ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF NURSING SCIENCES

LECTURER: PROFESSOR OKOLIE

TOPIC: CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR: A
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES.

 EXPLAIN HOW CULTURAL BELIEFS, TRADITIONS AND VALUES

INFLUENCE HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR
 COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE UTILIZATION OF TRADITIONAL
HEALING PRACTICES WITH MODERN HEALTHCARE SERVICES, AND
ACCESS THE IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH OUTCOME IN DIFFERENT
CULTURAL CONTEXT

NAME UGWU FAVOUR CHINECHEREM

REGISTRATION NUMBER 2020030195821

LEVEL 400 LEVEL

COURSE TITLE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

COURSE CODE NSC 453

COURSE OUTLINE

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Cultural Influence on Health Seeking Behaviour: A Comparative Study of Traditional
and Modern Approaches

1. Introduction to Cultural Influence on Health Seeking Behaviour

 Definition and importance of cultural influence on health seeking
behaviour
 Overview of traditional and modern approaches to health seeking
behaviour

2. Cultural Beliefs and Practices

 Traditional beliefs and practices related to health and illness
 Modern beliefs and practices related to health and illness
 Comparison of traditional and modern beliefs and practices

3. Access to Healthcare
 Traditional healthcare systems and access to healthcare
 Modern healthcare systems and access to healthcare
 Comparison of access to healthcare in traditional and modern systems

4. Stigma and Discrimination

 Stigma and discrimination in traditional healthcare systems
 Stigma and discrimination in modern healthcare systems
 Comparison of stigma and discrimination in traditional and modern
systems

5. Socioeconomic Factors
 Socioeconomic factors influencing health seeking behaviour in traditional
societies
 Socioeconomic factors influencing health seeking behaviour in modern
societies
 Comparison of socioeconomic factors in traditional and modern societies

6. Cultural Norms and Values

 Cultural norms and values related to health and illness in traditional
societies
 Cultural norms and values related to health and illness in modern
societies
 Comparison of cultural norms and values in traditional and modern
societies

7. Globalization and Westernization

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  Impact of globalization and westernization on traditional healthcare
systems
 Impact of globalization and westernization on modern healthcare systems
 Comparison of the impact of globalization and westernization on
traditional and modern systems

8. Case Studies and Applications

 Real-life examples of cultural influence on health seeking behaviour

9. Research Methods in Cultural Influence on Health Seeking Behaviour

 Qualitative and quantitative research methods
 Data collection and analysis
 Ethical considerations

10. Future Directions in Cultural Influence on Health Seeking Behaviour

 Emerging trends and issues
 Implications for healthcare practice and policy

INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH SEEKING

BEHAVIOUR
DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH
SEEKING BEHAVIOUR
Cultural influence on health seeking behaviour refers to the impact of cultural beliefs, values,
norms, and practices on the decisions individuals make regarding their health and healthcare.
It encompasses the ways in which culture shapes perceptions of health and illness, influences
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the types of healthcare sought, and affects the interactions between patients and healthcare
providers.

The importance of cultural influence on health seeking behaviour lies in its significant impact
on healthcare outcomes and the provision of culturally competent care. Cultural beliefs and
practices can influence when and how individuals seek healthcare, the types of treatments
they prefer, and their adherence to medical advice. Understanding cultural influences is
crucial for healthcare providers to effectively communicate with patients, provide appropriate
care, and address cultural barriers to healthcare access and utilization.

Cultural competence in healthcare involves recognizing and respecting cultural differences,

understanding how culture influences health beliefs and behaviours, and adapting healthcare
practices to meet the needs of diverse populations. By acknowledging and addressing cultural
influences on health seeking behaviour, healthcare providers can improve patient satisfaction,
increase treatment adherence, and ultimately enhance healthcare outcomes.

OVERVIEW OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES TO HEALTH

SEEKING BEHAVIOR
1. Traditional Approaches:
 Beliefs and Practices: Traditional approaches to health often involve beliefs
and practices that have been passed down through generations. These can
include herbal remedies, rituals, and spiritual practices.
 Healers: Traditional healers, such as herbalists, shamans, or spiritual leaders,
may play a central role in providing healthcare in traditional societies.
 Treatment Methods: Traditional treatments may include the use of natural
remedies, such as herbs or plants, as well as rituals or ceremonies aimed at
healing the body and mind.
 Cultural Context: Traditional approaches are often deeply rooted in the
cultural context of a society and may be influenced by religious or spiritual
beliefs.

2. Modern Approaches:
 Beliefs and Practices: Modern approaches to health are often based on
scientific evidence and medical interventions. They may involve the use of
pharmaceuticals, surgical procedures, and other medical technologies.
 Healthcare Providers: Modern healthcare is typically provided by trained
medical professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and specialists, who follow
standardized medical practices.

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  Treatment Methods: Modern treatments are often aimed at addressing the
underlying causes of illness and disease through medical interventions, such as
medications, surgeries, or therapies.
 Cultural Context: Modern approaches to health are influenced by scientific
knowledge and may be less rooted in cultural or spiritual beliefs.

CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES RELATED TO HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
Traditional beliefs and practices related to health and illness vary widely across cultures and
societies. Here are some common examples:
1. Herbal Remedies: Many traditional cultures use herbs and plants for medicinal
purposes. These remedies may be ingested, applied topically, or used in rituals.
2. Rituals and Ceremonies: Traditional cultures often have rituals and ceremonies
related to health and illness. These may involve prayers, offerings, or other symbolic
actions.
3. Spiritual Healing: In many traditional cultures, illness is seen as a spiritual or
supernatural phenomenon. Spiritual healers, such as shamans or priests, may be
consulted for healing.
4. Diet and Nutrition: Traditional cultures often have specific dietary practices related
to health and illness. For example, certain foods may be considered healing or
harmful.
5. Massage and Bodywork: Traditional cultures often use massage and bodywork
techniques for healing. These may include techniques such as acupuncture,
acupressure, or reflexology.
6. Mental Health: Traditional cultures often have beliefs and practices related to mental
health. For example, mental illness may be seen as a result of spiritual imbalance or
possession.
7. Community Support: Traditional cultures often have strong community support
systems for health and illness. This may include support from family, friends, or
community leaders.

MODERN BELIEFS AND PRACTICES RELATED TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Modern beliefs and practices related to health and illness are often based on scientific
evidence and medical interventions. Here are some common examples:
1. Biomedical Model: The biomedical model of health and illness is based on the idea
that health is the absence of disease and illness is caused by biological factors, such as
pathogens or genetic predispositions.

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 2. Medical Interventions: Modern medicine relies on a range of medical interventions,
including medications, surgeries, and therapies, to treat illness and disease.
3. Preventive Care: Modern medicine emphasizes preventive care, such as
vaccinations, screenings, and lifestyle changes, to prevent illness and promote health.
4. Evidence-Based Practice: Modern medicine is based on evidence-based practice,
which involves using the best available evidence to guide clinical decision-making.
5. Patient-Centred Care: Modern medicine emphasizes patient-centred care, which
involves considering the patient’s preferences, values, and beliefs when making
healthcare decisions.
6. Healthcare Providers: Modern healthcare is typically provided by trained medical
professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and specialists, who follow standardized
medical practices.
7. Technology: Modern medicine relies on advanced medical technologies, such as
imaging, diagnostic tests, and medical devices, to diagnose and treat illness.

COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

Traditional and modern beliefs and practices related to health and illness differ in several key
ways:
1. Nature of Illness:
 Traditional: Illness is often seen as a result of spiritual or supernatural forces,
and healing may involve rituals, prayers, or offerings.
 Modern: Illness is typically seen as a result of biological factors, such as
pathogens or genetic predispositions, and healing involves medical
interventions, such as medications or surgeries.

2. Treatment Methods:
 Traditional: Treatment often involves natural remedies, such as herbs or
plants, as well as rituals or ceremonies aimed at healing the body and mind.
 Modern: Treatment is often aimed at addressing the underlying causes of
illness and disease through medical interventions, such as medications,
surgeries, or therapies.

3. Healthcare Providers:
 Traditional: Healthcare may be provided by traditional healers, such as
herbalists, shamans, or spiritual leaders, who follow cultural or spiritual
practices.
 Modern: Healthcare is typically provided by trained medical professionals,
such as doctors, nurses, and specialists, who follow standardized medical
practices.

4. Cultural Context:

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  Traditional: Traditional beliefs and practices related to health and illness are
often deeply rooted in the cultural context of a society and may be influenced
by religious or spiritual beliefs.
 Modern: Modern beliefs and practices related to health and illness are
influenced by scientific knowledge and may be less rooted in cultural or
spiritual beliefs.

5. Access to Healthcare:
 Traditional: Access to healthcare may be limited, particularly in rural or
remote areas, and may be influenced by cultural or social factors.
 Modern: Access to healthcare is typically more widely available, particularly
in urban areas, and is based on medical need rather than cultural or social
factors.

6. Globalization and Westernization:

 Traditional: Traditional approaches to health and illness may be influenced
by globalization and westernization, leading to a desire to adopt modern
approaches.
 Modern: Modern approaches to health and illness may be influenced by
globalization and westernization, leading to a growing interest in traditional
approaches.

ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
TRADITIONAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AND ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
Access to traditional healthcare systems can be influenced by a variety of factors:
1. Geographical Location: In many cases, traditional healthcare systems are more
accessible in rural or remote areas where modern healthcare facilities may be scarce
or non-existent. This is because traditional healers often live within or near the
communities they serve.

2. Cultural Acceptance: In communities where traditional medicine is widely accepted

and valued, access to traditional healthcare may be easier. Conversely, in communities
where traditional medicine is stigmatized or marginalized, access may be more
difficult.

3. Economic Factors: The cost of traditional healthcare can vary widely depending on
the region and the specific practices involved. In some cases, traditional healthcare
may be more affordable than modern healthcare, making it more accessible to certain
populations.

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 4. Legal and Regulatory Environment: In some countries, traditional healers are
recognized and regulated by the government, which can affect their ability to practice
and the level of access to their services. In other countries, traditional healers may
operate outside of formal regulatory frameworks.

