ECO121 Basic Macroeconomics

▪ Textbook: Mankiw, N. G., Principles of

Economics, 6th to 9th edition.
▪ Course coordinator: Dr. Quy Ta
▪ Ph.D. in Macroeconomics, Victoria University of
Wellington, New Zealand.
▪ MA in Policy Economics, Williams College, USA.
▪ Email: [email protected]
▪ Office hours:
▪ Tue (1-3 pm) & Wed (10 am to noon).
▪ Venue: Centers of Startup and Applied Research
(FOB), Ground floor, Delta Building.
Spring 2024 0
CHAPTER 23
Measuring a Nation’s Income

PRINCIPLES of Economics
N. Gregory Mankiw

@ South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved

1
In this chapter,
look for the answers to these questions:
▪ What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
▪ How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and
spending?
▪ What are the components of GDP?
▪ How is GDP corrected for inflation?
▪ Does GDP measure society’s well-being?

2
 Micro vs. Macro
▪ Microeconomics:
The study of how individual households and
firms make decisions, interact with one another
in markets.
▪ Macroeconomics:
The study of the economy as a whole.
▪ We begin our study of macroeconomics with the
country’s total income and expenditure.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 3

 Income and Expenditure
▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures
total income of everyone in the economy.
▪ GDP also measures total expenditure on the
economy’s output of g&s.

For the economy as a whole,

income equals expenditure
because every dollar a buyer spends
is a dollar of income for the seller.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 4

 The Circular-Flow Diagram
▪ a simple depiction of the macroeconomy
▪ illustrates GDP as spending, revenue,
factor payments, and income
▪ Preliminaries:
▪ Factors of production are inputs like labor,
land, capital, and natural resources.
▪ Factor payments are payments to the factors
of production (e.g., wages, rent).

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 5

The Circular-Flow Diagram

Households:
▪ own the factors of production,
sell/rent them to firms for income
▪ buy and consume goods & services

Firms Households

Firms:
▪ buy/hire factors of production,
use them to produce goods
and services
▪ sell goods & services
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 6
The Circular-Flow Diagram

Revenue (=GDP) Spending (=GDP)

Markets for
G&S Goods &
G&S
sold Services bought

Firms Households

Factors of Labor, land,

production Markets for capital
Factors of
Wages, rent, Production Income (=GDP)
profit (=GDP)
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 7
 What This Diagram Omits
▪ The government
▪ collects taxes, buys g&s
▪ The financial system
▪ matches savers’ supply of funds with
borrowers’ demand for loans
▪ The foreign sector
▪ trades g&s, financial assets, and currencies
with the country’s residents

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 8

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

Goods are valued at their market prices, so:

▪ All goods measured in the same units
(e.g., dollars in the U.S.)
▪ Things that don’t have a market value are
excluded, e.g., housework you do for yourself.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 9

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

Final goods: intended for the end user

Intermediate goods: used as components
or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already
embody the value of the intermediate goods
used in their production.
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 10
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

GDP includes tangible goods

(like DVDs, mountain bikes, beer)
and intangible services
(dry cleaning, concerts, cell phone service).

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 11

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

GDP includes currently produced goods,

not goods produced in the past.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 12

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

GDP measures the value of production that occurs

within a country’s borders, whether done by its own
citizens or by foreigners located there.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 13

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is…
…the market value of all final goods &
services produced within a country
in a given period of time.

Usually a year or a quarter (3 months)

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 14

 The Components of GDP
▪ Recall: GDP is total spending.
▪ Four components:
▪ Consumption (C)
▪ Investment (I)
▪ Government Purchases (G)
▪ Net Exports (NX)
▪ These components add up to GDP (denoted Y):

Y = C + I + G + NX

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 15

 Consumption (C)
▪ is total spending by households on g&s.
▪ Note on housing costs:
▪ For renters,
consumption includes rent payments.
▪ For homeowners,
consumption includes the imputed rental value
of the house, but not the purchase price or
mortgage payments.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 16

 Investment (I)
▪ is total spending on goods that will be used in the
future to produce more goods.
▪ includes spending on
▪ capital equipment (e.g., machines, tools)
▪ structures (factories, office buildings, houses)
▪ inventories (goods produced but not yet sold)

