NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering
CE-287: Geoinformatics
End Semester Exam (ESE)
June, 2022
Total Marks: 75 Total Times Allowed: 2 Hours
Name of Student: ___________________ Reg#: _______________________
Course: ___________________ Class: _______________________
Instructions:
1. This ESE will assess the CLO’s
2. This is a closed-book, closed-notes examination.
3. This exam consists of two sections.
4. Write your name and registration number on this page.
5. Mobile phones are not allowed in the examination room. Possession of it will
result in immediate disqualification.
CLO : BTL CLO 1,2,3: C4 Marks Obtained
Q.1.I CLO: 2 15 marks
Questions.Section
Q.2.I CLO:1 15 marks
Total Marks : 75
Q.5.II CLO:3 15 marks
Q.3,Q.4.II 30 marks
CLO: Course Learning Outcome, BTL: Bloom’s Taxonomy Level
C = Cognitive domain, P = Psychomotor domain, A = Affective domain
____________________________________ _________________________________
Instructor: Syeda Maria Zafar Reviewed by
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SECTION – I [30]
Q.1 Differentiate between the followings: (15) Draw diagram to support your answer
a. Sun-Synchronous & Geostationary Satellites
Sun Synchronous Geostationary
1. An orbit chosen in such a way that the satellite It refers to orbits in which the satellite is
always passes overhead at the same local solar placed above the equator (inclination angle is
time is called sun-synchronous. Most 00) at a distance of about 36,000 km
sun-synchronous orbits cross the equator At this distance, the rotation period of
at mid-morning (around 1030 hrs). satellite is equal to the rotation period of
2. Sun-synchronous orbits allow a satellite to Earth (satellite remains at a fixed position
record images at two fixed times during relative to the Earth)
one 24-hour period: one during the day and Geostationary orbits are used for
one at night meteorological and telecommunication
3. Examples: Landsat, SPOT and IRS satellites
b. Supervised Classification & Un-supervised Classification
Supervised Un-supervised
In supervised classification, the signature file
was created from known, defined classes In unsupervised classification clusters , not
identified by pixels closed in a polygon. classes, are created from the statistical
Human intervention is involved in this properties of the pixels
Classification It is purely software based classification
It is more accurate It is relatively less accurate when a detailed
classification of image is required
c. Specular & Diffuse Reflection
Diffuse
Specular
1. Specular reflection, or mirror-like reflection, 1. Diffuse reflection occurs in situations where the
occurs when a surface is smooth and almost all surface is rough and the energy is reflected almost
of the energy is directed away from the surface uniformly in all directions
in a single direction 2. Whether a particular target reflects specularly or
2. Specular reflection can be caused, for example, diffusely, or somewhere in between, depends on
by a water surface or a glasshouse roof the surface roughness of the feature in comparison
3. It results in a very bright spot in the image to the wavelength of the incoming radiation
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d. Rayleigh Scattering & Mie-Scattering
Ray leigh Mie
1. Rayleigh scattering predominates where 1. Mie scattering occurs when the wavelength of the
electromagnetic radiation interacts with incoming radiation is similar in size to the
particles that are smaller than the wavelength of atmospheric particles
the incoming light 2. The most important cause of Mie scattering are the
2. Examples of these particles are tiny specks of aerosols: a mixture of gases, water vapor and dust
dust and nitrogen (NO2) and oxygen (O2) 3. Mie scattering is generally restricted to the lower
molecules atmosphere where larger particles are more
3. The effect of Rayleigh scattering is inversely abundant, and dominates under overcast cloud
proportional to the wavelength: shorter conditions
wavelengths are scattered more than longer
wavelengths
e. Radiometric Resolution & Spectral Resolution
Radiometric Resolution Spectral Resolution
The specific wavelength intervals in the
The dynamic range, or number of possible data file electromagnetic spectrum that a sensor can
values in each band record
Referred to as the number of bits into which the Wide intervals in the electromagnetic spectrum
recorded energy is divided are referred to as “coarse spectral resolution”
For instance, in 8-bit data, the data file values range Narrow intervals are referred to as “fine spectral
from 0 to 255 for each pixel, but in 7-bit data, the resolution”
data file values for each pixel range from 0 to 128
Q.2 Analyse the following statements: (15)
a. Draw Atmospheric transmission windows and its regions (wavelength range) in the
Electromagnetic Spectrum and describe the function of atmospheric transmission window(5)
The part of atmosphere which allows the Electromagnetic radiations to pass through is called
atmospheric transmission windows. About half of the spectrum between 0–22 μm is useless for remote
sensing of the Earth’s surface, simply because none of the corresponding energy can penetrate the
atmosphere
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A window in the visible and reflected infrared region, between 0.4–2 μm. This is the window where the
(optical) remote sensors operate as well as the human eye.
Three windows in the thermal infrared region, namely two narrow windows around 3 and 5 μm, and a
third, relatively broad, window extending from approximately 8 to 14 μm.
b. Provide evidence with the help of diagram why sky looks blue during daytime and orange and
yellow at sunset & sunrise time and why clouds appear white (5)
In daytime, the Sun rays travel the shortest distance through the atmosphere
In that situation, Rayleigh scattering causes a clear sky to be observed as blue because this is the
shortest wavelength the human eye can observe. At sunrise and sunset, however, the Sun rays travel a
longer distance through the Earth’s atmosphere before they reach the surface
All the shorter wavelengths are scattered after some distance and only the longer wavelengths reach
the Earth’s surface and as a result, the sky appears orange or red.