5. Social and Cultural Factors: Access to traditional healthcare can also be influenced
by social and cultural factors, such as gender, age, and social status. For example, in
some cultures, certain traditional healing practices may be reserved for specific
genders or age groups.

6. Integration with Modern Healthcare: In some cases, traditional healthcare systems

are integrated with modern healthcare systems, allowing patients to access both types
of care. This can improve access to traditional healthcare for certain populations.

MODERN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS AND ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE

Access to modern healthcare systems can be influenced by a variety of factors:
1. Geographical Location: In many countries, access to modern healthcare is more
readily available in urban areas, where hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare
facilities are concentrated. Rural or remote areas may have limited access to modern
healthcare services.

2. Economic Factors: The cost of modern healthcare can vary widely depending on the
region and the specific services required. In some countries, modern healthcare is
publicly funded and provided free of charge or at a subsidized cost to residents. In
other countries, individuals may be required to pay out-of-pocket for healthcare
services, which can be a barrier to access for certain populations.

3. Health Insurance: In many countries, access to modern healthcare is facilitated by

health insurance coverage. Health insurance can help individuals afford the cost of
healthcare services and may provide access to a wider range of healthcare providers
and services.

4. Legal and Regulatory Environment: In many countries, modern healthcare is

regulated by the government to ensure the safety and quality of healthcare services.
This can affect access to healthcare by influencing the availability of healthcare
providers and services, as well as the cost of healthcare.

5. Social and Cultural Factors: Access to modern healthcare can also be influenced by
social and cultural factors, such as gender, age, and social status. For example, in
some cultures, certain healthcare services may be stigmatized or marginalized,
making it more difficult for individuals to access them.

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 6. Integration with Traditional Healthcare: In some cases, modern healthcare systems
are integrated with traditional healthcare systems, allowing patients to access both
types of care. This can improve access to modern healthcare for certain populations.

COMPARISON OF ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN

SYSTEMS
Access to healthcare in traditional and modern systems can differ significantly due to various
factors:
1. Geographical Location:
 Traditional: Traditional healthcare systems are often more accessible in rural
or remote areas where modern healthcare facilities may be scarce or non-
existent. This is because traditional healers often live within or near the
communities they serve.
 Modern: Modern healthcare systems are typically more accessible in urban
areas where hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities are concentrated.
Rural or remote areas may have limited access to modern healthcare services.
2. Cultural Acceptance:
 Traditional: In communities where traditional medicine is widely accepted
and valued, access to traditional healthcare may be easier. Conversely, in
communities where traditional medicine is stigmatized or marginalized, access
may be more difficult.
 Modern: In communities where modern medicine is widely accepted and
valued, access to modern healthcare may be easier. Conversely, in
communities where modern medicine is stigmatized or marginalized, access
may be more difficult.
3. Economic Factors:
 Traditional: The cost of traditional healthcare can vary widely depending on
the region and the specific practices involved. In some cases, traditional
healthcare may be more affordable than modern healthcare, making it more
accessible to certain populations.
 Modern: The cost of modern healthcare can vary widely depending on the
region and the specific services required. In some countries, modern
healthcare is publicly funded and provided free of charge or at a subsidized
cost to residents. In other countries, individuals may be required to pay out-of-
pocket for healthcare services, which can be a barrier to access for certain
populations.
4. Legal and Regulatory Environment:
 Traditional: In some countries, traditional healers are recognized and
regulated by the government, which can affect their ability to practice and the
level of access to their services. In other countries, traditional healers may
operate outside of formal regulatory frameworks.

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  Modern: In many countries, modern healthcare is regulated by the
government to ensure the safety and quality of healthcare services. This can
affect access to healthcare by influencing the availability of healthcare
providers and services, as well as the cost of healthcare.
5. Social and Cultural Factors:

 Traditional: Access to traditional healthcare can be influenced by social and

cultural factors, such as gender, age, and social status. For example, in some
cultures, certain traditional healing practices may be reserved for specific
genders or age groups.
 Modern: Access to modern healthcare can also be influenced by social and
cultural factors, such as gender, age, and social status. For example, in some
cultures, certain healthcare services may be stigmatized or marginalized,
making it more difficult for individuals to access them.
6. Integration with Other Healthcare Systems:
 Traditional: In some cases, traditional healthcare systems are integrated with
modern healthcare systems, allowing patients to access both types of care.
This can improve access to traditional healthcare for certain populations.
 Modern: In some cases, modern healthcare systems are integrated with
traditional healthcare systems, allowing patients to access both types of care.
This can improve access to modern healthcare for certain populations.

STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION

STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION IN TRADITIONAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
Stigma and discrimination can be present in traditional healthcare systems, just as they can be
in modern healthcare systems. Here are some ways in which stigma and discrimination can
manifest in traditional healthcare systems:
1. Stigmatization of Certain Health Conditions: In some traditional societies, certain
health conditions may be stigmatized or seen as a sign of moral failing or punishment.
For example, mental health issues may be stigmatized, leading people to avoid
seeking treatment.
2. Discrimination Based on Social Status: In some traditional societies, access to
healthcare may be influenced by social status. For example, certain traditional healing
practices may be reserved for specific social groups, while others may be excluded.
3. Gender Discrimination: In some traditional societies, gender discrimination may
affect access to healthcare. For example, certain traditional healing practices may be
reserved for men or women, or women may be excluded from certain healthcare
services.
4. Cultural and Religious Discrimination: In some traditional societies, access to
healthcare may be influenced by cultural or religious factors. For example, certain

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 traditional healing practices may be reserved for members of specific cultural or
religious groups.
5. Stigmatization of Certain Treatments: In some traditional societies, certain medical
treatments may be stigmatized or seen as harmful. For example, surgery or medication
may be stigmatized, leading people to avoid seeking these treatments.
6. Lack of Access to Healthcare: In many traditional societies, access to healthcare
may be limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a form
of discrimination, as it may disproportionately affect certain populations.

STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION IN MODERN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS

Stigma and discrimination can manifest in modern healthcare systems in various ways:
1. Stigmatization of Certain Health Conditions: In modern healthcare systems, certain
health conditions may be stigmatized or seen as a sign of moral failing or punishment.
For example, mental health issues may be stigmatized, leading people to avoid
seeking treatment.
2. Discrimination Based on Social Status: In modern healthcare systems, access to
healthcare may be influenced by social status. For example, certain medical
treatments may be more readily available to those with higher socioeconomic status,
while others may be excluded.
3. Gender Discrimination: In modern healthcare systems, gender discrimination may
affect access to healthcare. For example, certain medical treatments may be more
readily available to men or women, or women may be excluded from certain
healthcare services.
4. Cultural and Religious Discrimination: In modern healthcare systems, access to
healthcare may be influenced by cultural or religious factors. For example, certain
medical treatments may be more readily available to members of specific cultural or
religious groups.
5. Stigmatization of Certain Treatments: In modern healthcare systems, certain
medical treatments may be stigmatized or seen as harmful. For example, surgery or
medication may be stigmatized, leading people to avoid seeking these treatments.
6. Lack of Access to Healthcare: In many modern healthcare systems, access to
healthcare may be limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access
can be a form of discrimination, as it may disproportionately affect certain
populations.

COMPARISON OF STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION IN TRADITIONAL AND

MODERN SYSTEMS
Stigma and discrimination can manifest in both traditional and modern healthcare systems,
but they may differ in their nature and impact:
1. Nature of Stigmatization:

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  Traditional: Stigmatization in traditional systems may be rooted in cultural or
spiritual beliefs. For example, certain health conditions may be seen as a result
of supernatural forces or divine punishment.
 Modern: Stigmatization in modern systems may be rooted in scientific or
medical beliefs. For example, certain health conditions may be stigmatized
due to misconceptions or lack of understanding.
2. Impact of Stigmatization:
 Traditional: Stigmatization in traditional systems may have a significant
impact on individuals’ willingness to seek healthcare. For example, fear of
being stigmatized may lead individuals to avoid seeking treatment for certain
health conditions.
 Modern: Stigmatization in modern systems may also have a significant
impact on individuals’ willingness to seek healthcare. For example, fear of
being stigmatized may lead individuals to avoid seeking treatment for mental
health issues.
3. Nature of Discrimination:
 Traditional: Discrimination in traditional systems may be based on cultural or
social factors. For example, certain healthcare practices may be reserved for
specific social groups, while others may be excluded.
 Modern: Discrimination in modern systems may also be based on cultural or
social factors. For example, certain healthcare services may be more readily
available to those with higher socioeconomic status, while others may be
excluded.
4. Impact of Discrimination:
 Traditional: Discrimination in traditional systems may have a significant
impact on individuals’ access to healthcare. For example, certain social groups
may be excluded from accessing certain healthcare services.
 Modern: Discrimination in modern systems may also have a significant
impact on individuals’ access to healthcare. For example, certain social groups
may be excluded from accessing certain healthcare services.

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR
IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES
Socioeconomic factors can significantly influence health seeking behaviour in traditional
societies. Here are some ways in which socioeconomic factors can impact health seeking
behaviour:
1. Access to Healthcare: In many traditional societies, access to healthcare may be
limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a barrier to
seeking healthcare, as individuals may have to travel long distances or face other
obstacles to access healthcare services.

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 2. Cost of Healthcare: In many traditional societies, healthcare services may be
expensive or unaffordable for certain populations. This can be a barrier to seeking
healthcare, as individuals may be unable to afford the cost of healthcare services.

3. Education: In many traditional societies, access to education may be limited,

particularly for women and girls. This lack of education can impact health seeking
behaviour, as individuals may be less likely to seek healthcare if they are not aware of
the importance of healthcare or the availability of healthcare services.

4. Social Status: In many traditional societies, social status can impact access to
healthcare. For example, certain healthcare services may be more readily available to
those with higher social status, while others may be excluded.

5. Cultural and Religious Factors: In many traditional societies, cultural and religious
factors can impact health seeking behaviour. For example, certain healthcare practices
may be reserved for specific cultural or religious groups, while others may be
excluded.

SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR

IN MODERN SOCIETIES
Here are some ways in which socioeconomic factors can impact health seeking behaviour:
1. Access to Healthcare: In many modern societies, access to healthcare may be
limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a barrier to
seeking healthcare, as individuals may have to travel long distances or face other
obstacles to access healthcare services.
2. Cost of Healthcare: In many modern societies, healthcare services may be expensive
or unaffordable for certain populations. This can be a barrier to seeking healthcare, as
individuals may be unable to afford the cost of healthcare services.
3. Education: In many modern societies, access to education may be limited,
particularly for women and girls. This lack of education can impact health seeking
behaviour, as individuals may be less likely to seek healthcare if they are not aware of
the importance of healthcare or the availability of healthcare services.
4. Social Status: In many modern societies, social status can impact access to
healthcare. For example, certain healthcare services may be more readily available to
those with higher social status, while others may be excluded.
5. Cultural and Religious Factors: In many modern societies, cultural and religious
factors can impact health seeking behaviour. For example, certain healthcare practices
may be reserved for specific cultural or religious groups, while others may be
excluded.

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COMPARISON OF SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS IN TRADITIONAL AND
MODERN SOCIETIES
Socioeconomic factors can significantly influence health seeking behaviour in both
traditional and modern societies. Here are some ways in which socioeconomic factors can
impact health seeking behaviour in traditional and modern societies:
1. Access to Healthcare:
 Traditional: In many traditional societies, access to healthcare may be
limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a
barrier to seeking healthcare, as individuals may have to travel long distances
or face other obstacles to access healthcare services.
 Modern: In many modern societies, access to healthcare may also be limited,
particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a barrier to
seeking healthcare, as individuals may have to travel long distances or face
other obstacles to access healthcare services.
2. Cost of Healthcare:
 Traditional: In many traditional societies, healthcare services may be
expensive or unaffordable for certain populations. This can be a barrier to
seeking healthcare, as individuals may be unable to afford the cost of
healthcare services.
 Modern: In many modern societies, healthcare services may also be
expensive or unaffordable for certain populations. This can be a barrier to
seeking healthcare, as individuals may be unable to afford the cost of
healthcare services.
3. Education:
 Traditional: In many traditional societies, access to education may be limited,
particularly for women and girls. This lack of education can impact health
seeking behaviour, as individuals may be less likely to seek healthcare if they
are not aware of the importance of healthcare or the availability of healthcare
services.
 Modern: In many modern societies, access to education may also be limited,
particularly for women and girls. This lack of education can impact health
seeking behaviour, as individuals may be less likely to seek healthcare if they
are not aware of the importance of healthcare or the availability of healthcare
services.
4. Social Status:
 Traditional: In many traditional societies, social status can impact access to
healthcare. For example, certain healthcare services may be more readily
available to those with higher social status, while others may be excluded.
 Modern: In many modern societies, social status can also impact access to
healthcare. For example, certain healthcare services may be more readily
available to those with higher social status, while others may be excluded.
5. Cultural and Religious Factors:

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  Traditional: In many traditional societies, cultural and religious factors can
impact health seeking behaviour. For example, certain healthcare practices
may be reserved for specific cultural or religious groups, while others may be
excluded.
 Modern: In many modern societies, cultural and religious factors can also
impact health seeking behaviour. For example, certain healthcare practices
may be reserved for specific cultural or religious groups, while others may be
excluded.

CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES

CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES RELATED TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN
TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES
Cultural norms and values related to health and illness in traditional societies can vary widely
depending on the specific culture and region. However, there are some common themes that
are often present:
1. Holistic View of Health: Many traditional societies have a holistic view of health that
encompasses physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Health is often
seen as a balance between these different aspects of a person’s life.

2. Connection to Nature: Traditional societies often have a strong connection to nature

and the environment. This can influence health beliefs and practices, such as the use
of natural remedies and the importance of living in harmony with the natural world.

3. Community Support: Traditional societies often have strong community support

systems for health and illness. This can include support from family, friends, or
community leaders, as well as the use of traditional healers.

4. Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs: Cultural and spiritual beliefs often play a significant
role in health and illness in traditional societies. For example, certain health
conditions may be seen as a result of supernatural forces or divine punishment,
leading people to seek spiritual or traditional healing rather than medical treatment.

5. Rituals and Ceremonies: Traditional societies often have rituals and ceremonies
related to health and illness. These may include prayers, offerings, or other symbolic
actions aimed at healing the body and mind.

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 6. Gender Roles: Gender roles can also play a role in health and illness in traditional
societies. For example, certain healthcare practices may be reserved for specific
genders, or women may be excluded from certain healthcare services.

CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES RELATED TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN

MODERN SOCIETIES
Cultural norms and values related to health and illness in modern societies can vary widely
depending on the specific culture and region. However, there are some common themes that
are often present:
1. Biomedical Model: In many modern societies, health and illness are often viewed
through a biomedical lens. This means that health is seen as the absence of disease,
and illness is seen as a result of biological factors, such as pathogens or genetic
predispositions.
2. Medical Interventions: Modern societies often rely on medical interventions, such as
medications, surgeries, and therapies, to treat illness and disease. These interventions
are typically based on scientific evidence and are aimed at addressing the underlying
causes of illness.
3. Preventive Care: Modern societies often emphasize preventive care, such as
vaccinations, screenings, and lifestyle changes, to prevent illness and promote health.
4. Evidence-Based Practice: Modern societies often use evidence-based practice,
which involves using the best available evidence to guide clinical decision-making.
5. Patient-Centred Care: Modern societies often emphasize patient-centred care, which
involves considering the patient’s preferences, values, and beliefs when making
healthcare decisions.
6. Healthcare Providers: Modern healthcare is typically provided by trained medical
professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and specialists, who follow standardized
medical practices.
7. Technology: Modern societies often rely on advanced medical technologies, such as
imaging, diagnostic tests, and medical devices, to diagnose and treat illness.

COMPARISON OF CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES IN TRADITIONAL AND

MODERN SOCIETIES
Cultural norms and values in traditional and modern societies can differ significantly. Here
are some key differences:
1. View of Health and Illness:
 Traditional: In traditional societies, health and illness are often viewed
holistically, with a focus on the balance between physical, mental, emotional,
and spiritual well-being. Illness may be seen as a result of supernatural forces
or divine punishment.

16
  Modern: In modern societies, health and illness are often viewed through a
biomedical lens, with a focus on the absence of disease and the role of
biological factors, such as pathogens or genetic predisposition
2. Treatment Methods:
 Traditional: Traditional societies often rely on natural remedies, such as herbs
or plants, as well as rituals or ceremonies aimed at healing the body and mind.
 Modern: Modern societies often rely on medical interventions, such as
medications, surgeries, and therapies, to treat illness and disease.
3. Access to Healthcare:
 Traditional: In many traditional societies, access to healthcare may be
limited, particularly in rural or remote areas. This lack of access can be a
barrier to seeking healthcare.
 Modern: In many modern societies, access to healthcare is typically more
widely available, particularly in urban areas, and is based on medical need
rather than cultural or social factors.
4. Cultural Context:
 Traditional: Traditional beliefs and practices related to health and illness are
often deeply rooted in the cultural context of a society and may be influenced
by religious or spiritual beliefs.
 Modern: Modern beliefs and practices related to health and illness are
influenced by scientific knowledge and may be less rooted in cultural or
spiritual beliefs.
5. Globalization and Westernization:
 Traditional: Traditional approaches to health and illness may be influenced
by globalization and westernization, leading to a desire to adopt modern
approaches.
 Modern: Modern approaches to health and illness may be influenced by
globalization and westernization, leading to a growing interest in traditional
approaches.

GLOBALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION ON TRADITIONAL
HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
Globalization and westernization have had a significant impact on traditional healthcare
systems in several ways:
1. Cultural Influence: Globalization and westernization have led to the spread of
Western cultural values and norms, which can influence traditional healthcare
systems. For example, Western ideas about health and illness may be adopted by
traditional healers, leading to changes in traditional healing practices.
2. Access to Information: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
access to information, which can influence traditional healthcare systems. For

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 example, traditional healers may have access to information about modern medical
treatments and may incorporate these treatments into their practices.
3. Integration with Modern Healthcare: Globalization and westernization have led to
increased integration between traditional and modern healthcare systems. For
example, traditional healers may work alongside modern healthcare providers, or
traditional healing practices may be incorporated into modern healthcare settings.
4. Standardization: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
standardization of healthcare practices. For example, traditional healing practices may
be standardized to meet modern healthcare standards, or traditional healers may be
required to undergo training and certification.
5. Commercialization: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
commercialization of traditional healthcare practices. For example, traditional healing
practices may be marketed to tourists or sold as alternative medicine.

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION ON MODERN

HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
Globalization and westernization have had a significant impact on modern healthcare systems
in several ways:
1. Access to Information: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
access to information, which has enabled modern healthcare systems to adopt new
technologies and treatments. For example, modern healthcare systems may use
telemedicine to provide remote consultations, or they may use electronic health
records to improve patient care.
2. Integration with Traditional Healthcare: Globalization and westernization have led
to increased integration between modern and traditional healthcare systems. For
example, modern healthcare systems may work with traditional healers to provide
culturally competent care, or they may incorporate traditional healing practices into
their treatment plans.
3. Standardization: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
standardization of healthcare practices. For example, modern healthcare systems may
use evidence-based guidelines to guide clinical decision-making, or they may use
quality improvement methods to improve patient outcomes.
4. Commercialization: Globalization and westernization have led to increased
commercialization of modern healthcare systems. For example, modern healthcare
systems may market their services to attract patients, or they may use advertising to
promote new treatments or technologies.
5. Cultural Influence: Globalization and westernization have led to increased cultural
influence on modern healthcare systems. For example, modern healthcare systems
may adopt cultural competency training to provide care that is sensitive to the needs
of diverse populations, or they may use cultural brokers to help bridge the gap
between patients and healthcare providers.