Note: “Investment” does not

mean the purchase of financial
assets like stocks and bonds.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 17

 Government Purchases (G)
▪ is all spending on the g&s purchased by govt
at the federal, state, and local levels.
▪ G excludes transfer payments, such as
Social Security or unemployment insurance
benefits.
They are not purchases of g&s.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 18

 Net Exports (NX)
▪ NX = exports – imports
▪ Exports represent foreign spending on the
economy’s g&s.
▪ Imports are the portions of C, I, and G
that are spent on g&s produced abroad.
▪ Adding up all the components of GDP gives:

Y = C + I + G + NX

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 19

 U.S. GDP and Its Components, 2007

billions % of GDP per capita

Y $13,841 100.0 $45,825

C 9,734 70.3 32,228

I 2,125 15.4 7,037

G 2,690 19.4 8,905

NX –708 –5.1 –2,344

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 20

ACTIVE LEARNING 1
GDP and its components
In each of the following cases, determine how much
GDP and each of its components is affected (if at all).
A. Debbie spends $200 to buy her husband dinner
at the finest restaurant in Boston.
B. Sarah spends $1800 on a new laptop to use in her
publishing business. The laptop was built in China.
C. Jane spends $1200 on a computer to use in her
editing business. She got last year’s model on sale
for a great price from a local manufacturer.
D. General Motors builds $500 million worth of cars,
but consumers only buy $470 million worth of
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers
A. Debbie spends $200 to buy her husband dinner
at the finest restaurant in Boston.
Consumption and GDP rise by $200.

B. Sarah spends $1800 on a new laptop to use in

her publishing business. The laptop was built in
China.
Investment rises by $1800, net exports fall
by $1800, GDP is unchanged.

22
ACTIVE LEARNING 1
Answers
C. Jane spends $1200 on a computer to use in her
editing business. She got last year’s model on
sale for a great price from a local manufacturer.
Current GDP and investment do not change,
because the computer was built last year.

D. General Motors builds $500 million worth of cars,

but consumers only buy $470 million of them.
Consumption rises by $470 million,
inventory investment rises by $30 million,
and GDP rises by $500 million.
23
 Real versus Nominal GDP
▪ Inflation can distort economic variables like GDP,
so we have two versions of GDP:
One is corrected for inflation, the other is not.
▪ Nominal GDP values output using current prices.
It is not corrected for inflation.
▪ Real GDP values output using the prices of
a base year. Real GDP is corrected for inflation.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 24

EXAMPLE:
Pizza Latte
year P Q P Q
2005 $10 400 $2.00 1000
2006 $11 500 $2.50 1100
2007 $12 600 $3.00 1200

Compute nominal GDP in each year:

Increase:
2005: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000
37.5%
2006: $11 x 500 + $2.50 x 1100 = $8,250
30.9%
2007: $12 x 600 + $3 x 1200 = $10,800
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 25
EXAMPLE:
Pizza Latte
year P Q P Q
2005 $10 400 $2.00 1000
2006 $11 500 $2.50 1100
2007 $12 600 $3.00 1200

Compute real GDP in each year,

using 2005 as the base year: Increase:
2005: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6,000
20.0%
2006: $10 x 500 + $2 x 1100 = $7,200
16.7%
2007: $10 x 600 + $2 x 1200 = $8,400
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 26
EXAMPLE:
Nominal Real
year GDP GDP (2005 price)
2005 $6000 $6000
2006 $8250 $7200
2007 $10,800 $8400

In each year,
▪ nominal GDP is measured using the (then)
current prices.
▪ real GDP is measured using constant prices from
the base year (2005 in this example).

