UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

BUILDING MAINTENANCE MANUAL

GET BUILDING

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

ARSP 3- Specialization 3
Code: 2716

Campaña, Leamor C.
Maluya, Faith Joan B.
Morales, Rey Charles R.
Serrano, Czarina Isabel B.

Instructor:
Ar. Keith Giovanni B. Querequincia
October 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARCHITECTURAL
I. BUILDING EXTERIOR
II. BUILDING INTERIOR
A. Concrete
B. Wood
C. Steel
D. Paint Maintenance
E. Flag pole
F. LED Board
STRUCTURAL
A. Reinforced Concrete Columns
B. Reinforced Concrete Beam
C. Concrete Slab
D. Steel Roof Trusses
E. Concrete Walls
ELECTRICAL
I. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION
A. Power Transformer
II. SUB-ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
A. Circuit Breakers Maintenance
B. Electrical Wiring Maintenance
1. Electrical Conduit Maintenance
2. Electrical Outlets & Switches Maintenance
3. Lighting Fixture Maintenance
III. ELECTRONICS
A. Emergency Lighting Maintenance
B. Closed Circuit Television Maintenance
C. Fire Alarm Maintenance
D. Projector Maintenance
PLUMBING
SANITARY
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE
I. MAINTENANCE STRATEGY
A. Regular Inspections
B. Preventive Maintenance
C. HVAC System Maintenance
D. Plumbing Maintenance
E. Electrical System Maintenance
 F. Fire Safety Systems
G. Energy Management
H. Documentation
I. Training and Awareness
II. HVAC PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
A. Staffing
B. Operating Requirements
C. Equipment and Supplies
D. Safety and Security Procedures
E. Documentations
F. Management Issues
III. HVAC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ESSENTIALS CHECKLIST
A. Compressor
B. Air Filter
C. Evaporator and Condenser
D. Drain Line and Drain Pan
E. Thermostat
F. Electrical and Controls
G. Blower and Condenser Fans
H. Ductwork
I. Unit Cabinet
J. General Checklist
IV. GENERATOR CHECKLIST MAINTENANCE
V. PREVENTIVE GENERATOR MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST
A. Maintenance with each use
B. Maintenance as needed
C. Weekly Generator Maintenance Checklist
VI. MONTHLY GENERATOR MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST
A. Annual Generator Maintenance Checklist
VII. MECHANICAL DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS
A. Preventive Maintenance Checklist for Mechanical Equipment
LANDSCAPES AND SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURES
I. TREES
A. Preventive Maintenance
B. Predictive Maintenance
II. CONCRETE PAVER BLOCKS
A. Maintenance
B. Repair
C. Preventive Maintenance
REFERENCES
 ARCHITECTURAL

1. BUILDING EXTERIOR

In order to ensure the longevity and preservation of the University of Mindanao - GET Building’s
exterior, it is necessary to establish various maintenance initiatives. The exterior of the campus structure
primarily consists of concrete, steel, and wood materials.

A. Concrete

Concrete is a widely used material for exterior building construction due to its durability,
versatility, and aesthetic appeal. Here are the facts about using concrete for exterior buildings:

a. Durability: Concrete is known for its exceptional durability and longevity. It can withstand harsh
weather conditions, including extreme heat, cold, rain, and wind, making it an excellent choice for
exterior applications (ACI Committee 301, 2016).
b. Resistance to Environmental Factors: Concrete is resistant to damage from environmental factors like
fire, pests, and moisture, making it an ideal material for the exterior of buildings (Malhotra, 2002).
c. Versatility: Concrete can be molded into various shapes and finishes, offering architects and designers a
wide range of options for creating visually appealing exteriors (Concrete Network, n.d.).
d. Energy Efficiency: Concrete has excellent thermal mass properties, which can help regulate
temperature and reduce energy consumption in buildings (Portland Cement Association, 2021).
e. Low Maintenance: Once properly constructed, concrete exteriors typically require minimal
maintenance compared to other materials like wood or metal, reducing long-term costs (PCA, 2019).
f. Sustainability: Modern concrete production methods focus on reducing environmental impact through
the use of recycled materials and more efficient manufacturing processes (Kosmatka et al., 2003).
 g. Architectural Versatility: Concrete can be used for a variety of architectural styles, from sleek and
modern designs to traditional and rustic aesthetics (PCA, 2021).
h. Color and Finish Options: Concrete can be pigmented and textured to achieve a wide range of colors
and surface finishes, allowing for customization (PCA, 2021).
i. Case Studies: Numerous case studies showcase successful applications of concrete in exterior building
design. For example, the use of architectural concrete in the Getty Center in Los Angeles demonstrates
its aesthetic and structural capabilities (Getty Conservation Institute, 2019).
j. Sustainable Concrete: Advances in sustainable concrete mix designs, such as high-performance and
low-carbon concrete, contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of concrete exterior materials
(Thomas et al., 2019).

Concrete exteriors are relatively low maintenance, but to ensure their longevity and appearance, it's
important to inspect them regularly for cracks or surface deterioration. Promptly addressing and repairing any
issues can prevent more significant structural problems and prolong the life of the concrete exterior.

B. Steel

Using steel as a construction material for exterior buildings offers several advantages, including
strength, durability, and design flexibility. Steel, according to Chen & Lui (2017) is a highly advantageous
material for exterior building applications, offering exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, durability against
environmental factors like corrosion and pests, and the versatility to create visually appealing architectural
designs. Steel's inherent fire-resistant properties make it a safe choice for exterior building components. It can
maintain its structural integrity even at high temperatures (Wald et al., 2019). Steel exteriors typically require
periodic inspections to check for signs of corrosion or rust. Applying a protective coating or paint system can
help prevent corrosion and extend the life of steel surfaces in exterior applications. Regular inspections and
maintenance are essential to ensure the durability and aesthetic appeal of steel exteriors.

C. Paint Maintenance

Frequent visual examinations of the building's outer surface are essential. Any signs of issues such as
paint peeling, bubbles, or other problems should prompt consideration of necessary repairs. It is advisable to
periodically cleanse the exterior to prevent the accumulation of dirt. This cleaning routine can align with the
yearly recommendations provided by paint manufacturers and applicators. It is advisable to employ regular
pressure washing, as high-pressure methods may harm the paint finish. Additionally, it is encouraged to sand
and repaint window sills and door frames every two years.

D. Flag Pole

Flagpoles designed for heavy-duty use demand less maintenance. While they generally require minimal
upkeep, occasional cleaning and maintenance are recommended. Ensuring optimal functionality involves
periodic inspections of your pole. Although it's not mandatory to clean the flagpole each time you raise or lower
the flag, this presents a good opportunity to check for any dirt or grime (Flag Pole Farm, 2020).

In most cases, if you notice a buildup of dirt and grime, a garden hose can be used to wash down the
flagpole. It's advisable to maintain a low-pressure setting when using the hose. Only if there are stubborn areas
that cannot be cleaned with water alone should soap be considered. In such instances, cleaning the flagpole can
be done with a soft cloth and a mild detergent solution diluted in water. It's wise to test any soap or detergent on
a small, inconspicuous area first to ensure it won't harm the finish before applying it to the flagpole.

If you happen to observe water stains on your flagpole, lightly rub the affected area with a soft cloth
after spraying the pole with a garden hose. The best time to address water damage is during the summer when
the flagpole can readily dry out.

E. LED Board

A LED board, or LED display board, is a visual communication tool that employs light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) to present information, graphics, or videos in a dynamic and eye-catching manner. LED boards are
commonly used for various purposes, both indoors and outdoors, and they come in various sizes and
configurations.
 Routine maintenance of LED boards on exterior buildings is essential to ensure optimal performance
and longevity. This includes regular cleaning to remove dirt, debris, and dust that can accumulate on the LED
display, as well as checking for any malfunctioning pixels or components. It's advisable to follow the
manufacturer's guidelines for maintenance, which may include periodic inspections and software updates.
 2. BUILDING INTERIOR

The design of indoor spaces involves a delicate balance of utility, appearance, and coziness to establish
welcoming and useful environments. Numerous components contribute to interior design, such as walls,
staircases, flooring, ceiling panels, windows, entrances, roofs, and more.

A. WALLS

Concrete Walls
Concrete walls find widespread use in diverse construction contexts, encompassing residential,
commercial, and industrial structures. They offer structural robustness, longevity, and resilience against fire and
severe weather conditions.

Concrete walls can develop cracks, particularly when subjected to various types of stress, including
thermal stress, as indicated by the National Concrete Masonry Association. It's essential to promptly attend to
any cracks or damage that may occur in these walls. For minor cracks, you can follow the manufacturer's
guidance and use a concrete patching compound or epoxy filler for repairs. However, for more substantial
cracks or structural concerns, it is advisable to seek the expertise of a professional engineer or contractor to
assess the situation and determine the appropriate repair measures.

Proper concrete wall maintenance is crucial for their longevity, structural integrity, and appearance.
Key maintenance tips include regular inspections to address damage, cleaning to remove dirt and stains without
harsh chemicals, sealing to protect against moisture, and repairing small cracks following guidelines. Consider
reinforcement for heavy stress, use suitable paints or coatings for aesthetics and protection, ensure proper
drainage, manage landscaping near walls, protect against extreme weather, and schedule professional
inspections for comprehensive upkeep, ensuring concrete walls remain durable and attractive.

Wood Wall Paneling

Wood wall paneling is a decorative wood covering installed on interior walls to enhance aesthetics and
texture. It's crafted from various wood types, offering design diversity, and can be installed horizontally or
vertically. Paneling can be left natural or finished in various ways. It's used in homes and businesses for
decorative and functional purposes, adding texture, sound insulation, and warmth.

Maintaining wood wall paneling is crucial to preserve its beauty and longevity. Here are maintenance
work for wood wall paneling:

a. Regular Cleaning
Dust the paneling regularly with a soft cloth or duster to prevent the buildup of dirt and debris. Pay
attention to grooves or patterns where dust may accumulate.
b. Gentle Cleaning Solutions
If the paneling becomes soiled, use a mild detergent solution and a soft sponge or cloth to clean it.
Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive scrubbers that can damage the finish.
c. Avoid Excess Moisture
Wood is sensitive to moisture, so prevent excessive exposure to water or high humidity. Dry any spills
promptly to prevent staining or warping.
d. Protect Against Sunlight
Direct sunlight can cause wood to fade over time. Consider using window coverings like curtains or
blinds to protect the paneling from prolonged sun exposure.
e. Periodic Polishing or Waxing
Depending on the finish, you may need to periodically apply wood polish or wax to maintain the
wood's luster and protect it from wear.
f. Repairing Scratches or Dents
For minor scratches or dents, you can use touch-up kits or markers that match the paneling's color.
Deeper damage may require professional repair.
g. Inspect for Damage
Regularly inspect the paneling for any signs of damage, such as loose panels, cracks, or gaps. Address
these issues promptly to prevent further deterioration.
h. Refinishing
Over time, the finish on wood paneling may wear down. You can refinish the paneling by sanding it
lightly and applying a new finish or stain to restore its appearance.
i. Prevent Pest Infestations
 Inspect for signs of pests like termites or carpenter ants, as they can damage wood paneling. If
you suspect an infestation, consult a pest control professional.
j. Maintain Proper Indoor Climate
Maintain a consistent indoor climate with relative humidity levels between 30% and 50%. Fluctuations
in humidity can cause wood to expand or contract, leading to issues.
k. Protect High-Traffic Areas
If your wood paneling is in high-traffic areas, consider adding furniture or protective coverings to
prevent excessive wear and tear.

B. STAIRS

Ensuring the upkeep of stairs is of paramount importance, serving essential purposes in safety,
longevity, and visual attractiveness. Consistent maintenance aids in the detection and resolution of possible
hazards like cracks or uneven surfaces, thereby decreasing the chances of accidents and injuries. By preserving
the structural integrity of the stairs, one can forestall deterioration and the associated expensive repairs.
Additionally, well-maintained stairs contribute positively to the overall visual appeal of a property. In the end,
the proper care and maintenance of stairs are indispensable for their extended lifespan, safety, and the retention
of a property's value.