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COMPARISON OF THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION
ON TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SYSTEMS
Globalization and westernization have had different impacts on traditional and modern
healthcare systems:
1. Access to Information:

 Traditional: In traditional healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have

led to increased access to information about modern medical treatments and
technologies. This has enabled traditional healers to incorporate modern practices
into their treatments.
 Modern: In modern healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have led
to increased access to information about traditional healing practices. This has
enabled modern healthcare providers to incorporate traditional practices into their
treatments.

2. Integration with Traditional Healthcare:

 Traditional: In traditional healthcare systems, globalization and westernization

have led to increased integration with modern healthcare systems. This has enabled
traditional healers to work alongside modern healthcare providers and to refer
patients to modern healthcare facilities when necessary.
 Modern: In modern healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have led
to increased integration with traditional healthcare systems. This has enabled
modern healthcare providers to work with traditional healers and to incorporate
traditional practices into their treatments.

3. Standardization:

 Traditional: In traditional healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have

led to increased standardization of traditional healing practices. This has enabled
traditional healers to undergo training and certification to meet modern healthcare
standards.
 Modern: In modern healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have led
to increased standardization of healthcare practices. This has enabled modern
healthcare providers to use evidence-based guidelines and quality improvement
methods to improve patient outcomes.

4.Commercialization:

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  Traditional: In traditional healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have
led to increased commercialization of traditional healing practices. This has enabled
traditional healers to market their services to attract patients.
 Modern: In modern healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have led
to increased commercialization of healthcare services. This has enabled modern
healthcare providers to market their services to attract patients.

5. Cultural Influence:

 Traditional: In traditional healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have

led to increased cultural influence on traditional healing practices. This has enabled
traditional healers to provide care that is sensitive to the needs of diverse
populations.
 Modern: In modern healthcare systems, globalization and westernization have led
to increased cultural influence on modern healthcare practices. This has enabled
modern healthcare providers to provide care that is sensitive to the needs of diverse
populations

CASE STUDIES AND APPLICATIONS

REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH SEEKING
BEHAVIOUR
Cultural influence on health seeking behaviour can be observed in various real-life examples.
Here are a few:
1. Traditional Medicine in China: In China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a
long history and is deeply rooted in the culture. Many people in China prefer to seek
treatment from TCM practitioners, such as herbalists or acupuncturists, rather than
modern medical doctors. This preference is influenced by cultural beliefs about the
holistic nature of health and the importance of balance in the body.
2. Ayurveda in India: In India, Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine that has
been practiced for thousands of years. Many people in India prefer to seek treatment
from Ayurvedic practitioners, such as herbalists or massage therapists, rather than
modern medical doctors. This preference is influenced by cultural beliefs about the
importance of natural remedies and the interconnectedness of the body and mind.
3. Traditional Healing in Indigenous Communities: In many indigenous communities
around the world, traditional healing practices are still widely used. For example, in
some Native American communities, traditional healers, known as medicine men or
women, use herbs, rituals, and ceremonies to treat illness and promote health. This
preference is influenced by cultural beliefs about the importance of connection to the
land and the spiritual world.

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 4. Religious Beliefs in Health Seeking Behaviour: In many cultures, religious beliefs
play a significant role in health seeking behaviour. For example, in some Christian
communities, prayer and faith healing are considered important aspects of health and
wellness. This preference is influenced by cultural beliefs about the power of prayer
and the importance of spiritual well-being.

RESEARCH METHODS IN CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH SEEKING

BEHAVIOUR
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
Qualitative and quantitative research methods can be used to study the cultural influence on
health seeking behaviour. Here’s how each method can be applied:
1. Qualitative Research Methods:
 Interviews: Researchers can conduct in-depth interviews with individuals
from different cultural backgrounds to understand their beliefs, values, and
practices related to health and illness. This can provide rich, detailed insights
into how culture influences health seeking behaviour.
 Focus Groups: Researchers can conduct focus groups with individuals from
different cultural backgrounds to explore shared beliefs, values, and practices
related to health and illness. This can provide a broader understanding of
cultural influences on health seeking behaviour.
 Observational Studies: Researchers can observe individuals from different
cultural backgrounds in their natural environments to understand how culture
influences their health seeking behaviour. This can provide insights into
cultural norms and values related to health and illness.
 Content Analysis: Researchers can analyse cultural artefacts, such as
literature, art, or media, to understand how culture influences health seeking
behaviour. This can provide insights into cultural representations of health and
illness.
2. Quantitative Research Methods:
 Surveys: Researchers can conduct surveys with individuals from different
cultural backgrounds to collect quantitative data on their beliefs, values, and
practices related to health and illness. This can provide statistical information
on the prevalence of certain cultural beliefs and practices.
 Experimental Studies: Researchers can conduct experimental studies to test
the impact of cultural factors on health seeking behaviour. For example,
researchers could manipulate cultural cues in a healthcare setting and measure
how this influences individuals’ health seeking behaviour.
 Correlational Studies: Researchers can conduct correlational studies to
examine the relationship between cultural factors and health seeking
behaviour. For example, researchers could examine whether individuals from

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 certain cultural backgrounds are more likely to seek healthcare for certain
conditions.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data collection and analysis in research methods on the cultural influence on health seeking
behaviour can be approached in various ways, depending on the research question and the
specific cultural context being studied. Here are some common methods:
1. Qualitative Data Collection:
 Interviews: Conducting in-depth interviews with individuals from different
cultural backgrounds to understand their beliefs, values, and practices related
to health and illness.
 Focus Groups: Organizing focus groups with individuals from different
cultural backgrounds to explore shared beliefs, values, and practices related to
health and illness.
 Observational Studies: Observing individuals from different cultural
backgrounds in their natural environments to understand how culture
influences their health seeking behaviour.
 Content Analysis: Analysing cultural artefacts, such as literature, art, or
media, to understand how culture influences health seeking behaviour.

