation (and hence prevent pregnancy) because the ovum is available for fertilisation only for a short period. Since frequent pregnancies have a very bad effect on the mother’s health, and also add to our already exploding population, so a number of techniques or methods have been developed to prevent pregnancies in women. We can call them birth control measures, family planning measures or population control measures. These are discussed below. ‘The prevention of pregnancy in women (by preventing fertilisation) is called contraception. And any device or chemical (drug) which prevents pregnancy in woman is called a contraceptive. All the birth ‘control methods can be broadly divided into three categories : 1, Barrier methods, 2. Chemical methods, and 3, Surgical methods. We will now discuss all these methods of contraception (or preventing pregnancies) in women briefly. 1, Barrier Methods 28 ARRIETA IEE jer methods of preventing pregnancy, the physical devices such as condoms and diaphragm oe es ets bya puting te 9 covering onthe pens) Condom ‘alled’ mii’ in Hindi. Diaphragm (or cap) is used by females (by putting it in the vagina to cover the cers), Condom as well as diaphragm prevent the sperms from meeting the ovum (or egg) by ating 3s'8SCIENCE FOR TENTH CLASS : BIOLOg, it s a person ost 166, sen them, An important benefit in the use of condom is that rol eae aimeet torres betwee tted diseases such as gonorrhoea, syphilis and AIDS. No othe Pig, “— sey emt agit esl transite eases sa 2, Chemical Methods == <0 cu ea inthe chemical methods of preventing pregnancy, the females 4 we aus «two types of pills: oral pills and vaginal pills, which are made es ee gfe drugs. The oral pills contain hormones which stop the society of spe from releasing Ovum (or eggs) into the oviduct. Oral pills Nana ovilso called Oral Contraceptives (written in short as OC) (see shoul¢ Figure 0), This a very effective method of preventing pregnancy ioe so long as the pills are taken at the right time. Some women, a however do experience unpleasant side effects on taking oral pills "PTT some women choose Oral Pll w iteud because they change the hormonal balance in the body. So, itis Petar bith. contol. Theol a important that the women on pills have regular check-ups with foniaceptive pills are popular in India by he s their doctor. The vaginal pills contain the chemicals called ame MalaD. @ spermicides which kill the sperms ry 3. Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device (UCD) a (ii) G The use of intrauterine ntraceptive device called Copper-T is also very effective in preventing pregnancy. A Copper-T is placed inside the uterus by a doctor or a trained nurse. The IUCD or Copper-T prevents the implantation of fertilised egg in the uterus. If a woman uses a Copper-T as a method of contraception for avoiding unwanted pregnancies, then Copper-T cannot protect he: from acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (if her partner has such a isease). 4. Surgical Methods _-°:htENEEEEEEEEnEEEEE Surgical methods of birth control are available for males as well as females. In males, a small portion of the sperm duct (or vas deferens) is removed by surgical operation and both the cut ends are ligated (or tied) properly. This prevents the sperms from coming out. The surgical procedure carried out in males is called ‘vasectomy’. In females, a small portion of the oviducts is, Femoved by surgical operation and the cut ends are ligated (or tied). This Prevents the ovum (or egg) from entering into the oviducts. The surgical Procedure carried out in females is called tubectomy. Stop Female Focticide! Surgical operations can also be used for the termination of pregnancies in women particulary after eight weeks of conception. Such surgical termination of pregnancy (or abortion) is allowed by law only in certain circumstances where the doctors decide that continuance of pregnancy can affect the health — or of unborn child gravely. Some people, however, misuse the OF fem Of Surgical termination of pregnancy for ulterior motive to get rid Some an, {0etus (or unborn girl child). In order to have a male child (son), oe tering fe Peele in Our country get the sex of their unborn child Sete aia mem’ ultrasound technique (though it is illegal to do so), and if it is administrative’ Birl child gence, DEY 8et it removed by surgery. This killing of the unborn renowned Of sca 's called female foeticide. Female foet le is reducing the number wonderful "astically in some societies of our country. ae For heathy society, the male-female sex ratio must be maintained a¢ OMro™ SepfenalHOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE 167 almost the same level. Due to reckle: Se isieete in hte nee ae ss female foeticide, the male-female child sex ratio is declining at an Ree ee shatn for the Goipios Hed society. This must be stopped immediately. Female foeticide is a Wepre heures poy ae for it and also for the doctors who perform such surgical abortions Ee cae oie oT Bil child) for eaming some quick money! Let us not forget that our mother daughter ? Remember, daughters a and our wife is also a female. Then why not have a female as our irae peroret ighters are no less than sons. Our Government has already enacted laws to ban prenata re-birth) determination of sex of foetuses. These laws must be enforced strictly to save our society from the grave dangers of female foeticide in the long run. Let us not forget the words of Guru Nanak Dev Ji in praise of wome Nae f women (or females). He said ‘so kyon manda aakhiye, jit jammein raajaan’ (why s condemn women who have given birth to emperors of the world !) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) — Sammmmmm Th ses whi 4 reer po +hich are spread by sexual contact with an infected person are called sexually transmitted meee ). Thus, a healthy person can get STD by making sexual contact with an infected person. Some of the common sexually transmitted diseases are () Gonorrhoea, (ii) Syphilis, and (iff) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Gonorrhoea and syphilis are caused by bacteria. The bacteria which cause these diseases spread through sexual contact with an infected person. The most common symptoms of the these sexually transmitted Figure 82. This is Human Immunodeficiency Virus ci x igure 83. This person is su m {HIV), The white bood eels (WBCS) of a person Pee see ey rio eecaa eeatoge destroy disease-causing bacteria and protect the : tree health of a person. HIV infects white blood cells and espe urn, daca ceaking hit be 0 yealth of ape that it cannot protect itself against even common destroys them gradually. This reduces the immunity ae {or resistance) of the body to fight diseases. Due to this, diseases which are normally quite mild can kill a person with HIV who develops AIDS disease jons. This persoa is just waiting to die. passing of urethral discharge (containing pus) and sores in the is caused by a virus called HIV (Human .m so that the body becomes weak and disease which leads to death. No swer the following diseases are burning sensation at urination, genitals. Gonorrhoea and syphilis are curable diseases. AIDS disease Immunodeficiency Virus). AIDS damages the body’s immune syste cannot protect itself against infection. So, AIDS is a very dangerous definite eure has been found for the AIDS disease so far. We are now in a position to an questions :