Concrete Stairs

Ensuring the upkeep of stairs is of paramount importance, serving essential purposes in safety,
longevity, and visual attractiveness. Consistent maintenance aids in the detection and resolution of possible
hazards like cracks or uneven surfaces, thereby decreasing the chances of accidents and injuries. By preserving
the structural integrity of the stairs, one can forestall deterioration and the associated expensive repairs.
Additionally, well-maintained stairs contribute positively to the overall visual appeal of a property. In the end,
the proper care and maintenance of stairs are indispensable for their extended lifespan, safety, and the retention
of a property's value.

a. Regular Cleaning
 Sweep or vacuum the stairs regularly to remove dirt, debris, leaves, and other particles. Cleaning helps
prevent surface wear and deterioration.
b. Pressure Washing
Periodically use a pressure washer to clean the stairs thoroughly. A pressure washer can remove
stubborn stains, algae, moss, and mildew. Be cautious with the pressure to avoid damaging the concrete surface.
c. Sealing
Consider applying a concrete sealer to protect the stairs from moisture penetration, stains, and
freeze-thaw damage. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for the appropriate sealer and reapply it as needed.
d. Repair Cracks
Inspect the stairs for any cracks or damage. Small cracks can be repaired using a concrete patching
compound or epoxy filler. For significant cracks or structural issues, consult a professional.
e. Anti-Slip Coating
For safety, especially in areas prone to wet conditions, apply an anti-slip coating or paint to the stairs.
This helps prevent slip and fall accidents.
f. Drainage
Ensure that water drains away from the stairs properly. Poor drainage can lead to water pooling, which
can cause erosion and damage over time.
g. Snow and Ice Removal
In cold climates, promptly remove snow and ice from the stairs to prevent moisture penetration and the
risk of slipping. Use ice melt products sparingly to avoid damage to the concrete.
h. Avoid Deicing Chemicals
Be cautious with deicing chemicals, as some can damage concrete. Use products that are safe for
concrete surfaces.
i. Inspect Handrails
Check handrails and balusters for stability. Tighten loose fittings and replace any damaged components.
j. Landscaping
Trim nearby vegetation to prevent roots from pushing against or infiltrating the concrete stairs, which
can cause damage over time.
k. Professional Inspection
Periodically, have a professional contractor or structural engineer inspect the concrete stairs for signs of
structural issues or safety concerns.
l. Protect Against Salt Damage
If salt is used for deicing in your area, be aware that it can damage concrete. Seal the stairs properly to
minimize salt penetration.
m. Repainting
If the concrete stairs are painted, consider repainting when the paint starts to show signs of wear or
fading.
Metal Stairs
Metal stairs are a versatile and popular choice in interior design, offering modern aesthetics,
customization options, and strength. They can save space, are durable, low-maintenance, and often fire-resistant.
Metal stairs come in various designs and finishes, making them adaptable to different architectural styles and
interior settings. They can be integrated with different materials like glass or wood, serve as unique architectural
focal points, and align with sustainable design practices due to their recyclability. When used thoughtfully, metal
stairs can enhance the aesthetics and functionality of interior spaces.

Maintaining metal stairs is vital for their longevity, safety, and appearance. Regular cleaning, including
pressure washing, is essential to remove dirt and grime. Apply anti-corrosion treatments to prevent rust, inspect
welds and connections for wear, and lubricate moving parts. Promptly repair damaged sections and repaint or
recoat when needed to protect against corrosion. Regularly check handrails and balusters for security, ensure
proper drainage. Professional inspections and timely repairs are crucial to maintain metal stairs' structural
integrity and safety.

C. FLOOR

In the GET Building, the predominant flooring choice consists of tiles in its corridors, halls, comfort
rooms and passageways. Concrete flooring is predominantly observed in the classrooms, while a metal floor
serves as a connecting link between the GET and DPT buildings.
Tiles flooring

Tile flooring is a versatile and popular choice for both residential and commercial spaces. It comes in
various materials, including ceramic, porcelain, natural stone, glass, and metal, offering diverse aesthetics and
characteristics. Tile floors are known for their durability, water resistance, and ease of maintenance, making
them suitable for high-traffic and wet areas. They come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and patterns, allowing for
creative and customizable designs. Tile flooring is long-lasting, hypoallergenic, and resistant to stains and
temperature fluctuations. It can mimic the look of natural materials while providing the durability of tile. Tile
floors can enhance the resale value of properties and are an eco-friendly option. However, prices can vary
widely depending on the material and design complexity.

Tiles flooring maintenance:

a. Regular Cleaning: Consistent cleaning is key to preserving tile floors (Tile Council of North America,
n.d.). Sweep or vacuum to remove loose dirt, dust, and debris (The Tile Association, 2021).
b. Mopping with Warm Water: For routine cleaning, mop tile floors with warm water (The Tile
Association, 2021). Avoid using excessive water to prevent moisture seeping into grout lines (National
Tile Contractors Association, 2016).
c. Use Neutral pH Cleaner: When deeper cleaning is needed, use a neutral pH tile cleaner (National Tile
Contractors Association, 2016). This is effective against stains and grime without harming the tile or
grout.
d. Grout Cleaning: Keep grout lines clean by using a grout cleaner or a mixture of baking soda and water
(National Tile Contractors Association, 2016). Scrub with a soft brush and rinse thoroughly.
e. Prevent Stains: Promptly clean up spills to prevent staining (The Tile Association, 2021). Acidic
substances, like wine or citrus juice, can harm certain tile types (Tile Council of North America, n.d.).
f. Avoid Abrasives: Do not use abrasive scrubbers or harsh cleaning pads that can scratch the tile's
surface (Tile Council of North America, n.d.). Use soft cloths or non-abrasive scrubbers (The Tile
Association, 2021).
g. Doormats and Furniture Pads: Place doormats at entrances to trap dirt and grit (The Tile Association,
2021). Use furniture pads or felt protectors under heavy furniture to prevent scratches (National Tile
Contractors Association, 2016).
h. Sealing Grout: Consider periodically sealing grout to protect it from stains and moisture penetration
(National Tile Contractors Association, 2016).
i. Prevent Moisture: In wet areas like bathrooms, prevent water from standing on tiles for extended
periods, as it can damage grout (The Tile Association, 2021).
j. Proper Ventilation: Ensure proper ventilation in bathrooms and kitchens to reduce humidity and
moisture, which can be damaging to tile and grout (Tile Council of North America, n.d.).
k. Regular Inspections: Periodically inspect tile floors for damage, loose tiles, or grout issues. Address
problems promptly to prevent further damage (National Tile Contractors Association, 2016).
 l. Professional Cleaning: Consider professional tile and grout cleaning services for deep cleaning and
restoration (Tile Council of North America, n.d.).

Concrete flooring

Concrete floors are a versatile and durable flooring option known for their longevity and low
maintenance. They can be customized in terms of color, texture, and finish, making them suitable for various
design styles. Concrete's environmentally friendly qualities, such as its use of recycled materials and long
lifespan, contribute to sustainability. It offers excellent thermal mass properties for heat retention, making it
energy-efficient, and can be compatible with radiant heating systems. Additionally, concrete floors are resistant
to moisture, fire, and allergens, and they can be renewed and recycled when needed, making them a practical
and cost-effective choice for residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

Concrete floor maintenance:

a. Regular Cleaning
Sweep or vacuum the floor regularly to remove dirt, dust, and debris. This prevents scratching and keeps the
surface clean (Concrete Network, n.d.).
b. Mopping
Mop the floor with a mixture of warm water and a mild pH-neutral cleaner. Avoid harsh chemicals that can
damage the surface (Concrete Decor, 2021).
c. Stain Prevention
Quickly clean up spills to prevent staining. Concrete is porous and can absorb liquids. Use absorbent materials
like cat litter for oil or grease spills (Concrete Decor, 2021).
d. Sealing
Depending on the type of concrete and its exposure, consider applying a concrete sealer to protect the surface
from stains and moisture (The Concrete Protector, 2021).
e. Re-Sealing
Periodically, reapply the sealer as it wears down over time. This ensures continued protection (Concrete
Network, n.d.).
f. Prevent Moisture
Properly maintain drainage systems and ensure that water doesn't pool on the floor, as prolonged exposure to
moisture can damage the concrete (Concrete Network, n.d.).
g. Professional Cleaning
Consider professional cleaning and resealing, especially for high-traffic areas or when the floor's appearance has
deteriorated (The Concrete Protector, 2021).
h. Avoid Harsh Chemicals
Refrain from using acidic or abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the concrete surface (Concrete Network,
n.d.).
i. Repairs
Address cracks or damage promptly. Small cracks can be filled with a concrete patching compound (Concrete
Decor, 2021).

Metal Flooring

Metal flooring is a versatile and durable option used in various settings, known for its strength and
industrial aesthetic. Typically made from materials like steel, aluminum, or stainless steel, metal floors are
resistant to wear, corrosion, and impact (Tadros, 2013). They are often used in high-traffic areas, commercial
spaces, and industrial facilities due to their durability and ease of maintenance. Metal flooring can be designed
with various finishes, including smooth, textured, or perforated surfaces, offering slip-resistant options for safety
(American Institute of Steel Construction, 2016). It is a sustainable choice as metals are recyclable, and metal
floors have a long lifespan, reducing the need for replacements (World Steel Association, 2021). The reflective
quality of metal can also enhance the brightness and lighting in spaces, making it a practical choice for certain
applications (Kahraman et al., 2014).

Ensuring the durability and optimal performance of metal flooring is of utmost importance. It is
essential to engage in routine cleaning to eliminate dirt and debris, as these particles have the potential to cause
surface wear and harm, as highlighted by the American Institute of Steel Construction in 2016. Common
maintenance procedures typically involve sweeping or vacuuming followed by mopping with a pH-neutral
cleaner, as suggested by Forney in 2007. In environments where corrosive elements are present, particularly
those susceptible to moisture and humidity exposure, it is crucial to take preventive measures to prevent rust or
deterioration, as emphasized by the American Institute of Steel Construction in 2016. Furthermore, for metal
flooring situated in high-traffic areas, it is advisable to conduct periodic inspections to detect any indications of
wear or damage promptly. In such cases, timely repairs or recoating may be necessary, as recommended by Jain
and Saini in 2013. In conclusion, adhering to proper maintenance protocols, including regular cleaning and
preventive actions, can contribute significantly to prolonging life and preserving the appearance of metal
flooring.

D. CEILING

Concrete Ceiling

Concrete ceilings, commonly used in various architectural settings, offer unique characteristics such as
durability, strength, and versatility. They are known for their load-bearing capacity, making them suitable for
both structural and decorative purposes in buildings (Carmody et al., 2008). Concrete ceilings can be left
exposed to create a modern and industrial aesthetic, and they often contribute to thermal mass in structures,
helping to regulate indoor temperatures (Fernández-Solís et al., 2016). Moreover, concrete ceilings can be an
effective acoustic barrier when designed with sound-absorbing properties (Blanchfield et al., 2017). However,
they require proper insulation and design considerations to avoid issues related to sound reflection (Chang &
Chang, 2019). The versatility of concrete ceilings, coupled with their robustness and aesthetic possibilities,
makes them a popular choice in contemporary architecture.

Maintaining concrete ceilings is crucial to ensure their longevity and structural integrity. Regular
inspection for signs of cracks, spalling, or other forms of damage is essential (Jain & Saini, 2013). Addressing
these issues promptly prevents them from worsening and helps preserve the ceiling's aesthetics. Additionally,
proper cleaning and maintenance of lighting fixtures, air ducts, and other ceiling components can prevent dust
and dirt buildup, enhancing indoor air quality (Maintenance of Buildings, Structures, and Outlets, 2007). In
cases where concrete ceilings are left exposed, periodic cleaning can help maintain their appearance. It's
important to follow manufacturer recommendations for any coatings or sealants applied to the ceiling to ensure
their effectiveness over time (Blanchfield et al., 2017). In summary, regular inspections, cleaning, and adherence
to maintenance guidelines are essential practices to keep concrete ceilings in excellent condition.

Acoustic Ceiling tiles

Ceilings are often overlooked until problems arise, as they tend to accumulate dust, become dirty, and
develop stains. These situations should be promptly addressed, as they can influence the perception of your
space by visitors. To determine the most suitable course of action, it is important to assess the condition of your
ceilings.
 Depending on the specific area, it is advisable to establish a ceiling maintenance schedule. For instance,
similar to hard vinyl sheetrock, kitchen ceiling tiles should be cleaned every 8 to 10 months. Conversely,
traditional white mineral board ceilings that are not frequently exposed to heat, smoke, or excessive dirt may
only require cleaning every 18 months. This customized approach ensures the cleanliness and appearance of
your ceilings are well-maintained, making for effective and timely maintenance.

Before you commence brushing or vacuuming your ceiling, make sure to protect your furniture. To
ensure effective cleaning, always adhere to the recommended cleaning procedures. Alternatively, you may
consider seeking professional assistance, as they offer a service that involves applying an enzyme detergent
containing hydrogen peroxide onto the ceiling.

Furthermore, engaging a professional cleaning service ensures that the task is carried out correctly.
There are specialized cleaning solutions for ceilings that are not readily available in stores. Incorrect product
usage can potentially damage your ceiling.

Certain stains can be particularly challenging to remove. However, by selecting a solution that
preserves the integrity of your ceiling tiles, you can effectively conceal stubborn stains. It is advisable to refrain
from painting over soiled areas with old stock paint, as this can increase the ceiling's flammability and
compromise its acoustic properties.