The most prominent example of non-selective scattering includes the effect of clouds (clouds consist of
water droplets) Since all wavelengths are scattered equally, a cloud appears white
c. Meteosat-8 generates data after every 15 minutes, if image size is 3700 * 3700, radiometric
resolution is 10 bits, Spectral resolution is 12 bands , Determine the amount of data being
produced per day by Meteosat-8 satellite (5)
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96*3700*3700*10*12= 157 GB
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SECTION – II [45 Marks]
Q.3 Read the following statements and distinguishes between true or false: (15)
i. Discrete data has no definite borders or distinctive values, instead, a transition from one value to
another false
ii. Attribute Tables are the key to linking your tabular data to existing spatial data sets.
true
iii. The distortions in the images need to be removed from the original images in order for them to
be accurately referenced on the surface of the earth. If digital elevation models are used in the
processing, the images are said to be orthorectified true
iv. The spectral resolution of a raster GIS is the amount of earth surface represented by a single grid
cell. true
v. Cell value of the pixel can’t be integer or real number false
vi. In vector Data Model spatial relationships are difficult to assess, such as, connectivity
false
vii. Georelational model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components true
viii. Topology based data does not require additional files to store the spatial relationship between
features false
ix. In coverage data model, topological relationship in which Arcs have directions and left ,right
polygons is called connectivity false
x. In shapefile data model, (.dbf) the dBASE file which stores the features geometry
false
xi. Feature dataset stores feature class that share different coordinate system and area extent
false
xii. Geodatabases has an ability to create domain for attributes true
xiii. Nearest Neighbor pattern analysis measures distance & variation of an attribute at that location
false
xiv. Common types of GIS data on the internet are the data that many organizations regularly use for
GIS activities are called framework data which include seven basic layers. true
xv. Radiation in the reflected IR region is used for remote sensing purposes in ways very similar to
radiation in the visible portion false
Q.4 Identify the most appropriate answer: (15)
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1. Which of the overlay operation is represented by the following picture
a. Point in Polygon b. Line in Polygon
c. Polygon on Polygon d. Point in line
2. Overlay method which is shown in the picture
a. Union b. Symmetrical
c. Identity d. Intersect
3. Quantization is a term which best describes
the
a. Spectral Resolution b. Radiometric Resolution c. Spatial Resolution d.
temporal Resolution
4. Radiation that has been scattered within the atmosphere and which reaches the sensor
without having made contact with the Earth’s surface is called the
a. Irradiance b. Radiance c. Atmospheric path radiance d. none of
above
5. Landsat-8 has spectral resolution of
a. 12 bands b. 9 bands c. 10 bands d. 13 bands
6. A value applied to the origin of a coordinate system to change the x-coordinate readings is
called
a. Projection b. false easting c. false northing d. scale factor
8. Which of the vector tool is shown in the picture
a. Update b. clip c. Select
d. Dissolve
9. Spatial Resolution of a sensor does not depend upon
a. Construction of the detector element in sensor-
determines pixel size (B)
b. View angle of sensor (A) c. Flying height of aircraft or orbital height of satellite
d. Ground topography
10. Scattering depends upon the several factors except
a. Wavelength of the radiation b. Size and abundance of suspended particles or gases
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c. Distance the radiation travels through the atmosphere d. Direction of radiance
11. Which of the following is an open source software which is used in GIS
a. ArcGIS b. ERDAS imagine c. QGIS d. Global Mapper
12. Web-mapping technology allows users to become “instant” new cartographers” by combining
their contents (e.g., text, photos, and videos) with Web-based maps except
a. Mashup mapping b. collaborative Web Mapping c. Open street Maps
d. Web 1.0
13. The process which converts projected coordinate systems from one to another, with both
already georeferenced is called
a. Projection b. Re-projection c. Geometric Transformation d.
Geographic transformation
14. One type of map projection that preserves local shapes
a. Conformal b. Conical c. Azimuthal d. Cylindrical
15. Infrared (IR) region covers the wavelength range more than 40 times as wide as the visible
portion
a. 0.7-14 µm b. 0.4-0.7 µm c. 0.30-0.38 µm d. 14-18 µm
Q.5 Spectral Reflectance Curve of different objects are given. You have to examine the behaviour of
objects in different parts of EMS (15)
I. Spectral Reflectance Curve of Water showing different depths. Examine the behaviour of
different depths of water in different parts of Electromagnetic
spectrum (5)
Picture shows different depth of water. Peaks show maximum
reflection. Water having different depths show maximum reflection in
green part of visible region. Water having depth of 20m show
maximum absorption in visible region, while water having depth of 2
meter show maximum absorption in NIR. While water having 0.2
meter and surface water show maximum absorption in SWIR and
Thermal Infrared
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ii. Spectral reflectance curve of healthy vegetation is being showed in the picture. Examine the
behaviour of stressed vegetation in Visible,
NIR and SWIR (5)
Stressed vegetation show maximum
reflection in red color in visible region. It
shows highest reflection in Short Wave
Infrared and show highest absorption in
NIR.
iii. Examine the behaviour of soil with different moisture content in EMS (5)
Soil having more moisture content show maximum absorption in Short wave infrared region 0.9 to 2.0
micrometers and show maximum reflection in visible and Near Infra red region. Two dips which show
absorption at 1.4 micrometer and 1.9 micrometer. While soil having least moisture content show
relatively very slight absorption in Short Wave Infrared regions.
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