1 DATA
The relevant data is required from site survey, geotech investigations and field observations for
detailed design
2 DESIGN PREOCEDURE
Structural analysis and design is done as per the recommendation of relevant Indian Road Congress
(IRC) codes and IS codes. If Indian codes are not available, international codes or specialist literature
is referred. List of all references is given separately
a) Aim of Design-
The bridge, as a complete structural system and its structural elements should perform their
functions adequately and safely, with appropriate degrees of reliability during design life and
during construction. It should withstand all actions, consisting of applied and induced loads as
well as environmental influences liable to occur, retaining its structural integrity, and also
withstand all permanent, live ,wind ,earthquake and accidental loads without causing damage.
The design will be done as per Limit state design philosophy as recommended by codes
b) Limit States–
Two types of limit states are considered
1) Ultimate limit state of strength
2) Serviceability limit state –these limit states will include crack control, deformation,
vibration, fatigue
c) Analytical Methods to Evaluate Behaviour of Structures –
3-D model will be generated as per the initial assumed sizes of the components of the structure.
Loads that are expected and as specified will be applied. The response of the structure to
various load combination will be ascertained. All components will be proportioned for resisting
the worst combination of loads
d) Durability Aspects
e) Material Properties and their Design Values
Untensioned Steel Reinforcement
Prestressing Steel
Concrete
f) Structural Effects of Time-Dependent Properties of Concrete-
Since the structure is expected to experience the live loads immediately after completion of the
construction, time dependant increase of strength of concrete is not taken into account.
Allowances for creep will be provided for in the design. Fatigue effect requirements will be
complied with as per requirement of the codes
g) Prestressed Members and Structures
Prestressed members will be designed considering the transfer stage and service stage.
h) End Block Design and Detailing
End block design will be done as per the consideration of compression stress block with proper
detailing as per the requirement of the codes
i) Retaining Walls
Retaining wall will be designed to resist the earth pressure condition to which it is expected to
be subjected. Live load surcharge effect, if any, will be considered
3 LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES
The loads, forces and stresses to be considered in designing road bridges andculverts are :
1) Dead Load-following unit wt will be considered RCC-25 kN/m3 soil-18 kN/m3
water-10kN/m3.steel 78.5 kN/m3All loads will be considered as per IS 875
2) Live Load –IRC class 70R and class A loading will be considered. The load generating worst
effect will be taken for design
3) Snow Load-All the culverts and bridges are in non snow region hence this load is not
applicable.
4) Impact factor on vehicular live load.
5) Impact due to floating bodies orvessels as the case may be –the piers are in the lake in which
vessels and floating bodies are not expected hence non applicable
6) Vehicle collision load-there is no road across the pier so collision possibility of vehicle to pier
is not predicted hence not applicable.
7) Wind load –Wind speed of 33m/s will be considered.
8) Water current –The piers are not expected in flow win water hence this load is not applicable
9) Longitudinal forces caused by tractiveeffort of vehicles or by braking of vehiclesand/or those
caused by restraint of movementof free bearings by friction or deformation
10) Centrifugal force –Straight alignment hence not applicable
11) Buoyancy –Buoyancy check is done
12) Earth pressure including live loadSurcharge-1.2 m ht of soil considered as surcharge
13) Temperature effects –The max-min temperature differential of Bangalore city is -------. The
design has suitably been provided.
14) Deformation effects –Since the spans are not very large thses effects are not considered
15) Secondary effects -Since the spans are not very large thses effects are not considered
16) Erection effects –The structure is RCC/PSC the erection effects are not major consideration
17) Seismic force –
18) Wave pressure the structure is not in the sea related water hence the wave effect is not
applicable.
19) Grade effect –The bridges are mostly on flat grade hence the grade effect is not considered
4 LOAD COMBINATIONS
All members will be designed to sustain safely most critical combination of variousloads, forces and
stresses that can co-exist and all calculations will tabulate distinctlythe various combinations of the
above loads and stresses covered by the design.
Combination of Loads and Forces and Permissible Increase in Stresses will be considered as per
IRC6
5 MATERIALS
Concrete–M 40 grade of concrete is proposed for the structures. M 30 grade of concrete will be used
for piles and and M35 for pile cap.
Untensioned Steel-Fe 500 reinforcement is proposed to be used
Prestressing Steel-HT strands of grade 270 are proposed
CABLES
Cables are the fundamental elements in cable-supported structures. Cables are usually made of high
tensile strength steel wires having a diameter ranging from 3 to7mm.
The general characteristics of the steel used]:
" Yield strength: 1180 MPA "
Tensile strength: 1570 MPA "
Strain at breaking: 4% "
Modulus of elasticity: 205 GPA "
Chemical composition: 0.8% C, 0.2% Si, 0.6% Mn, 0.05% Cu, 0.05% Ni, 0.05% Cr, 0.03% P, 0.02%
S.
This steel has a much higher yield stress and tensile strength than normal steel used in construction
(about five times and four times higher values respectively), but a much lower ductility. Due to its
high carbon content, this steel cannot be welded
The factors that affect cable integrity are the external physical damage, corrosion and fretting. Special
precaution and prevention should be taken to protect the cable structure against each of these factors
6 FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURE
Foundation- Pile foundations are proposed for heavy loaded piers
Abutment- Abutments will be designed for maximum vertical load as per analysis and earth pressure
condition as per the construction stage and surcharge loads as applicable. Piles will be provided with
pile cap for supporting the abutment.
Pier -Piers will be designed for max vertical and horizontal loads expected as per the load
combinations
Superstructure- Prestressed concrete solid slab in grade M 40 are proposed
Dirt Walls and Return Walls - Dirt walls are provided on the abutment to separate the main span of
bridge and approach slab resting on filled up approaches. Return walls are provided to retain the
embankment filling
Pedestals below Bearing –Pedestals are proposed from pier/abutment cap to bearings for height
adjustment as per site requirements
Bearing –Neoprene bearings are proposed
7 CODES
1. IS: 1893 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”, Fourth Revision.
2. IRC: 78- 2014“Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges”, Section VII,
Foundation and Substructure.
3. IRC: 21-2000 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges”, Section III.
4. IRC: 6-2016 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges”, Section II.
5. IRC SP 105-2015-explainatory handbook to IRC 112-2011
6. IRC-112-2011 code of practice for concrete road bridges
8 DESIGN CONCEPT IMAGES
1 bridge with hangers
2 Basket handle bridge
3 Cylindrical truss bridge
4 Shallow suspension bridge
5 Tied arch bridge
6 Suspension bridge