It is essential to review the manufacturer's instructions for your ceiling to avoid voiding any warranties.
If the ceilings have previously undergone modifications such as painting or other treatments, these warranties
may not cover the performance of such ceilings. In such instances, professional cleaning services can be trusted,
given their extensive experience in handling such cleaning challenges.

E. WINDOWS

Windows are essential architectural features in buildings, serving multiple purposes such as
providing natural light, ventilation, and aesthetics (Carmody et al., 2008).
 Proper maintenance of glass windows is essential to ensure their longevity and performance in
buildings. Regular cleaning is a fundamental practice to remove dirt, dust, and contaminants that
accumulate on the glass surface, enhancing visibility and natural light penetration (American
Architectural Manufacturers Association, 2011). Additionally, inspecting windows for signs of damage,
such as cracks or leaks, is crucial, as addressing these issues promptly can prevent more extensive and
costly repairs (Jain & Saini, 2013). Sealing gaps and leaks around window frames helps improve
energy efficiency and prevent drafts, contributing to indoor comfort and energy savings. Adhering to
manufacturer guidelines for cleaning products and techniques is essential to avoid damaging coatings
or glazing on the glass (Peters, 2007). In summary, regular cleaning, inspection, and sealing practices
are vital for the maintenance of glass windows, ensuring their functionality and appearance over time.

F. DOORS

Doors are fundamental architectural elements that serve as entry and exit points in buildings, providing
security, privacy, and aesthetic value (Carmody et al., 2008). They come in various types, including
hinged, sliding, pocket, and revolving doors, each with specific applications. Proper maintenance,
including lubrication of hinges and locks, weatherstripping, and periodic inspection for wear and
damage, is essential to ensure the functionality and security of doors (Jain & Saini, 2013).
 Proper maintenance of glass, wood, and steel doors is essential to ensure their longevity and
performance in buildings. For glass doors, regular cleaning with a glass cleaner or a mixture of warm water and
mild detergent helps remove dirt and smudges, ensuring transparency (Jain & Saini, 2013). Wooden doors
require periodic inspections for signs of wear, cracks, or damage, and addressing these issues promptly can
prevent more extensive repairs. Applying a wood sealer or finish periodically can protect the wood from
moisture and UV damage, enhancing durability (American Wood Council, 2018). Steel doors benefit from
regular cleaning to prevent rust and applying a rust-resistant coating or paint as needed. Lubricating hinges and
locks, ensuring proper weatherstripping, and inspecting for drafts contribute to the functionality and energy
efficiency of all door types.

G. ROOF
 Structural engineers conduct annual inspections and promptly replace or repair any damaged,
destroyed, or deteriorating components. After a disaster like an earthquake, flood, or fire, a thorough building
safety and habitability assessment is essential. If the building is deemed unsafe to inhabit or poses safety risks,
vacate the area immediately, and address any damage caused by the catastrophe. Structural engineers and
inspectors should approve any alterations or renovations that impact the building's structural integrity, as
changes such as moving walls, increasing roof loads, or other adjustments can affect the building's stability. It's
crucial to revisit and double-check these structural modifications and seek approval from the responsible party if
necessary.

To maintain the roof's integrity and prevent water infiltration and corrosion, apply an elastomeric
protective coating, which typically lasts between 10 to 20 years, depending on the application's thickness. Seal
nail holes with elastomeric sealant to prevent water from seeping through the roof and causing leaks during
rainy periods.

Proper maintenance for this kind of roof is essential to ensure its longevity and structural integrity.
Regular inspections for signs of damage, such as loose or missing shingles, damaged flashing, or leaks, are
crucial (Carmody et al., 2008). Addressing these issues promptly prevents them from worsening and helps
preserve the roof's watertightness. Clearing debris, leaves, and branches from the roof and gutters prevents clogs
that can lead to water damage (Jain & Saini, 2013). Periodically checking for proper ventilation and insulation
in the attic space helps regulate temperature and moisture levels, extending the roof's lifespan (EIA, 2009).
Overall, routine maintenance practices, including inspections, debris removal, and ventilation checks, are
essential for the upkeep of a hip roof.
 STRUCTURAL

The structural parts of a building are essential components that provide stability and support to the
overall structure. These elements include the foundation, which bears the weight of the building and transfers it
to the ground (Kurian, 2013). Above the foundation, load-bearing walls and columns distribute the building's
weight and resist various forces, such as gravity and wind (Carmody et al., 2008). Beams and lintels span
openings in walls, allowing for doors and windows, while trusses and joists support the roof and floors,
respectively (American Institute of Architects, 2017). These structural components work together to create a
safe and stable building that can withstand external forces and provide a secure environment for occupants;
therefore, it is crucial to take care of and maintain them.

A. Reinforced Concrete Columns

Reinforced concrete columns are structural elements commonly used in building construction to
support vertical loads and resist lateral forces (Nawy, 2008). They consist of concrete encasing steel
reinforcement bars (rebar) to enhance their strength and ductility. The combination of concrete's compressive
strength and steel's tensile strength makes reinforced concrete columns capable of withstanding substantial loads
(PCA, 2014). The design and detailing of these columns are critical to ensure their structural integrity and
performance in various building applications. They are often found in high-rise buildings, bridges, and other
structures where the need for load-bearing capacity and resistance to seismic forces is paramount (PCA, 2014).

Maintenance of reinforced concrete columns is essential to ensure their long-term structural integrity.
Regular visual inspections are crucial to identify signs of deterioration, such as cracks, spalling, or corrosion of
the reinforcing steel (ACI, 2013). Addressing these issues promptly is vital to prevent further damage and
maintain the load-bearing capacity of the columns. Cleaning the surfaces to remove dirt, contaminants, and
corrosion products helps prevent further deterioration (ACI, 2013). In corrosive environments, such as coastal
areas, protective coatings or corrosion-inhibiting treatments may be necessary to safeguard the reinforcing steel
(PCA, 2014). Proper drainage and waterproofing measures should be in place to prevent moisture infiltration,
which can accelerate deterioration. Regular maintenance practices, guided by professional assessments and
adherence to industry standards, are key to preserving the structural integrity of reinforced concrete columns
(Jain & Saini, 2013).

B. Reinforced Concrete Beams

 Reinforced concrete beams are fundamental structural elements widely used in construction to support
loads across spans (Nawy, 2008). These beams consist of concrete reinforced with steel bars or mesh, combining
the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile strength of steel to resist bending and shearing forces. They
play a critical role in distributing loads from the superstructure to the supporting columns or walls in buildings
and bridges (PCA, 2014). The design and detailing of reinforced concrete beams are essential to ensure their
structural performance and safety. They are versatile and come in various shapes, such as rectangular, T-shaped,
or I-shaped, allowing engineers to tailor their designs to specific structural requirements (PCA, 2014).

Maintenance of reinforced concrete beams is essential to ensure their long-term structural performance.
Regular inspections are crucial to detect any signs of damage or deterioration, such as cracks, spalling, or
corrosion of the reinforcing steel (ACI, 2013). Timely repair of any identified issues is essential to prevent
further degradation and maintain the load-carrying capacity of the beams. Cleaning the surfaces to remove dirt,
contaminants, and corrosion products helps prevent further deterioration (ACI, 2013). In corrosive environments
or regions with de-icing salt use, protective coatings or corrosion-inhibiting treatments may be necessary to
safeguard the reinforcing steel (PCA, 2014). Adequate drainage and waterproofing measures should be in place
to prevent moisture infiltration, which can accelerate deterioration. Regular maintenance practices, guided by
professional assessments and adherence to industry standards, are key to preserving the structural integrity of
reinforced concrete beams (Jain & Saini, 2013).

C. Concrete Slab

Concrete slabs are commonly used in construction to create horizontal surfaces for floors, pavements,
and foundations (PCA, 2014). These slabs are typically made of concrete, a mixture of cement, aggregates,
water, and often admixtures, poured into a formwork and allowed to cure. Concrete slabs provide a sturdy, level
surface that can support various loads, making them versatile for a wide range of applications in residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings (Nawy, 2008). They come in various types, including suspended slabs, raft
slabs, and slab-on-grade, each designed to meet specific structural requirements and conditions (PCA, 2014).
Proper design, construction, and maintenance are essential for ensuring the durability and performance of
concrete slabs in various construction projects.
 Concrete slab maintenance is essential to ensure the longevity and structural integrity of these
horizontal surfaces. Regular inspections are vital to identify and address any issues such as cracks, spalling, or
surface deterioration (ACI, 2013). Timely repairs, especially for structural concerns, are crucial to prevent
further damage and maintain the slab's load-bearing capacity. Cleaning the surface to remove dirt, stains, and
contaminants helps preserve its appearance and prevents further degradation (ACI, 2013). In regions with
freeze-thaw cycles, proper sealing and protection from de-icing agents are necessary to prevent damage caused
by moisture infiltration (PCA, 2014). Regular maintenance practices, guided by professional assessments and
adherence to industry standards, are essential for preserving the functionality and appearance of concrete slabs
(Jain & Saini, 2013).

D. Steel Roof Trusses

Steel roof trusses are essential structural elements used in building construction to support the
roof's weight and provide stability to the overall structure. These trusses are typically fabricated from
steel members, which offer exceptional strength and durability (ASCE, 2004). Their open-web design
allows for efficient distribution of loads while minimizing the overall weight of the roof structure,
making them suitable for a wide range of architectural designs (USACE, 2008). Steel roof trusses are
known for their resistance to deformation and deflection, even under heavy loads and adverse weather
conditions. They are commonly used in various building types, including residential, commercial, and
industrial, due to their versatility and ability to span large distances (ASCE, 2004). Steel roof trusses
play a critical role in ensuring the safety and longevity of roofing systems in diverse construction
projects.
Maintenance of steel roof trusses is crucial to ensure their long-term structural integrity and
the safety of a building's roofing system. Regular inspections are essential to detect signs of corrosion,
loose connections, or damage to the truss members and connections (USACE, 2008). Addressing these
issues promptly is vital to prevent further deterioration and to maintain the trusses' load-carrying
capacity. Cleaning the surfaces to remove dirt, contaminants, and corrosion products can help prevent
 further degradation (USACE, 2008). In corrosive environments or regions with exposure to harsh
weather conditions, protective coatings or corrosion-inhibiting treatments may be necessary to
safeguard the steel members (Dwivedi et al., 2017). Regular maintenance practices, guided by
professional assessments and adherence to industry standards, are key to preserving the structural
integrity of steel roof trusses (Jain & Saini, 2013).

E. Concrete Walls

Concrete walls are integral components in building construction, offering strength, durability,
and versatility in various applications (PCA, 2014). These walls are typically constructed by pouring
concrete into molds or formwork, allowing the material to cure and harden into a solid structure.
Concrete walls provide stability to buildings, resisting both vertical and lateral loads such as wind and
seismic forces (ACI, 2013). They come in various forms, including cast-in-place walls, precast walls,
and concrete block walls, offering flexibility in design and construction methods (PCA, 2014).
Concrete walls are appreciated for their fire resistance, sound insulation properties, and resistance to
weather and environmental factors (ACI, 2013). They are commonly used in residential, commercial,
and industrial buildings, contributing to the overall safety and longevity of structures.

Maintenance of concrete walls is essential to ensure their long-term durability and structural
integrity. Regular visual inspections are needed to identify issues such as cracks, spalling, or other
forms of damage (ACI, 2013). Prompt addressing of any damage is vital to prevent further
deterioration. Cleaning accumulated dirt from the walls is recommended and can be specified as an
annual condition by paint manufacturers and applicators (PCA, 2021). Standard pressure washing is
advised, as high-pressure washing can damage the paint finish (PCA, 2019). Additionally, window sills
and door frames should be sanded and repainted every two years to maintain the wall's appearance and
protect it from environmental factors (PCA, 2021). Regular maintenance, guided by professional
assessments and adherence to industry standards, is key to preserving the aesthetics and functionality of
concrete walls.
 ELECTRICAL

Electrical maintenance involves the activities aimed at maintaining the proper functioning of electrical
equipment. This encompasses the examination, evaluation, and necessary repairs of electrical equipment to
proactively address issues that may result in power loss or electrical fires (Ang, 2023).

Electrical maintenance is a critical component of building maintenance in the University of Mindanao,

especially in the GET Building. It is vital for the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the university's operations
as it does not only protects the well-being of those on campus but also supports the institution's core functions,
reputation, and long-term sustainability.

I. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

According to Hapgood (2023), Electrical substation maintenance is critical for ensuring the smooth
operation and reliability of electrical substations. Substation maintenance inspections include testing, repairing,
and replacing vital substation equipment and scheduling impending maintenance tasks via a preventative
maintenance checklist. Proper maintenance of substations is essential to prevent power outages, ensure electrical
safety, and optimize the performance of the entire network (EV Charging Energy, 2023).