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 27

EXAMPLE:
Nominal Real
year GDP GDP
2005 $6000 $6000
37.5% 20.0%
2006 $8250 $7200
2007 $10,800 30.9% $8400 16.7%

▪ The change in nominal GDP reflects the changes in

both prices and quantities.
▪ The change in real GDP is the amount that
GDP would change if prices were constant
(i.e., if zero inflation).
Hence, real GDP is corrected for inflation.
MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 28
 Nominal and Real GDP in the U.S.,
1965-2007
Billions
$12,000

$10,000
Real GDP
$8,000 (base year
$6,000
2000)

$4,000
Nominal
$2,000 GDP
$0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

29
 The GDP Deflator
▪ The GDP deflator is a measure of the overall
level of prices.
▪ Definition:
nominal GDP
GDP deflator = 100 x
real GDP

▪ One way to measure the economy’s inflation

rate is to compute the percentage increase in
the GDP deflator from one year to the next.

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 30

EXAMPLE:
Nominal Real GDP
year GDP GDP Deflator
2005 $6000 $6000 100.0
14.6%
2006 $8250 $7200 114.6
2007 $10,800 $8400 128.6
12.2%

Compute the GDP deflator in each year:

2005: 100 x (6000/6000) = 100.0

2006: 100 x (8250/7200) = 114.6

2007: 100 x (10,800/8400) = 128.6

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 31

ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Computing GDP
2007 (base yr) 2008 2009
P Q P Q P Q
Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050
Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205

Use the above data to solve these problems:

A. Compute nominal GDP in 2007.
B. Compute real GDP in 2008.
C. Compute the GDP deflator in 2009.
32
ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Answers
2007 (base yr) 2008 2009
P Q P Q P Q
Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050
Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205

A. Compute nominal GDP in 2007.

$30 x 900 + $100 x 192 = $46,200

B. Compute real GDP in 2008.

$30 x 1000 + $100 x 200 = $50,000
33
ACTIVE LEARNING 2
Answers
2007 (base yr) 2008 2009
P Q P Q P Q
Good A $30 900 $31 1,000 $36 1050
Good B $100 192 $102 200 $100 205

C. Compute the GDP deflator in 2009.

Nom GDP = $36 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $58,300
Real GDP = $30 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $52,000
GDP deflator = 100 x (Nom GDP)/(Real GDP)
= 100 x ($58,300)/($52,000) = 112.1
34
 GDP and Economic Well-Being
▪ Real GDP per capita is the main indicator of
the average person’s standard of living.
▪ But GDP is not a perfect measure of
well-being.
▪ Robert Kennedy issued a very eloquent
yet harsh criticism of GDP:

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 35

Gross Domestic Product…
“… does not allow for the health of our
children, the quality of their education,
or the joy of their play. It does not
include the beauty of our poetry or
the strength of our marriages, the
intelligence of our public debate or
the integrity of our public officials.
It measures neither our courage, nor our wisdom,
nor our devotion to our country. It measures everything,
in short, except that which makes life worthwhile, and it
can tell us everything about America except why we are
proud that we are Americans.”
- Senator Robert Kennedy, 1968 36
 GDP Does Not Value:
▪ the quality of the environment
▪ leisure time
▪ non-market activity, such as the child care
a parent provides his or her child at home
▪ an equitable distribution of income

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 37

 Then Why Do We Care About GDP?
▪ Having a large GDP enables a country to afford
better schools, a cleaner environment,
health care, etc.
▪ Many indicators of the quality of life are
positively correlated with GDP. For example…

MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 38

 GDP and Life Expectancy in 12 countries

Indonesia
Japan
China
Life expectancy (years)

U.S.
Mexico Germany
Brazil
Pakistan
Russia
India
Bangladesh

Nigeria

Real GDP per capita 39

 GDP and Literacy in 12 countries
China Russia U.S.
Germany Japan
Mexico
(% of population)

Brazil
Adult Literacy

Indonesia

Nigeria

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Real GDP per capita 40

 GDP and Internet Usage in 12 countries

Japan
U.S.
(% of population)
Internet Usage

Germany

Brazil
Indonesia
Mexico
Pakista
Russia
n
China
Nigeria India

Bangladesh Real GDP per capita 41

CHAPTER SUMMARY

▪ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures a

country’s total income and expenditure.
▪ The four spending components of GDP include:
Consumption, Investment, Government Purchases,
and Net Exports.
▪ Nominal GDP is measured using current prices.
Real GDP is measured using the prices of a
constant base year and is corrected for inflation.
▪ GDP is the main indicator of a country’s economic
well-being, even though it is not perfect. 42