CPGET-2022 Syllabus

73. BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
Part-A (40 Marks)
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organometallic Chemistry, Metal
Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Boranes and Carboranes, Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms,
Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives,
synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro Hydrocarbons, Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic
Compounds, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and Proteins, Pericyclic Reactions, Synthetic Strategies,
Asymmetric Synthesis. Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics. Photochemistry,
Molecular Spectroscopy, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy.

S-Block Elements, P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d-Block Elements,
Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Symmetry of
molecules, Non-Aqueous Solvents, Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative
Analysis, Theories of Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons,
alicyclic Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,
Halogen Compounds, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational
Analysis, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum
Mechanics, Gaseous State, Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Solid
State Chemistry, Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry, adsorption, Material Science, Nano
materials, Evaluation of Analytical Data.

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Part-B (60 Marks)
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
Cell as basic unit of living organisms-bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cells,Structure of
chromosome- morphology, components of chromosomes (histones and nonhistones),specialized
chromosomes (Polytene, Lampbrush),Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical,
Eukaryotic cell cycle –phases, Mitosis - Stages (spindle assembly)-significance, Meiosis- Stages
(synaptonemal complex) - significance, Apoptosis. Mendel’s experiments- factors contributing to
success of Mendel’s experiments, Law of segregation- Monohybrid Ratio; Law of independent
assortment- Dihybrid Ratio, Trihybrid Ratio, X-Y chromosomes - Sex determination in Drosophila,
Birds, Man, Bonellia; X-linked inheritance– Hemophilia and Color blindness; X-inactivation; Y-
linked inheritance - Holandric genes, Linkage and recombination- Cytological proof of crossing over,
phases of linkage, recombination frequency, gene mapping and map distance

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND BIOINFORMATICS

DNA as the genetic material- Griffith’s experiments on transformation in Streptococcus pneumonia,
Hershey-Chase experiments, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiments, RNA as genetic material-
Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Structure and forms of DNA (A, B and Z), Genome organization in prokaryotes,
Genome organization in eukaryotes, C-value and C-value paradox, Reassociation kinetics-cot curve,
Denaturation, Renaturation, Tm curve, Kinetic classes of DNA- unique sequences, moderately repeated
and highly repeated sequences; tandem repeats (satellite, minisatellite and micro satellites),
interspersed repeats (SINES-eg: Alu repeats, LINES); palindromic sequences and transposable genetic
elements.
DNA replication- enzymes; semi conservative DNA replication-Messelson and Stahl experiment; Linear,
Circular, Rolling circle, Theta, D loop models, Mutation- spontaneous, induced (frame shift, transition,
transversion), Physical and chemical mutagens, DNA damage- intrinsic and extrinsic factors, DNA
repair- Direct, Excision and methyl mediated mismatch, recombinational and SOS repair, DNA
recombination- homologous, site specific recombination and NHEJ (Non-Homologous End
Joining).Bioinformatics-Storage of databases in DNA (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ),Protein data banks
(PDB, SWISS-PROT, UNIPROT, PIR) and their utilization, Data retrieval tools-BLAST, ENTREZ

BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOSTATISTICS

Biomolecules -Carbohydrates- importance, classification; structure and functions of
monosaccharides (glucose & fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) and polysachharides
(starch, glycogen & insulin), Amino acids- importance, classification, structure, physical and chemical
properties of amino acids; peptide bond formation, Proteins- importance, structure of proteins-
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Lipids- importance, classification- simple lipids
(triacylglycerides & waxes), complex lipids (phospholipids & glycolipids), derived lipids (steroids,
terpenes & carotenoids) ,Fatty acids- importance, classification- saturated (palmitic acid, arachidic
acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid & linoleic acid), Enzymes- importance, classification
and nomenclature; Michaelis-Menton Equation, factors influencing the enzyme reactions; enzyme
inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive & mixed), Co-enzymes. Probability, probability distribution-
Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Test of significance- Null hypothesis and Alternate
hypothesis, Chi-square test- degrees of freedom and their applications to biology (goodness of fit),
Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and their applications to biology.

1
 CPGET-2022 Syllabus

BIOENERGETICS AND BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation,
Gluconeogenesis and its significance ,Transamination and oxidative deamination reactions of amino
acids and β-oxidation of fatty acids Colorimetry: Beer and Lambert’s laws and UV- vis
spectrophotometry ,Principle and applications of chromatography (paper, thin layer & HPLC),
Electrophoresis (Agarose & SDS-PAGE), Principle and applications of centrifugation (preparative &
analytical)

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Historical development of microbiology and contributors of microbiology, Outlines of classification
of microorganisms ,Structure and general characteristics of bacteria and virus ,Disease causing
pathogens and symptoms (Eg: Mycobacterium, Hepatitis). Methods of sterilization- physical and
chemical methods, Bacteriological media: LB media, EMB agar; Identification of bacteria by
staining methods , Bacterial growth curve and factors affecting bacterial growth, Fungal media- PDA,
Sabourauds agar. Types of immunity- innate and adaptive immunity, Cells of the immune
system: T-cells (helper and cytotoxic cells), B-cells, Natural killer cells, Macrophages, Basophils and
Dendritic cells, Primary organs of immune system- Thymus and Bone marrow, Secondary organs of
immune system- Spleen and Lymph nodes Antigens-immunogenicity vs antigenecity, factors affecting
antigenecity, epitopes, Haptens & types of adjuvants , Humoral and Cell mediated immunity, Structure
of immunoglobulin; types and functions of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE & IgD)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Structure of prokaryotic gene (promoter, initiator & terminator regions),Structure and functions of
RNA polymerase Transcription mechanism- initiation, elongation & proof reading, termination ,Genetic
code- properties, deciphering of genetic code, wobble hypothesis, aminoacylation, Translation
mechanism- initiation, elongation and termination, Operon concept, Lac operon. Gene expression and
regulation in eukaryotes-Structure of eukaryotic gene (promoter, exons, introns, terminator, enhancer
& silencer), Transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes (RNA polymerases), structures and
transcriptional factors ( basic, upstream &regulatory), Transcription- initiation (formation of
transcriptome), elongation and termination, Post-transcriptional modifications- capping,
polyadenylation, Splicing (self & protein mediated) and alternative splicing, Translation- initiation,
elongation and termination. Enzymes useful in molecular cloning: Restriction endonuclease, DNA
ligases, polynucleotide kinase, klenow enzyme, DNA Polymerase- I, reverse transcriptase, alkaline
phosphatase, terminal nucleotidyl transferase, Cloning Vectors: PBR 322, Bacteriophage, Cosmid,
Phagemid, Shuttle vectors, Gene transfer techniques: Physical, Chemical and Biological methods,
Polymerase Chain Reaction and its applications

MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY
Industrial biotechnology- scope and applications, Exploitation of microorganisms and their products,
Principles of Fermentation technology, Types of fermentation, Microbial production of Organic
acids (Lactic acid, citric acid), Amino acids (Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Lysine), Fermentation by
microbes for food additives: dairy products (Cheese, Yogurt), beverages (Beer, Wine) and antibiotics
(Streptomycin, Erythromycin), Therapeutic drugs: Recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies,
insulin, vitamins, Biofuel: Hydrogen, Alcohol, Methane.