To ensure effective electrical substation maintenance, the University of Mindanao should consider
developing a comprehensive maintenance plan, regularly inspecting and testing equipment, addressing any
identified issues promptly, and staying compliant with relevant regulations.
 A. Power Transformer

Maintenance for power transformers is crucial to ensure their reliability and longevity in electrical
substations and other power distribution systems. Regular maintenance not only extends the life of the
transformer but also enhances the reliability and safety of the electrical system it serves.
a. Inspection:
i. Visual Inspection - Regularly inspect the transformer for signs of physical damage,
oil leaks, or corrosion. Check for loose connections or damaged cooling fans.
ii. Bushings Inspection - Inspect the bushings for signs of damage, leaks, or
deterioration. Ensure that the bushings are properly sealed and functioning.
iii. Tap Changer Inspection - If the transformer has a tap changer, inspect and clean it
regularly to ensure proper functioning. Lubricate tap changer mechanisms as needed.
iv. Gaskets and Seals - Check gaskets and seals for leaks and replace them if necessary
to maintain oil containment.
v. Bushing and Insulator Cleaning - Clean and inspect bushings and insulators to
prevent contamination and tracking.
vi. Tightening and Torqueing - Periodically check and tighten bolted connections,
ensuring proper torque values are maintained.
vii. Cooling System Maintenance - Ensure that the cooling system, whether it's air-cooled
or oil-cooled, is functioning efficiently. Clean cooling fans and radiators to prevent
overheating.
b. Analysis & Monitoring:
i. Oil Analysis - Perform regular oil sampling and analysis to assess the condition of
the transformer's insulating oil. After that, monitor the oil's dielectric strength,
moisture content, and the presence of contaminants. Replace or regenerate the
insulating oil as needed.
ii. DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) - Perform dissolved gas analysis on the insulating oil
to detect and diagnose potential issues within the transformer.
iii. Temperature Monitoring - Continuously monitor the operating temperature of the
transformer using temperature sensors. Overheating can be a sign of internal
problems or issues with cooling systems.
iv. Noise and Vibration Monitoring - Monitor for unusual noises or vibrations that may
indicate internal problems.
c. Testing:
i. Protective Device Testing - Test the operation of protective devices, including relays
and alarms, to ensure they function correctly.
ii. Electrical Testing - Conduct routine electrical tests such as insulation resistance and
power factor measurements to assess the condition of the transformer's insulation.
Perform turns ratio tests to ensure proper voltage transformation.
d. Scheduling:
 i. Record Keeping - Maintain detailed records of all maintenance activities, inspections,
and test results for historical reference.
ii. Spare Parts Inventory - Keep a supply of critical spare parts, such as gaskets,
bushings, and cooling system components, on hand.
iii. Scheduled Maintenance - Develop a scheduled maintenance plan based on the
transformer's age, usage, and manufacturer recommendations.

It is advisable to maintain the load capacity of transformers between 75 to 90 percent of the stated max
capacity to reduce the risk of malfunctioning and problems (5 essential maintenance tips for electrical
transformers, 2021). The maintenance crew should prepare a maintenance schedule beforehand and circulate it
among the team to ensure everyone is informed.

II. SUB-ELECTRICAL UTILITIES

Sub-electrical utility maintenance is a crucial aspect of building maintenance. Properly maintained

electrical utilities are essential for creating a safe and conducive learning and working environment within the
university. The maintenance of electrical systems and equipment is essential to ensure the safety of students,
faculty, and staff, as well as the proper functioning of the university's facilities.

A. Circuit Breakers Maintenance

Power circuit breakers are crucial for protecting electrical systems and people from injury or death
during maintenance or operation. However, they may fail to operate during a short circuit, which can expose the
power system and maintenance personnel to the deadly effects of an arc flash (White, 2012).
 Maintenance of power circuit breakers is essential to ensure their reliable operation and to extend their
lifespan as circuit breakers play a critical role in protecting electrical systems from overloads, short circuits, and
other faults.

a. Inspections:
i. Visual Inspection - Regularly inspect the circuit breaker for signs of wear, corrosion,
or physical damage. Check for loose connections, damaged insulation, and
overheating.
ii. Torque Verification - Verify that all bolted connections are properly torqued to
manufacturer specifications. Periodically check and retighten as necessary.
iii. Contact Wear Inspection - Examine the condition of the main contacts and auxiliary
contacts for signs of pitting or excessive wear. Replace contacts if needed.
iv. Arc Chutes and Arcing Contacts - Inspect and clean arc chutes and arcing contacts to
ensure effective interruption of electrical arcs. Replace worn or damaged
components.
b. Testing:
i. Operational Testing - Test the circuit breaker's opening and closing operations to
ensure proper functionality. Verify that the breaker can trip under various fault
conditions.
 ii. Electrical Testing - Conduct electrical tests, including insulation resistance, contact
resistance, and trip unit testing, to assess the condition of internal components. Verify
that the breaker operates within specified time and current parameters.
iii. Secondary Injection Testing - Test the protective relays associated with the circuit
breaker to ensure they are functioning correctly.
iv. Trip Unit Calibration - Calibrate the circuit breaker's trip unit settings to ensure
proper coordination with protective devices. Verify that the trip unit operates within
specified tolerances.
v. Insulation Resistance Testing - Measure the insulation resistance between phases and
between phases and ground. Identify and address any insulation degradation.
c. Precautions:
i. Cleanliness - Keep the circuit breaker and its surroundings clean and free of dust,
debris, and moisture. Clean the contacts and insulating surfaces to prevent tracking
and contamination.
ii. Lubrication - Lubricate moving parts, such as hinges and contact mechanisms,
according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Use the correct type and amount
of lubricant.
iii. Environment and Ambient Conditions - Ensure that the circuit breaker operates
within specified temperature and humidity ranges. Protect the breaker from moisture
and extreme environmental conditions.
iv. Safety Precautions - Follow all safety procedures and use appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE) when working on live circuit breakers.
d. Scheduling:
i. Spare Parts Inventory - Maintain a stock of critical spare parts, including contacts,
coils, and trip units, to minimize downtime in case of component failure.
ii. Documentation and Records - Keep comprehensive records of maintenance activities,
test results, and inspections for reference and compliance purposes.
iii. Scheduled Maintenance - Develop a regular maintenance schedule based on
manufacturer recommendations, usage, and environmental factors.

B. Electrical Wiring Maintenance

Electrical hazards such as electrical shocks, electrocution, and electrical fires can occur due to faulty
wiring. Electrical wiring maintenance can ensure the safety of the building occupants by preventing these
hazards as regular maintenance of electrical wiring can identify and fix any issues before they become
hazardous. Regular maintenance can also prolong the lifespan of the electrical system by identifying and fixing
issues before they cause damage to the system.

Electrical maintenance is the process of checking, testing, and maintaining the electrical systems. This
consists of the wiring, circuit breakers, lights, outlets, and electrical appliances (Muscad, 2023). Electrical
wiring maintenance is a fundamental aspect of building maintenance for the University of Mindanao.
Prioritizing the safety, reliability, and efficiency of electrical systems through regular maintenance practices is
crucial for creating a safe and conducive learning and working environment on campus.

1. Electrical Conduit Maintenance: This is essential for ensuring the integrity and safety of
electrical wiring systems in buildings and facilities. Conduits protect wiring from physical
damage, moisture, and other environmental factors.
a. Inspections:
- Regularly inspect electrical conduits for visible signs of damage, wear, or
deterioration. Look for dents, bends, corrosion, or loose fittings.
- Check conduit supports and hangers to ensure that conduits are adequately secured
and do not sag or pull away from walls or ceilings.
- Keep conduits clean and free of debris, dust, and obstructions. Remove any foreign
objects or blockages that may impede the installation or maintenance of cables.
- Ensure that conduit bends are smooth and free of sharp edges to prevent damage to
cable insulation during installation or maintenance.
- Inspect conduit fittings, connectors, and couplings for tightness and proper
alignment.
- Properly label conduits to identify the type of cables or wires they contain. This helps
during maintenance or troubleshooting.
b. Testing:
- Conduct continuity testing to ensure that the conduit system is providing a
continuous path for electrical grounding and bonding.
- Verify that conduits are properly grounded to ensure electrical safety. Check that
grounding clamps and connectors are secure and in good condition.
c. Precautions:
 - Ensure that conduits are properly sealed and waterproofed at entry points, joints, and
connections to prevent moisture from entering. Repair or replace damaged seals
promptly.
- In corrosive environments, use corrosion-resistant conduits and fittings. Inspect for
signs of corrosion and replace affected components as needed.
- Apply cable lubricant when pulling wires or cables through conduits to reduce
friction and prevent damage to insulation.
- If conduits are severely damaged or compromised, replace them to maintain the
integrity of the electrical wiring system.
- Account for thermal expansion and contraction of conduits, especially in areas with
temperature variations, to prevent damage to the conduit or cables.
d. Scheduling:
Maintain records of conduit installation, maintenance, and any repairs or
modifications made to the electrical wiring system.

2. Electrical Outlets & Switches Maintenance: Maintaining electrical outlets and switches is
important to prevent electrical hazards and ensure the safety of the building occupants. Proper
maintenance can help prevent electrical hazards and extend the lifespan of these components.

According to Electric (2018), to prevent the electric hazards:

a. Test the Outlets Frequently: Test the outlets frequently to ensure they are functioning
properly. This can be done on a monthly basis to prevent serious issues such as
damaged electrical devices, shock, and even fires.
b. Replace Faulty Wiring: Faulty wiring can cause damage to the switches and outlets.
If there are any noticeable damage, it’s important to have it repaired immediately by
a professional.
c. Purchase Reliable Electrical Products: Using inexpensive, off-brand electrical
products can damage to the outlets. Look for some type of safety certification on the
device to ensure it is safe to use.
 Additional tips from the website of Glenco (2022):
d. Clean Outlets and Switches Safely: Over time, dust and dirt can build up on the
electrical components, causing them to work less efficiently. Regularly clean the
outlets and switches with a lint-free cloth to prevent this.
e. Check Electrical Plates: Check the electrical plates to ensure they are secure and not
loose. Loose plates can cause electrical hazards and should be tightened immediately.
f. Deal With Pest Problems Promptly: Pests such as rodents can chew through electrical
wiring, causing damage to the switches and outlets. Deal with pest problems
promptly to prevent this.

3. Lighting Fixture Maintenance: Maintaining lighting fixtures is important to ensure proper

illumination, energy efficiency, and safety in your home, workplace, or any other facility.
Regular maintenance can extend the lifespan of lighting fixtures and prevent issues such as
flickering poor light output, or electrical hazards.
 Lighting levels tend to diminish with time due to aging light fixtures and the
accumulation of dust and film on bulbs. This can diminish overall lighting by up to 50%.
Cleaning the fixtures every 6-24 months, changing lenses if they seem yellow, and
contemplating group light replacement can assist in saving on labor costs, maintaining
illumination high, and preventing straining ballasts with failing bulbs are some basic
maintenance measures (Davenport, 2013).

a. Inspection:
i. Ballast Inspection - LED lighting fixtures typically do not have ballasts but
may have drivers that need to be inspected.
ii. Protective Covers and Lenses - Check the condition of protective covers,
lenses, and diffusers. Replace any cracked or damaged components to
maintain safety and light distribution.
iii. LED Driver and Heat Sink Inspection - For LED fixtures, inspect the LED
driver and heat sink to ensure proper operation and cooling. Overheating can
reduce the lifespan of LED lights.
iv. Timers and Controls - Inspect and test timers, motion sensors, or lighting
controls if your fixtures are equipped with them. Replace or recalibrate as
necessary.
v. Professional Inspection - Consider scheduling periodic professional
inspections by a licensed electrician or lighting specialist, especially for
complex or large lighting systems.
b. Cleaning & Replacement:
i. Cleaning - Dust and clean lighting fixtures regularly to remove dirt, debris,
and insects that can accumulate on bulbs, lenses, and reflectors. Use a soft
cloth or a duster to clean delicate fixtures, and consider using a damp cloth
for more stubborn stains.
ii. Bulb Replacement - Replace burnt-out bulbs promptly to maintain proper
illumination. Ensure that replacement bulbs are the correct type and wattage
for the fixture. Turn off the power before replacing bulbs, especially for
fixtures that use incandescent or halogen bulbs.
iii. Ballast Replacement - For fluorescent lighting fixtures, periodically check
the ballasts for signs of damage or overheating. Replace faulty ballasts as
needed.
iv. Emergency Lighting - Replace backup batteries in emergency lights as per
manufacturer recommendations.
v. Outdoor Fixture Maintenance - Clean outdoor lighting fixtures to remove
dirt and debris. Check for weatherproof seals and gaskets to prevent water
intrusion. Lubricate moving parts, such as hinges or pivot points, in outdoor
fixtures as needed.
 c. Testing:
i. Emergency Lighting Testing - If the facility has emergency lighting fixtures
(e.g., exit signs, emergency lights), test them regularly to ensure they
function during power outages.
d. Precautions:
i. Electrical Safety - Inspect the electrical wiring and connections of lighting
fixtures for signs of wear, damage, or loose connections. Address any issues
immediately and ensure that fixtures are properly grounded to prevent
electrical shock hazards.

