POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL
STRUCTURE
(ARCH 20013)
PREPARED BY :
JESECO A. MALOLOS, RCE
Asst. Professorial Lecturer
21 SEPTEMBER 2023 the leaning tower of abu dhabi
also known as capital gate
*Source: thewowstyle.com
“ I want to learn something, not because I have to . . 2
But because I really want to”.
- Yo-Yo Ma Quotes
“M
Milwaukee art museum in Wisconsin
3
The Milwaukee art museum is a landmark structure comprised of three buildings, the War
Memorial center, the Cadahy Gardens and the Quadracci Pavilion. It was ianugurated in 1882 for
the purpose of having an art gallery in Milwaukee; today it has well over 400,000 visitors”.
- Source: flickr.com
“tthe etihad towers in abu dhabi united arab emirates.
This is a complex building with five towers that was
completed in 2011 and built for residential purposes.”.
- Source: freepicturestore.blogspot.com
“n
national bank of kuwait tower is an unconventional
display of structure and design”.
- Source: easybranches.com
“m
marine bay sands casino in Singapore”.
- Source: jebiga.com
6
“tthe guangzhou opera house in
china is an unconventional
architectural structure”.
- Source: 500px.com
“h
heydar aliyev center in baku
azerbaijan zaha hadid’s
expressive STRUCTURAL form”.
- Source: designerhk.com
“rrubik’ s cube museum in
Hungary is an unconventional
monumental structure”.
- Source: gradnja.rs
9
“T
Taiwan towers
express the interest for the need
of greenery in modern cities”.
- Source: evolo.us
10
Learning Outcomes or Course Objectives
o The student will be able to read a text or article about structural technology, identify the key concepts and related
equations, and properly apply the concepts and equations to appropriate structural problems (relevance). The student
will be able to evaluate their own skills, with respect to reading and comprehension of structural concepts, clarity of
written communication, reasonable determination of precision in numerical data, and accuracy of computations.
o The student will be able to read a problem statement, interpret the structural wording in order to identify the concepts
and select equations necessary to solve the problem presented (significance). The student will be able to identify
common steps in solving structural problems regardless of the differences in the structural configuration and loads, and
apply these steps in a clear and structured fashion (logic).
o The student will draw upon existing mathematical and geometrical knowledge to gather information, typically related to
locations and dimensions, provided by representational drawings or models of structural configurations, and to present
information, typically in the form of plots that graph variable values.
o The student will be able to draw representational structural models and diagrams, and express information provided by
the figures in equation form. The student will compare the computational results in a design problem to the requirements
and properly decide if the requirements have been met. The student will take the corrective action to meet the
requirements.
o The student will be able to articulate the physical phenomena, behavior and design criteria which influence structural
space and form. (depth) The student will be able to identify the structural purpose, label, behavior, advantages and
disadvantages, and interaction of various types of structural members and assemblies. (breadth) The student will be
able to identify the configuration, label, behavior, advantages and disadvantages, and interaction of various types of
structural members and assemblies with respect to materials (e.g. reinforced concrete beams or frames).
o The student will interact and participate in group settings to facilitate peer-learning and teaching. In addition, the student
will be able to evaluate the comprehension of concepts, clarity of communication of these concepts or calculations, and
the precision and accuracy of the data used in the computations in the work of their peers. 11
Policies:
o Student should refer to University Handbook
o Assignments
o Quizzes
o Attendance
o Midterm Exam
o Final Exam
o Learning Materials
12
Course Outline:
13
Module 1
REVIEW OF PREREQUISITES
Behaviour and Design of Structures
o Physics – Engineering Mechanics Statics
o Strength of Materials
o Theory of Structures
o Steel and Timber Design
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Structures - something made up of interdependent parts in a definite pattern of
organization.
Structural Design - assessing and meeting structural requirements of parts and
the whole.
Architectural Structure - is a man-made construction simultaneously that
responds to engineering requirements and aesthetic
considerations.
Statics – Physics of forces and reactions on bodies and system.
Deals with the equilibrium of bodies, that is, those that are either at
rest or move with a constant velocity.