2. Quantitative Data Collection:

 Surveys: Administering surveys to individuals from different cultural
backgrounds to collect quantitative data on their beliefs, values, and practices
related to health and illness.
 Experimental Studies: Conducting experimental studies to test the impact of
cultural factors on health seeking behaviour.
 Correlational Studies: Conducting correlational studies to examine the
relationship between cultural factors and health seeking behaviour.

3. Mixed-Methods Approach:
 Combining qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive
understanding of how culture influences health seeking behaviour. For
example, conducting interviews and surveys with individuals from different
cultural backgrounds and then analysing the data using both qualitative and
quantitative techniques.

4. Data Analysis:
 Qualitative Analysis: Analysing qualitative data using techniques such as
thematic analysis, content analysis, or grounded theory to identify themes,
patterns, and relationships in the data.

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  Quantitative Analysis: Analysing quantitative data using statistical
techniques such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, or regression
analysis to identify relationships between variables and make predictions.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ethical considerations are crucial in research methods on the cultural influence on health
seeking behaviour. Here are some key ethical considerations to keep in mind:
1. Informed Consent: Researchers must obtain informed consent from participants
before conducting any research. This means that participants must be fully informed
about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, and any potential risks or
benefits, and they must voluntarily agree to participate.
2. Confidentiality: Researchers must ensure that participants’ confidentiality is
protected. This means that any information collected from participants must be kept
confidential and not shared with anyone outside of the research team without the
participants’ explicit consent.
3. Respect for Cultural Differences: Researchers must respect the cultural beliefs,
values, and practices of the participants. This means that researchers must be sensitive
to cultural differences and avoid imposing their own cultural beliefs or values on the
participants.
4. Avoiding Harm: Researchers must take steps to minimize the risk of harm to
participants. This means that researchers must carefully consider the potential risks
and benefits of the research and take steps to minimize any potential harm to
participants.
5. Avoiding Exploitation: Researchers must avoid exploiting participants for their own
gain. This means that researchers must ensure that the research is conducted in a way
that is fair and respectful to the participants and that they are not exploited in any
way.
6. Respect for Autonomy: Researchers must respect the autonomy of the participants.
This means that researchers must ensure that participants have the freedom to make
their own decisions about whether or not to participate in the research and that their
decisions are respected.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON HEALTH SEEKING

BEHAVIOUR
EMERGING TRENDS AND ISSUES
Emerging trends and issues in the cultural influence on health seeking behaviour include:
1. Globalization and Westernization: As societies become more interconnected, there
is a growing influence of Western cultural values and norms on traditional healthcare

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 systems. This can lead to changes in cultural beliefs and practices related to health and
illness.
2. Migration and Acculturation: As people migrate to new countries and cultures, they
may adopt new health beliefs and practices. This can lead to changes in health seeking
behaviour, as individuals may seek healthcare that is more aligned with their new
cultural context.
3. Technology and Telemedicine: Advances in technology, such as telemedicine, are
changing the way healthcare is delivered. This can impact health seeking behaviour,
as individuals may have access to healthcare services that were previously unavailable
or inaccessible.
4. Cultural Competency in Healthcare: There is a growing recognition of the
importance of cultural competency in healthcare. This includes understanding and
respecting the cultural beliefs and practices of patients, as well as providing culturally
competent care.
5. Health Disparities: There are significant health disparities between different cultural
and ethnic groups. This can impact health seeking behaviour, as individuals from
marginalized communities may face barriers to accessing healthcare services.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE PRACTICE AND POLICY

The implications for healthcare practice and policy in the cultural influence on health seeking
behaviour are significant. Here are some key implications:
1. Cultural Competency Training: Healthcare providers should receive cultural
competency training to better understand and respect the cultural beliefs and practices
of their patients. This can help improve communication and trust between healthcare
providers and patients.
2. Patient-Centred Care: Healthcare providers should provide patient-centred care that
takes into account the cultural beliefs and practices of their patients. This can help
improve patient satisfaction and outcomes.
3. Access to Healthcare: Healthcare policy should focus on improving access to
healthcare services for all populations, particularly marginalized communities. This
can help reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes.
4. Health Education: Healthcare policy should focus on providing health education that
is culturally relevant and accessible to all populations. This can help improve health
literacy and empower individuals to make informed healthcare decisions.
5. Research: Healthcare policy should support research on the cultural influence on
health seeking behaviour. This can help identify effective strategies for addressing
cultural differences in healthcare practice and policy.

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