III. ELECTRONICS

According to Archana (2017), Electronic devices are those that regulate the flow of electrons in order
to carry out a certain purpose. Emergency lighting, CCTV’s, Fire Alarm devices and Projectors are electronic
devices that can be found in GET building.

A. Emergency Lighting Maintenance

Emergency lighting is essential for ensuring the safety of the building occupants in the event of a fire or
other emergency. It provides illumination to escape routes, reducing the risk of injury or death due to
disorientation or panic (Korsen Fire & Security, 2021). According to (LEED (2019), regular maintenance of
emergency lighting can prevent costly repairs and replacements, and proper maintenance of emergency lighting
can improve its efficiency, reducing energy consumption and saving resources (Jenny, 2023).

A dependable emergency lighting system can also contribute to a healthy working and learning
environment. Employees and students feel more comfortable and confident in their safety, which may enhance
morale and productivity. Furthermore, proving conformity with rules helps inspire trust among stakeholders and
investors (Jenny, 2023).
a. Testing Requirements for Emergency Lights (Wilson, 2023):
i. The building owner is responsible for the following frequency of testing, regardless of the size
or kind of facility: 30-second tests every 30 days to assure required lighting, and 90-minute
tests once a year to simulate a long-term emergency.
ii. To certify both monthly and annual functional testing, written documentation must be retained
and presented.
iii. The testing include turning off the electricity to the facility's emergency lighting devices,
much like in an emergency. All emergency lighting equipment must be fully working during
the tests.

b. Maintenance Tips (The Exit Light Company, 2023):

i. Visual Inspection:
1. Look for exposed or loose wire (frayed wiring is a fire danger, and unsecured wiring
can become snagged and cause more damage). Any exposed or dangling wiring
should be secured.
2. Check if the item firmly fastened to the wall or ceiling as this might easily lead to
more harm if it’s not firmly fastened.
3. Examine the housing for cracks or flaws. Exterior units with cracks may need to be
replaced due to water seepage concerns. (Think about acquiring and installing
protective guards and shields to prevent physical damage to your exit signs,
emergency lights, and exit light combinations).
ii. 30 Second Battery Test:
1. "Manual Testing" - Locate the "push-to-test" button, which is often a unique red
button. By hitting this button, you will turn off the main power and activate the
backup battery. Exit signs should remain lighted, and emergency lighting should be
activated. Hold the button down for 30 seconds, noticing that the lighting remains on
for the entire 30 seconds. Consider investing in "Self-Testing / Self-Diagnostic" exit
signs and emergency lights for facilities with a high number of units.
2. "Self-Testing / Self-Diagnostic" - This piece of equipment contains a "push-to-test"
button as well as a diagnostic LED that lights to indicate test findings. Find the
"push-to-test" button and press it twice to start the 30-second test. Examine the LED
indicator. Green (steady, double-blink, or triple-blink) shows regular service, whereas
red (steady, double-blink, or triple-blink) denotes a failure of some kind. To reset,
press the test switch button one more. (In addition to the manual testing described
above, these machines may be programmed to run a 30 second battery self-test once
every 30 days).
iii. 90 Minute Battery Test:
1. "Manual Testing" - Is recommended to depress the button for the whole 90-minute
test.
 2. "Self-Testing / Self-Diagnostic" - To initiate 90 minute testing, click the
"push-to-test" button four times. (In addition to the manual testing described above,
these systems may be programmed to do a 90-minute self-test twice a year).

The standards for testing and maintenance will differ depending on the jurisdiction. In certain
jurisdictions, the emergency lighting system must illuminate synchronously with the activation of the building's
fire alarm, and/or flash on and off when the fire alarm is engaged. It is critical to deal with a company that can
aid the institution in identifying which codes apply in the case at hand.

B. Closed Circuit Television Maintenance

CCTV cameras play a vital role in enhancing the security of the university. CCTV cameras can help
monitor and ensure the safety of students, faculty, staff, and visitors. They can be used to monitor public areas,
parking lots, and pathways to identify and respond to safety concerns promptly. They can also act as a deterrent
to potential criminal activity and provide evidence in case of incidents such as theft, vandalism, or unauthorized
access.

Regular maintenance can identify and address issues with cameras or recording equipment before they
lead to system failures or data loss. This includes checking for camera malfunctions, adjusting angles, and
cleaning lenses for clear image capture. It also includes monitoring and maintaining the security of networked
cameras to prevent unauthorized access or cyberattacks. Regular maintenance ensures the reliability and
functionality of CCTV cameras. Well-maintained CCTV systems can also help prevent crimes by discouraging
individuals from engaging in illegal activities on campus.

a. Maintenance Tips (Muscad, 2022):

i. Regular Inspection of Cameras - Ensure that the cameras are clean, well-positioned, and free
of obstacles. Examine for evidence of wear and tear or physical damage. If the camera has
night vision, make sure it works effectively in low-light circumstances.
 ii. Examine the Recording System - Ensure that your DVR or NVR is properly recording
footage. Check the storage space and, if required, delete outdated data, making sure to back up
any crucial footage beforehand.
iii. Updates and Security Patches - Make sure the system's firmware is up to date. Regular
software updates and patches increase system performance while also protecting it from
cyber-attacks.
iv. Check the Power Supply of the System - Ensure that the power supply is reliable and constant.
Power fluctuations might trigger a system failure, therefore check for problems.
v. Confirm Remote Access - If your system enables it, validate that you can see your CCTV
feeds from a separate network on a regular basis.
vi. Regular System Reboot - A regular reboot might assist to eliminate any software issues and
keep the system functioning properly. Plan for occasional system reboots.
vii. Keep a Maintenance Log - Keep a log of all maintenance actions, noting the date of each
activity and any difficulties that arise. This can be quite useful for troubleshooting future
issues.

C. Fire Alarm Maintenance

Fires can cause extensive damage to buildings, equipment, and valuable assets. A fire alarm system is
placed in a structure as part of preventative fire protection. The fire alarm system, which can be linked to the
local fire department, gives early notice of danger from smoke, gas, or fire (CWS, 2021). Fire alarm system
maintenance is critically important as its primary purpose is to alert building occupants, and initiate emergency
response procedures.
 A well-maintained fire alarm system can help detect fires at an early stage. Regular maintenance
ensures that the system functions properly, reducing the risk of injury or loss of life in the event of a fire and
allowing for faster response and potentially limiting property damage. The maintenance includes regular testing
and inspection of fire alarm components, such as smoke detectors, heat detectors, and sprinklers, to identify and
address potential issues before they become critical. A well-maintained fire alarm system is a critical component
of the university's overall emergency preparedness plan as it ensures that the campus is ready to respond to fire
emergencies effectively.

a. Maintenance Tips (CWS, 2021):

i. Fire alarm system maintenance is mandatory at least once a year.
ii. During maintenance, the main detector is switched off to prevent false alarms to the local fire
brigade.
iii. Visual inspection is conducted, and detectors (smoke detectors and manual call buttons) are
checked for functionality.
iv. The fire brigade information center and control panel are verified for correct display.
v. Other alarm and fire protection devices are tested for activation.
vi. Batteries of the emergency power supply are replaced every 4 years as per the manufacturer's
instructions.
vii. Fire detectors with contamination compensation are replaced after 8 years, and those without
compensation are replaced after 5 years.
viii. Detectors are inspected by a specialist company, typically spread over the year, with 25% of
detectors inspected each quarter.
ix. Fire detectors are tested using test gas, and thermal detectors are tested by heating them until
they activate.
x. Connected systems triggered by the fire alarm system are checked, including smoke vents,
escape doors, fire doors, fire gates, lifts, and ventilation systems.
xi. Coordinating maintenance of connected fire protection equipment on the same day is
recommended.

b. Maintenance Procedures (Kaminski, 2014):

i. Perform daily checks to verify the system's proper functioning. Document any faults or
malfunctions and promptly address and resolve them.
ii. Conduct weekly testing of at least one detector call point, as well as smoke and flame
detectors. Ensure the calibration of alarm sensors.
iii. For systems containing multiple zones (more than 13), perform weekly testing on more than
one zone.
iv. Verify the automatic release mechanism of fire doors on a weekly basis. Additionally, check
for any disconnections in alarm sounders or transmission signals weekly.
v. Generate a weekly defect report and promptly notify the relevant personnel to rectify any
identified issues.
 vi. Examine batteries and connections on a quarterly basis and replace them as necessary.
vii. Quarterly, inspect the alarm functionalities of indicating and control equipment. Also, conduct
quarterly tests on alarm sounders and the connections to independent monitoring firms.
viii. Every four months, confirm that there are no obstructions in the vicinity of detectors.
ix. Ensure that a qualified individual reviews your system annually, even if quarterly procedures
have been carried out. This assessment should encompass a check of detector functionality.
x. Arrange for an annual inspection of cable fittings and equipment to ensure their security,
protection, and absence of damage.
xi. Obtain a testing certificate once all the aforementioned inspections and necessary corrections
have been completed.
 D. Projector Maintenance

Projectors are integral to modern teaching and learning environments. Professors and instructors use
them to deliver lectures, presentations, and multimedia content. Projectors need replacement parts from time to
time and regular maintenance to prevent costly repairs and replacements. Proper maintenance of projectors can
ensure that they are functioning properly, providing clear and bright images, and reducing the risk of disruptions
during lectures. Conducting routine maintenance on every component of the projector, including the projector
lens, projector lamp, and projector cabinet, will guarantee that the best-quality image is consistently projected to
the audience (Busiku, 2023).

a. Cleaning and Maintaining the Projector: In the customer support page of official website of HP
(2023), the following tipe for cleaning and maintenance below were enumerated.
i. Cleaning the lens - Clean the lens anytime you spot dirt or dust on the surface. To clean the
lens, use a compressed air canister. If there is debris or streaks on the lens, use lens cleaning
paper or a soft cloth dampened with lens cleaner to gently wash the surface. Never rub the lens
with abrasive materials.
ii. Cleaning the projector case - To clean the projector casing, the following steps must be
followed:
1. Turn off the projector.
2. Unplug the power cord as well as any video source cords.
3. Wipe the projector's exterior with a gentle cloth. Moisten a soft cloth with water and
a neutral detergent to remove stubborn dirt or stains. Then wipe the casing clean.
Never use wax, alcohol, benzene, thinner, or other chemical detergents on the case
since these can cause damage.
 4. Clean the external vents with a vacuum that has a soft brush attachment. Do not
remove any external vents or case components since opening the device poses a
considerable risk to you and the product.
5. Reconnect the power cord and any video source cables.
iii. Cleaning the lamp vent screens - Lint or other debris can accumulate and clog the lamp vent
screen(s) over time. Lamp maintenance should not be done more frequently than necessary,
however it can be done on a regular basis depending on your specific usage and use
environment. To avoid electrical shock, always switch off the projector and unplug the power
cable before removing the light. During typical projector operation, a projector light becomes
quite hot so allow for adequate cool-down time. To clean the lamp vent screens, the following
steps must be followed:
1. Switch off the projector.
2. Unplug the power cord as well as any video source cables.
3. Take the light out of the projector. For light removal instructions for your individual
model, consult your Owner's Manual. Do not touch the front glass of the light. To
avoid finger injuries and/or degrading image quality by contacting the lens, avoid
touching the empty lamp compartment when the light is removed.
4. Locate and check the lamp's vent screen(s) for signs of accumulation or obstruction.
The lamp may have one or two vent screens, depending on the type. Clean any
foreign items from the lamp vent screen(s) with a vacuum equipped with a
crevice-type attachment. Do not attempt to clean other locations inside the light
chamber as you risk damaging delicate projector components.
5. Reinstall the lamp and any necessary covers, be careful not to overtighten the screws.
6. Reattach the power cord and any video source cables.
 PLUMBING

Water management has an important role on school buildings which is necessary to monitor its
utilization. Adopting water sustainability in schools is basically focused on reducing consumption, water
collection, and water recycling. The paper tackles and highlights the sustainable methods, technique, and
initiatives that are implemented in the internal and external design of school buildings, how to manage
sustainable water in schools, in addition to an access to guidelines and recommendations on future proceedings
for more sustainable schools (EL-Nwsany et al., 2019).

Maintenance of the plumbing system is one of the crucial parts of building infrastructures. It provides
clean and safe water for many uses, especially for sanitation. Improved academic achievement, teacher and
student retention, and increased levels of user satisfaction are just a few of the potential returns on investment
for facility renovations (Erica Cochran Hameen et al., 2020).