Statics developed very early in history because its principles can be
formulated simply from measurements of geometry and force. For
example, the writings of Archimedes (287–212 B.C. ) deal with the
principle of the lever. Studies of the pulley, inclined plane, and
wrench are also recorded in ancient writings—at times when the
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requirements for engineering were limited primarily to building
construction.
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Unit of Measurements:
o Length is used to locate the position of a point in meter, ft, inch
space and thereby describe the size of a physical
system.
o Mass is a measure of a quantity of matter that is kg, pounds
used to compare the action of one body with that of
another. This property manifests itself as a
gravitational attraction between two bodies and
provides a measure of the resistance of matter to a
change in velocity.
o Force is considered as a “push” or “pull” exerted by newton,
one body on another. This interaction can occur when
there is direct contact between the bodies, such as a
person pushing on a wall, or it can occur through a
distance when the bodies are physically separated.
o Concentrated Force. Represents the effect of a
loading which is assumed to act at a point on a body.
We can represent a load by a concentrated force,
provided the area over which the load is applied is
very small compared to the overall size of the body. 16
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Cont.. unit of Measurements
o Pressure. The pressure load value (P) is defined in units N/m²
of force per unit of surface area, thus the total applied
force depends on the total area of the face or surface.
Pascal. Is the unit of pressure or stress.
Specifically, a pascal measures the pressure Pa
applied by 1 N of force applied on an area of 1
m² at a right angle.
o Stress. The force across a
small boundary per unit area
of that boundary, the internal
forces that neighbouring
particle of a continuous
material exert on each other.
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Cont.. unit of Measurements
N
o Gravitational Force. The pull of a particle or rigid bodies towards
the center of the earth with a force proportional to the mass of the N/m
object. N/m²
o Magnitude of Forces. The number that represents the strength of N/m³
the force.
o Direction of Forces. Refers to the path or direction along which a North, east, south,
force is applied acting along specific line or acting in a specific west, angle, slope, X
direction. and Y-coordinate
o Moment of Forces. A measure of its tendency to cause the
object to rotate about a specific point or axis, and is the N-m
product of the force and its distance from the point or axis.
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Cont.. unit of Measurements
N
o Equilibrium. When all forces or moments acting upon it are
N/m
balanced. This means that each and every force acting upon a body,
or part of the body, is resisted by either another equal and opposite N/m²
force or set of forces whose net result is zero. N/m³
N-m
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
o Equilibrium.
Is it?
20
the leaning tower of abu dhabi
also known as capital gate
*Source: thewowstyle.com
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
o Load.
N
applied externally, or an inherent part of the structure itself (self-
weight). N/m
is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. N/m²
A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. N/m³
Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of
loads on structures and structural elements.
Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered
and controlled during the design of a structure.
Types of loads
• Dead loads
• Live loads
• Dynamic loads (e.g., trains, equipment)
• Wind loads
• Earthquake loads
• Thermal loads 21
• Settlement loads
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
Dead Loads
• weight of the structure itself
-floors, beams, roofs, decks, beams/stringers, superstructure
• loads that are “not moving”
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
Live Loads
• People, furniture, equipment
• Loads that may move or change mass or weight
• Minimum design loadings are usually specified in the building
code
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
Dynamic Loads Earthquake Loads
• Moving loads (e.g. traffic) • Structure loaded when base is shaken
• Impact loads • Response of structure is dependent on the
• Gusts of wind frequency of motion
• When frequencies match with natural frequency
of structure - resonance
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
What are the common causes of Swimming Pool’s
Architectural and Structural Failures?
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https://buildblock.com/insulating-concrete-forms-icf-swimming-pools-
getting-the-most-splash-for-your-cash/
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
Structural Supports
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
cont…. Structural Supports
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Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
cont…. Structural Supports
29
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
cont…. Structural Supports
30
Behaviour and Design of Structures
Mechanics of Materials and Theory of Structures
cont…. Structural Supports
upports
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OTHER REFERENCES
i. Wikipedia
ii. https://www.arch2o.com
iii. Engineering Mechanics, R. C. HIBBELER
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