Davao City’s main water provider is the Davao City Water District (DCWD). They are incharge on
gathering, handling and disseminating water supply for city’s structures. Conducting inspections and
maintenance to ensure its effectiveness and safety through collaborations with Davao City Water District will
give data and support for the water system.

Adherence to the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines on school buildings will safeguard the
plumbing systems through compliance of plumbers on their practices to prevent water-borne illnesses and
sustain the clean environment.

FIXTURES AND APPLIANCES

Fixtures and appliances on plumbing systems makes the utilization of water either for sanitary and
disposal purposes. Correct installation, maintenance, repair of fixtures will guarantee optimization and
convenience of water. Preventive and predictive maintenance procedure has a systematic approach that will
locate possible potential issues before its escalation into major problems.

Preventive Maintenance:

1. Watch What You Flush Down the Toilet:

a. Be mindful of what you flush down the toilet. Items like hair, food waste, grease, and even
“flushable” wipes can form solid masses and clog your drains.
b. Stick to flushing only toilet paper and waste to prevent expensive repairs1.
2. Check for Toilet Leaks:
a. Regularly inspect around your toilet’s base for pooling water on the floor or dripping from
under the tank.
b. Address subtle leaks promptly to avoid water wastage and potential damage. Test for slow
leaks by placing a few drops of food coloring in the tank and observing if it appears in the
bowl after about half an hour1.
3. Fix Leaking Faucets and Showerheads:
a. Leaky faucets and showerheads not only waste water but also increase your water bill.
b. Inspect these fixtures regularly for signs of leakage, such as dripping or pooling water. Repair
or replace any worn-out parts promptly1.
 4. Keep Drains Clean:
a. Use drain screens to prevent hair, soap scum, and other particles from clogging your drains.
b. Regularly pour hot water down sinks to dissolve any buildup and maintain efficient drainage2.
5. Use the Right Plunger:
a. Different plungers serve different purposes. Use a flange plunger for toilets and a cup plunger
for sinks and showers to clear clogs effectively2.
6. Maintain Water Pressure:
a. High water pressure can damage pipes, while low pressure affects appliance performance.
b. Use a pressure gauge to ensure your water pressure falls within the appropriate range2.
7. Insulate Pipes:
a. Insulating pipes prevents freezing during winter, reducing the risk of burst pipes.
8. Know Your Shut-Off Valve Location:
a. Familiarize yourself with the location of your shut-off valve in case of plumbing emergencies.
9. Avoid Flushing Non-Flushable Items:
a. Never flush items like baby wipes, feminine hygiene products, or paper towels down the
toilet. They can cause clogs and damage to pipes2.
10. Take Caution When Discarding Substances Down Drains:
a. Grease, oil, and food remnants should not be poured into drains as they can obstruct piping.
b. Dispose of them properly to prevent irreparable damage2.

Predictive Maintenance:

1. Objective: Predict pipe failures before they happen.

2. Key Information:
○ Age of Pipes: Understand when your pipes were installed.
○ Expected Useful Lives: Know the expected lifespans of fittings (20-30 years) and pipes (40-50
years).
3. Actions:
○ Assessment: Schedule a building pipe assessment to determine remaining pipe life.
○ Planning: Develop a plan for replacing or restoring pipes before they burst and cause water
damage.
○ Inspections: Regularly inspect pipes to assess wear rates.
○ Scheduled Maintenance: Follow manufacturer recommendations or guidance from
professional plumbers for organized pipe replacement or rehabilitation.

Replacements or Repair

1. Check for leaks or drips from a fixture and address them promptly.l Leaks waste water and can cause
damage to surrounding areas.
2. Change in Water pressure or flow which indicates a blockage or malfunction within a fixture.
3. Check for water discoloration or rusty which can signal a water problem with the fixture.
Specific Maintenance

1. Toilets and Urinals

a. Regular cleaning schedules by establishing a consistent cleaning schedule.
b. Ensure that toilets, urinals, sinks, floors, and all touchpins, are clean and disinfected regularly.
c. Inspection of plumbing and fixtures for leaks, clogs or damage.
d. Regularly inspect and maintain accessibility features, such as grab bars and accessible toilet
stalls.
e. Install emergency communication devices if necessary.
f. Ensure that the toilets are properly ventilated to maintain good air and prevent build up odors
and moisture.
g. Allocation of budget on toilet maintennace and upgrades to ensure the facilities remain plan
for school toilets.
h. Consulting a professional plumber and facility management to develop comprehensive
maintenance.
2. Sinks

a. Wipe down sinks daily with a mild cleaner or a mixture of dish soaps and warm water to
remove scum or residues.
b. Remove stains and polish faucets and fixtures with cleaning agent and wipe soft cloth to
restore its shine
c. Keep the sink drains clear of debris to prevent clogs. Remove the lead or drain strainer to
catch food particles and hair.
d. Fix leaks promptly to prevent water damage and mold growth.
e. Checking loose parts or wobbly faucet handles, sprouts or other fixtures, Tighten them as
necessary as possible to prevent further damage.
f. Periodically inspect and repair any damaged or deteriorating areas to prevent water
infiltration.
3. Storage Tanks
a. Check the tank painting and repair areas where the coating has deteriorated or damaged.
b. Inspect and replace seals, gaskets, or O-rings as needed to ensure a tight seal and prevention of
leakages and contamination on water.
c. Inspect and maintain the overflow and venting system and make sure its functionality is
proper.
 SERVICE ENTRY PIPES

The water service line or the service entry pipes is responsible for supplying the water that connects on
the building property. It is responsible for connecting the potable water from the City’s water supply adn private
well into the building. Repair and maintenance of service entry pipes is important to ensure safe and efficient
utilization of water systems.

Preventive Maintenance

● Conduct visual inspections of the service entry pipes regularly. Look for signs of corrosion,
leaks, or damage.
● Periodically test the water pressure in your plumbing system, High or low water pressure can
indicate issues with the service entry pipes.
● Keep an eye to unexplained increases in your water bill, which could be a sign of a hidden
water leak in the service pipes.
● Promptly repair any leaks in order to prevent more damages adn conserve resources

Predictive Maintenance

● Do a periodic ocular inspection of the service entry pipes to find any signs of damages and
corrosions. Look for discoloration or other indications of degradations.
● Implementation of monitoring techniques to assess the corrosion rate in the service entry
pipes.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water supply systems are indispensable for educational institutions as they play a vital role in
delivering clean and secure water to both students and staff. These systems are responsible for guaranteeing the
availability of water for drinking, handwashing, and maintaining hygienic facilities. Furthermore, they serve as a
critical measure to safeguard against the transmission of waterborne illnesses like cholera, typhoid fever, and
dysentery.

Preventive Maintenance:
1. Regular Inspection
a. Conduct routine visual inspections of the entire water supply system, including pipes, pumps,
valves, and storage tanks.
b. Look for signs of leaks, corrosion, or damage.
c. Inspect for any blockages or sediment buildup.
2. Lubrication:
a. Ensure that all moving parts, such as pump bearings and valves, are properly lubricated
according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
3. Cleaning and Flushing:
a. Periodically flush pipelines to remove sediment and mineral deposits that can impede water
flow and reduce water quality.
b. Clean intake screens and filters to prevent clogging.
4. Testing Water Quality
a. Regularly test the water quality for parameters like pH, turbidity, chlorine levels, and
microbial contamination.
b. Monitor water temperature to prevent freezing or overheating in extreme weather conditions.
5. Pump Maintenance:
a. Inspect and maintain pumps by checking for wear and tear on impellers, seals, and motor
components.
b. Ensure pumps are properly aligned and functioning efficiently.
c. Keep spare parts on hand for quick replacements if needed.
6. Valve and Pipe Maintenance:
a. Operate valves periodically to prevent them from sticking or seizing.
b. Repair or replace damaged or corroded pipes and fittings promptly to prevent leaks and water
loss.
7. Storage Tank Maintenance:
a. Inspect storage tanks for corrosion, sediment buildup, and proper sealing.
b. Clean and disinfect storage tanks periodically to maintain water quality.
8. Electrical Systems:
 a. Check electrical components, such as control panels and wiring, for wear, damage, or
malfunction.
b. Ensure that electrical connections are secure and safe.
9. Emergency Backup Systems:
a. Test backup power generators and other emergency systems regularly to ensure they function
in case of power outages.
10. Documentation:
a. Maintain detailed records of all maintenance activities, including dates, findings, and any
repairs or replacements.
b. Keep records of water quality test results.
11. Training and Staffing:
a. Ensure that personnel responsible for maintenance are adequately trained and have the
necessary skills and tools.
b. Establish a maintenance schedule and assign responsibilities clearly.
12. Compliance:
a. Stay up-to-date with local regulations and compliance requirements related to water quality
and supply systems.
Predictive Maintenance
1. Data Collection:
a. Install sensors and monitoring equipment throughout the water supply system to collect data
on various parameters, such as water flow rates, pressure, temperature, and the condition of
pumps, valves, and pipelines.
b. Utilize real-time monitoring and telemetry systems to continuously gather data.
2. Data Analysis:
a. Employ data analytics and machine learning algorithms to process the collected data.
b. Analyze historical data and patterns to identify deviations, anomalies, or trends that may
indicate potential equipment failures.
3. Condition Monitoring:
a. Set up thresholds and alarms based on data analysis to alert maintenance teams when certain
parameters exceed acceptable limits or when anomalies are detected.
b. Continuous monitoring allows for early detection of issues before they become critical.
4. Predictive Models:
a. Develop predictive models that use historical data to forecast when specific components or
equipment are likely to fail.
b. Predictive models may consider factors such as equipment runtime, load, environmental
conditions, and maintenance history.
5. Maintenance Planning:
a. Use predictive maintenance insights to schedule maintenance activities proactively.
 b. Prioritize maintenance tasks based on the criticality of the equipment and the urgency of the
predicted failures.
6. Remote Monitoring:
a. Implement remote monitoring capabilities, allowing maintenance teams to assess the system's
health and status from a central location.
b. Remote access can expedite response times and reduce the need for on-site visits.
7. Data Visualization:
a. Provide a user-friendly dashboard or interface for operators and maintenance personnel to
visualize real-time data, alarms, and predictive maintenance alerts.
8. Feedback Loop:
a. Continuously refine predictive models and maintenance strategies based on the feedback and
performance data collected over time.
b. Adjust predictive algorithms to improve accuracy and reduce false alarms.
9. Integration with CMMS:
a. Integrate predictive maintenance systems with Computerized Maintenance Management
Systems (CMMS) to streamline work order generation, scheduling, and tracking of
maintenance activities.
10. Training:
a. Ensure that maintenance teams are trained in the use of predictive maintenance tools and
techniques.
b. Foster a culture of proactive maintenance within the organization.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND VENTING SYSTEM

The urban stormwater drainage system is responsible for gathering and transporting runoff from urban
areas, which may contain certain pollutants. To maintain its effectiveness, it's essential to routinely service catch
basins, stormwater inlets, and other structures used for stormwater conveyance. This maintenance serves to
remove contaminants, prevent blockages in the downstream conveyance system, rejuvenate the catch basins'
sediment-trapping capacity, and guarantee the hydraulic functionality of the system to prevent flooding.

Preventive maintenance
1. Regular Inspection:
a. Conduct routine visual inspections of drainage pipes, vent pipes, and associated components
such as traps, cleanouts, and vents.
b. Look for signs of corrosion, leaks, or damage.
2. Cleaning:
a. Remove debris, sediment, and obstructions from drainage pipes and traps to prevent
blockages.
b. Clean vent pipes to ensure proper airflow and prevent sewer gas buildup.
3. Flushing:
 a. Periodically flush drainage pipes with water to remove accumulated sludge, soap scum, and
grease that can impede water flow.
b. Flush toilets and run water through sinks and tubs to verify proper drainage.
4. Leak Detection:
a. Check for any leaks in the drainage system, including pipes, fittings, and connections.
b. Address leaks promptly to prevent water damage and mold growth.
5. Clearing Clogs:
a. Use plumbing snakes or augers to clear stubborn clogs in drainpipes and traps.
b. Avoid using harsh chemicals that can damage pipes.
6. Ventilation:
a. Ensure that vent pipes are unobstructed to allow for the release of sewer gasses and to
maintain the proper pressure in the drainage system.
b. Verify that vent terminations are free from debris or bird nests.
7. Grease Traps:
a. If applicable, clean and maintain grease traps in commercial kitchens to prevent grease
buildup in the drainage system.
8. Backflow Prevention:
a. Install and regularly test backflow prevention devices to prevent contaminated water from
entering the potable water supply.
9. Sump Pump Maintenance:
a. If your building has a sump pump system, test and maintain it regularly to ensure it operates
correctly during heavy rain or flooding events.
10. Root Intrusion:
a. Inspect drainage pipes for signs of root intrusion, especially in outdoor drainage systems.
b. Address root infiltration promptly to prevent pipe damage.
11. Odor Control:
a. Implement odor control measures, such as regularly flushing floor drains and using drain traps
with water seals, to prevent sewer odors from entering the building.
12. Documentation:
a. Maintain records of all maintenance activities, including dates, findings, and any repairs or
replacements.
b. Keep a diagram or schematic of the drainage and venting system for reference.
13. Professional Inspections
a. Periodically schedule professional inspections by licensed plumbers to assess the condition of
the drainage and venting system.
b. Follow their recommendations for maintenance and repairs.
 SANITARY

The sanitary systems within a building encompass the structures and amenities responsible for
overseeing the gathering, purification, and elimination of both wastewater and solid waste. It is crucial to
maintain the proper operation and integrity of all drainage pipes, including soil pipes, waste pipes, vent pipes,
and underground drain pipes. Regular inspections of these pipelines are essential, and any instances of leaks,
blockages, or defects should be promptly addressed.

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sanitary drainage system in a building is essential to ensure its proper functioning, prevent blockages,
leaks, and maintain a clean and hygienic environment. Here are some key tasks and considerations for
preventive maintenance of a sanitary drainage system:

Preventive maintenance
1. Regular Inspection
a. Conduct routine visual inspections of all drainage pipes, including soil pipes, waste pipes, vent
pipes, and underground drain pipes.
b. Look for signs of corrosion, leaks, blockages, or damage.
2. Cleaning and Flushing
a. Regularly clean and flush drainage pipes to remove accumulated debris, sediment, and
potential blockages.
b. Flush toilets, run water through sinks, and check floor drains to ensure proper drainage.
3. Grease Traps (if applicable)
a. If your building has a commercial kitchen, maintain and clean grease traps to prevent grease
buildup in the drainage system.
4. Leak Detection and Repairs
a. Check for any leaks in the drainage system, including pipes, fittings, and connections.
b. Promptly address leaks to prevent water damage and potential health hazards.
5. Clog Removal
a. Use plumbing snakes, augers, or hydro-jetting to clear any clogs or obstructions in drainpipes
and traps.
b. Avoid using harsh chemicals that can damage pipes.
6. Ventilation
a. Ensure that vent pipes are unobstructed to allow for the release of sewer gases and to maintain
proper pressure in the drainage system.
b. Regularly inspect and clean vent terminations to prevent blockages.
7. Backflow Prevention
a. Install and regularly test backflow prevention devices to prevent contaminated water from
entering the potable water supply.
8. Root Intrusion
 a. Inspect outdoor drainage systems for signs of root intrusion, as tree roots can infiltrate pipes
and cause blockages or damage.
9. Odor Control
a. Implement odor control measures, such as using drain traps with water seals and flushing floor
drains, to prevent sewer odors from entering the building.
10. Documentation
a. Maintain records of all maintenance activities, including dates, findings, and any repairs or
replacements.
b. Keep a diagram or schematic of the drainage system for reference.
11. Professional Inspections
a. Periodically schedule professional inspections by licensed plumbers to assess the overall
condition of the sanitary drainage system.
b. Follow their recommendations for maintenance and repairs.

SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM

Sewage treatment system is essential to ensure its continuous and efficient operation in treating
wastewater and preventing environmental contamination. Here are key tasks and considerations for preventive
maintenance of a sewage treatment system:

1. Regular Inspection
a. Conduct routine visual inspections of all components of the sewage treatment system,
including tanks, pumps, valves, pipes, and electrical systems.
b. Look for signs of wear, corrosion, leaks, or structural damage.
2. Pump Maintenance
a. Inspect and maintain pumps, including checking impellers, seals, and motors for wear and
proper operation.
b. Ensure pumps are properly aligned and lubricated as needed.
3. Aeration Systems
a. If the system includes aeration equipment, inspect and clean diffusers, blowers, and other
components to maintain optimal oxygen transfer efficiency.
4. Sludge Handling
a. Maintain and clean sludge handling equipment, such as clarifiers, digesters, and dewatering
units, to prevent buildup and ensure efficient sludge processing.
5. Chemical Treatment
a. If chemicals are used for treatment, regularly monitor and replenish chemical levels to ensure
proper dosing.
b. Check and maintain chemical injection systems.
6. Electrical Systems
a. Inspect electrical components, control panels, and wiring for wear, damage, or malfunction.
b. Ensure electrical connections are secure and safe.
7. Sensors and Alarms
a. Calibrate and test sensors and alarms that monitor various parameters, such as water levels,
pH, turbidity, and flow rates.
b. Ensure that alarms are set to notify operators of any deviations from normal operating
conditions.
8. Safety Measures
a. Maintain safety measures, such as guardrails, access points, and warning signs around
treatment tanks and other potentially hazardous areas.
9. Grease and Debris Removal
a. Implement procedures to remove grease, debris, and foreign objects from influent screens and
other equipment that can lead to blockages.
10. Emergency Power Backup
a. Ensure that backup power sources, such as generators, are in working order to maintain
continuous operation during power outages.
11. Records and Documentation
a. Maintain detailed records of maintenance activities, including dates, findings, and any repairs
or replacements.
b. Keep a comprehensive log of system performance and any deviations from treatment
standards.
12. Operator Training
a. Ensure that operators are well-trained in the operation and maintenance of the sewage
treatment system.
b. Conduct periodic training and stay informed about regulatory requirements.
13. Regulatory Compliance
a. Stay updated with local, state, and federal regulations related to wastewater treatment and
ensure compliance with discharge permits.
 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE

A mechanical system in a school building refers to the infrastructure that controls and maintains the
environmental conditions within the facility. It includes various components designed to ensure the comfort,
safety, and functionality of the indoor environment.

HVAC, vital for maintaining optimal conditions of University of Mindanao, includes heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Heating uses boilers or furnaces, ventilation ensures air quality with
fans and ducts, and air conditioning regulates temperature with compressors. Other crucial mechanical systems
involve plumbing for water supply and sanitation, fire protection with sprinklers and alarms, and electrical
systems for power distribution and lighting control. These interconnected systems collectively create a safe and
conducive environment for learning.

MAINTENANCE STRATEGY

Maintaining mechanical systems of University of Mindanao buildings is crucial to ensure the safety,
efficiency, and functionality of various equipment and infrastructure. Here is a general maintenance strategy for
mechanical systems in school buildings, along with some references you can explore for more in-depth
information:

Regular Inspections:
● Schedule routine inspections for HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems,
plumbing, and electrical systems.
● Check for leaks, corrosion, and signs of wear and tear.

Preventive Maintenance:
● Implement a preventive maintenance schedule for key equipment, including pumps, fans, boilers, and
electrical panels.
● Replace filters, lubricate moving parts, and inspect electrical components regularly.

HVAC System Maintenance:

 ● Clean and replace air filters in HVAC systems according to manufacturer recommendations.
● Inspect and clean ductwork to ensure proper air circulation.

Plumbing Maintenance:

● Check for leaks in pipes, faucets, and toilets.

● Inspect water heaters and drainage systems regularly.

Electrical System Maintenance:

● Inspect wiring, switches, and outlets for signs of damage.

● Test emergency lighting and backup power systems.

Fire Safety Systems:

● Test and maintain fire alarms, smoke detectors, and sprinkler systems regularly.
● Conduct fire drills to ensure proper functioning of emergency systems.

Energy Management:

● Implement energy-efficient practices, such as using programmable thermostats and energy-efficient

lighting.
● Consider upgrading older systems to more energy-efficient models.

Documentation:

● Maintain detailed records of all maintenance activities, inspections, and repairs.

● Keep track of warranties, service contracts, and equipment specifications.

Training and Awareness:

● Train staff members on basic maintenance tasks and reporting procedures.

● Create awareness about the importance of reporting issues promptly.

HVAC PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

According to FMLink (n.d.), maintaining and operating HVAC systems often leads facility managers to
delegate tasks such as boiler water maintenance, fan motor reconditioning, refrigerant management, and valve
recalibrations. The decision to outsource is typically influenced by economic factors and the resources required
for hiring and training personnel. If the choice is made not to outsource, the maintenance crew's engineers will
undertake the tasks. Whether outsourcing or keeping tasks in-house, contract specifications (for outsourcing)
and operational manuals (for in-house operations) should address the following HVAC-related topics:
1. Staffing

Given that HVAC stands out as the primary focus for many facilities management clients, it is
crucial to ensure staffing levels are adequate for a prompt and effective response to these issues.

● Explain requirements regarding customer interactions and expected response times. Include
instructions for call-out times when services are requested after hours, on weekends, or in emergencies.
● Identify the number of management or supervisory personnel that the contractor will furnish to manage
the workers directly. This clause should specify the education, training, certifications or licenses, and
experience required, as well as written evidence of such qualifications. Also, specifically state the
hours the supervisory personnel must be at the site.
● Explain who is responsible for maintaining discipline, enforcing work rules and regulations, and
conducting employee appraisals.
● Specify the process for covering personnel absences, including the timelines and training of
replacement or reserve personnel.

2. Operating Requirements

HVAC operations typically use the largest share of building energy. It is important to define
the conditions of operation precisely so that you get what you need for a fair price.

● Specify the hours and days of HVAC operation and anticipated overtime that may be required based on
previous experience with the needs of the customers in the building.
● Provide the method of operating or controlling the systems, including automated control systems, and
an overview of seasonal startup and shutdown times.
● Provide an overview of the planned maintenance program that will be followed and the expected inputs
and outputs of the supplier to assure that industry-accepted maintenance standards are performed.

3. Equipment and Supplies

Equipment and supplies for facility operations, such as cleaning tools and construction
materials, often comprise one of the major non-personnel budget items. To avoid supply problems,
check the following:

● A full description of all the components of HVAC equipment in the building that will be operated and
maintained as part of the contract. This includes manufacturer(s), sizes, capacities, and type.
● Responsibility for the provision of tools and equipment that will be needed by the supplier’s personnel
to accomplish the work.
● Responsibility for providing materials and supplies, such as air filters, water treatment chemicals, and
fan belts, to sustain the HVAC function in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications.
● The minimum and maximum inventories that will be locally stocked. The expected consumption of
those commodities should be audited against the actual amounts and volumes billed for these supplies.
If an outsourced contractor provides the commodities, any markup for these commodities must be
stipulated in the contract. The contractor should provide MSDSs (material safety data sheets) with any
chemicals brought to the site as part of the contract. The facility manager’s right to inventory and audit
the contractor’s supply without advance notice should also be included in the contract.
● Identify who has responsibility for furnishing and maintaining personal protective equipment for
workers, such as eye protection, firefighting gear, work shoes, a breathing apparatus, and gloves, and
who will be trained and authorized to use such equipment.

4. Safety and Security Procedures

OSHA regulations emphasize safety programs customized for each site. Ensuring that the
following items are accomplished will demonstrate your company’s intentions to protect its workforce:

● Add descriptions of the work rules for safety, confined space permits, lockout/tagout procedures, injury
reporting, and asbestos insulation management.
● Specify uniforms, identification credential requirements, and dress codes.
● Specify the local emergency response requirements and procedures, such as the requirements for the
supplier’s personnel to participate on emergency response teams, incipient fire fighting teams, and fire
brigades. Describe the level of training required and how to keep records of training provided and
received.
● Environmental concerns largely stem from HVAC work. Grease, oil, lubricants of all kinds, water
treatment chemicals, cleaning solutions, refrigerants, and so forth constitute an environmental
responsibility that includes storage, use, and disposal requirements that come with stiff penalties for
nonconformance.

5. Documentation

Government inspectors rely heavily on documentation as evidence of your company’s efforts

to comply with regulations. Documentation also protects your company’s legal position in the face of
all types of liability claims. Ensure the following:

● Describe the requirements for maintaining written maintenance records or updating the computerized
operations and maintenance systems.
● Describe record-keeping requirements in addition to maintenance records, such as equipment logs,
trouble reports, and work order processing.
 ● Specify who is responsible for the maintenance of as-built drawings when changes have been made.
● Specify the requirements for maintaining service records and client satisfaction indexes, including
actual response times, and delivery of acceptable environmental conditions within the ASHRAE
comfort range.

6. Management Issues

To prevent responsibilities from falling through the cracks at times when your customers need
service the most, make sure the following items are spelled out:

● Describe the off-site management support that is given to the personnel assigned to specific sites.
● Identify who is responsible for meeting with code officials, insurance-related loss prevention inspection
agencies, and other suppliers. Also, specify the expected level of cooperation with these people. If a
labor union is involved, describe the process for managing labor relations.
● Determine how the site will be served in the event of a strike or job action.
● Define what constitutes straight time and overtime.
● Explain the requirement that written recommendations be submitted regarding major repairs or
replacement of equipment. Specify rules regarding permissible subcontracting by the supplier and
procedures or reviewing and approving subcontractors.

HVAC PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ESSENTIALS CHECKLIST (CAMCODE, 2021)

When addressing the realm of HVAC preventive maintenance, it becomes imperative to tailor the
preventive measures according to the distinct requirements imposed by seasonal variations. To guarantee
comprehensive coverage and readiness of your HVAC equipment across diverse environmental conditions, it is
advised to adhere to a thorough checklist. This checklist serves as a guide to ensure that all essential aspects of
your HVAC preventive maintenance program are systematically addressed, thus fortifying your HVAC systems
to perform optimally regardless of the prevailing seasonal nuances.

Compressor

● Check for any undue noise and vibration.

● Anti-vibration mounting to be checked.
● Check compressor current (Ampere).
● Compressor body to be cleaned and painted.

Air Filter

● Check and clean all filters and replace filters every two months or if needed.
Evaporator and Condenser Coils

● Inspect coils for damage and leaks.

● Clean condenser and evaporator air conditioning coils.
● Repair damaged fins.

Drain Line and Drain Pan

● Check drain lines and clear any clogs and clean drain lines to ensure proper flow.
● Empty drain pans of any standing water.
● Check refrigerant levels and adjust if needed.
● Check for refrigerant leaks.

Thermostat

● Test thermostats and HVAC controls to ensure correct temperature and timer settings.
● Test thermostat fans speeds (if applicable)
● Adjust thermostat schedule (if applicable)

Electrical and Controls

● Charge or replace batteries if necessary.

● Tighten electrical connections, check wiring, and measure voltage and current on motors.
● Check control box and electrical components for wear or damage.
● Check the equipment’s starting cycle to ensure proper starting, operation, and shut off.
● Clean/dust out the electrical enclosure area.

Blower and Condenser Fans

● Check pulleys and belts and replace any that are worn.
● Check the fan motor.
● Check and clean blowers and blades and adjust if needed to ensure proper airflow.
● Lubricate moving parts, including motor bearings, to reduce friction and energy consumption.

Ductwork

● Inspect ducts for the presence of debris, mold, and mildew.

● Inspect ducts for air leaks.
● Clean dust from the air register.
Unit Cabinet

● Inspect the cabinet and cabinet door for leaks and ensure it closes securely.
● Inspect the outside unit for surrounding debris.

General Checklist

● Gas pipe insulation to be checked, damaged to be changed.

● Damaged and missing bracket to be replaced and painted.
● Gas pipe insulation to be wrapped with canvas and to be covered with two coats of weather proof
paint.
● Scrape and paint the rusted potion of the outdoor unit.

GENERATOR CHECKLIST MAINTENANCE

Maintaining a gas or diesel generator involves more than just setting it up and forgetting about it.
Regular visual inspections before each use, coupled with a well-structured maintenance schedule encompassing
weekly, monthly, and annual checkups, are essential practices. The adherence to such a schedule is paramount
for preventing breakdowns and extending the operational lifespan of your generator.

The use of a generator maintenance checklist facilitates a systematic approach to checking specific
components at designated intervals, ensuring that the generator functions optimally when needed. With
proactive preventive maintenance, a backup generator set has the potential to endure for 20 years or more,
contingent upon usage frequency. Even if the generator is only operational for about 26 hours annually, with a
weekly half-hour exercise, its longevity can be significantly enhanced.

Neglecting preventive maintenance exposes generators to fuel-related issues, leading to breakdowns

and potential long-term damage. Similar to the routine drive you might take your car on to maintain its health,
running a gas or diesel generator regularly is a crucial part of its upkeep. By diligently adhering to maintenance
tasks, you not only prevent breakdowns but also ensure the smooth and prolonged functioning of your generator.

PREVENTIVE GENERATOR MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST (EUSEBIO,2021)

Power generators have a lot of moving parts, from the control panel (the brains of the generator) to the
battery and cables. Here are a few tasks you’ll want to consider for a preventive generator maintenance
checklist.

Maintenance with each use

● General inspection
 ● Test batteries
● Check intake and exhaust
● Manual start
● Engine exercise
● Adjustments

Maintenance as needed

● Repairs
● Replace filters
● Lubrication
● Cleaning
● Cooling system servicing
● Fuel system servicing

Weekly Generator Maintenance Checklist

During any inspection, whether weekly, monthly, or annually, begin by looking for oil leaks or other signs of
wear. It’s also important to keep your generator clean by removing dirt and debris, and making sure no rodents,
birds, or harmful insects have infiltrated the enclosed unit (if there is one).

● Do a visual inspection
● Run the generator
● Check fluid levels
● Check for leaks
● Check auto mode
● Check to see whether the engine is purring; listen and look for any indications of a misfire, such as
vibrations, smoke, or changes in power.
● Check the fuel level in the generator, turn on the engine, and let it run for around 30 minutes to make
sure everything is in working order.

MONTHLY GENERATOR MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

Monthly maintenance is essential for gas or diesel generators to ensure longevity and prevent
breakdowns. Before each use, visually inspect the generator and establish a maintenance schedule encompassing
weekly, monthly, and annual checkups. A generator maintenance checklist helps prioritize inspections,
contributing to optimal performance during crucial times. With consistent preventive maintenance, a backup
generator can last 20 years or more, depending on usage. Without proper care, generators are prone to fuel issues
leading to breakdowns. Regular operation, akin to driving a car weekly, is integral to maintenance. Proper
upkeep significantly extends the generator's lifespan compared to neglecting maintenance tasks.
 ● Clean generator
● Clean surrounding area
● Check engine coolant levels
● Check battery charger
● Check engine oil levels
● You should change the oil after 100 hours of use, and sooner the first time. It’s recommended that you
do the first oil change after 30 hours.
● Switch out plugs and the air filter every 200 hours.

Annual Generator Maintenance Checklist

Once a year, focus on the generator’s electrical system. Turn off all power sources to conduct an internal
inspection. Examine the AC wiring and alternator, making sure it’s free of dirt. Inspect the air intake system and
replace the air filter. Check the air induction piping while you’re at it. You’ll also want to make sure the
crankcase breather is in good shape: that’s the generator’s source of fresh air, which allows it to sweep fumes
out of the crankcase.

● Change oil
● Change oil filter, fuel filter, and air filter
● Flush cooling system
● Inspect wiring/electrical system
● Change spark plugs
● Test transfer switch
● Check the transfer switch to make sure it’s functioning to transfer your home’s power source from the
grid to the generator during an outage.

MECHANICAL DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS

Preventive Maintenance Checklist for Mechanical Equipment (doForms, 2020).

Preventive maintenance for machines:

● Ensure that machinery is clear of debris, before and after every shift.
● Wipe machine surfaces of lubricant, dirt, and other loose debris each day.
● Regularly inspect tools for sharpness.
● Check for and replace worn or damaged tools.
● Routinely check all machinery fluid levels and air filters and replace as needed.
● Calibrate machines regularly.
● Make sure that the machine is clear of debris before and after the shift begins.
● Clean the lubricant, dirt, and other debris from the machine’s surface.
● Inspect tools’ sharpness.
● Replace worn or damaged tools.
● Check the machine's fluid levels and replace filters if necessary.
● Calibrate machines.

Preventive maintenance for material handling equipment

● Regularly check belts for damage.

● Review calibration and programming for gantry machines. This is often a good opportunity to identify
inefficiencies.
● Clean belts and other equipment in direct contact with materials and inventory at least once a day.
● Check and maintain motors and other power sources at least twice a year

LANDSCAPES AND SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURES

 Maintaining the landscape is indispensable for safeguarding the allure, usability, and well-being of
open-air environments. Be it a private backyard, a community park, or a business premises, consistent landscape
upkeep yields a multitude of advantages. Going beyond mere visual appeal, the significance of landscape
maintenance extends to guaranteeing the seamless functionality of outdoor spaces. Routine maintenance tasks,
including lawn mowing, debris removal, and plant pruning, serve to uphold unobstructed and navigable
pathways. This not only enhances the aesthetics but also fosters safety and facilitates comfortable movement for
pedestrians, cyclists, and all other patrons of the outdoor space. The multifaceted impact of landscape
maintenance thus underscores its pivotal role in creating and sustaining harmonious and user-friendly outdoor
environments.

Preventive Maintenance:

● Conduct regular inspections of plants, trees, and irrigation systems.

● Clean debris, fallen leaves, and weeds from the landscape.
● Maintain proper irrigation system functioning and adjust watering schedules as needed.
● Prune and trim plants to promote healthy growth and prevent overgrowth.
● Apply fertilizers and nutrients based on soil tests and plant needs.
● Monitor and control pests and diseases through regular scouting and treatment.
● Ensure proper drainage to prevent water pooling or erosion.
● Regularly check and maintain outdoor lighting fixtures.
● Maintain pathways and outdoor structures for safety and accessibility.
● Conduct routine checks of hardscape elements such as fences, walls, and pavements.

Predictive Maintenance:

● Monitor soil moisture levels to optimize irrigation practices.

● Analyze plant health and growth patterns to identify potential issues.
● Conduct regular soil tests to assess nutrient levels and make targeted fertilization
● adjustments.
● Monitor for signs of pests or diseases and take early intervention measures.
● Keep track of weather patterns and adjust maintenance practices accordingly.
● Monitor the growth and health of trees to identify potential hazards or structural issues. Implement
regular monitoring and maintenance plans for irrigation systems.
● Evaluate landscape performance over time and make necessary adjustments or improvements.
● 8. Stay updated on industry trends, best practices, and advancements in landscape maintenance
techniques.
● 9. Maintain records of maintenance activities and observations for future reference and analysis.
TREES

Effective tree care plays a pivotal role in enhancing safety by mitigating potential risks. Through
meticulous pruning, the elimination of deceased or fragile branches is facilitated, thereby reducing the
likelihood of accidental damage or injury caused by falling limbs. Consistent inspections further aid in the early
detection of perilous conditions, such as trees leaning precariously, displaying cracks, or exhibiting root-related
concerns. This proactive approach enables timely interventions, preventing potential accidents and fostering a
secure outdoor environment. In essence, prioritizing proper tree maintenance not only contributes to the overall
health of the trees but also acts as a safeguard, ensuring the safety of individuals and property by addressing
potential hazards in a proactive manner.

A. Pruning is necessary to remove dead, diseased, or damaged branches, encourage healthy development,
improve structural integrity, and improve the aesthetic of the tree. To reduce stress and promote new
development, prune trees when they are dormant.
B. It's important to water trees properly, especially if they're young or just planted. Water your plants
appropriately, keeping in mind the kind of soil, the weather, and the sort of trees you have. In general,
deep, sparing irrigation is preferable to frequent, shallow watering.
C. Apply an organic mulch layer around the tree's base, allowing room around the trunk to stop moisture
from building up. Mulch aids in moisture retention, inhibits the growth of weeds, and insulates the
roots, encouraging healthy growth and safeguarding against temperature changes.
D. Regularly test the soil to determine the pH and nutrient content, and based on the findings, amend the
soil as necessary to add the nutrients required for tree development. Avoid compacting the soil around
the tree since this might impede root growth and put stress on the tree.
E. Keep an eye out for odd leaf yellowing, spots, or insect activity since these are indications of illnesses
or pests. Apply the proper preventative measures, such as utilizing pesticides or consulting an arborist
for expert evaluation and care.
CONCRETE PAVER BLOCKS

One of the most well-liked flexible surface treatment alternatives for outside pavement applications is
paver block, often known as paving block (Pai, 2020). Pavement blocks or pavers need to be maintained,
repaired, and put into place preventative measures in order to last a long time, be safe, and look good. Here are
some recommendations:

Maintenance:

a. Regularly sweep or use a leaf blower to clear dirt, debris, leaves, and other items from the pavement
blocks. Employ a gentle detergent or a specialized cleaner for pavers, and scrub with a brush to
eliminate stubborn stains. Finish by thoroughly rinsing with water.
b. To deter the growth of weeds between pavement blocks, it's crucial to regularly inspect and eliminate
any unwanted vegetation. This can involve manually pulling out weeds or using a weed killer to ensure
a clean and weed-free surface.

Repair:

a. Notice pavement blocks that have sunken or become uneven, gently take them out and adjust the base
by adding or removing sand or gravel. Ensure the blocks are level with the surrounding ones before
reinstalling them.
b. For cracked or damaged paving blocks, promptly replace any affected ones. After carefully removing
the damaged block, replace it with a new one that matches the existing pattern and color

Preventive Measures:

a. To safeguard the paving block's surface, think about using a sealant or paver sealer. By doing this, you
may lessen the likelihood of stains, water intrusion and damage brought on by UV rays or weathering.
To apply the product correctly, follow the manufacturer's instructions.
 b. Make sure the paving blocks have adequate drainage to stop water from collecting or damaging the
surface. Verify the grading and landscaping around the paved area to make sure water is directed away
from it.
c. Avoid parking big cars or installing heavy things for prolonged periods of time to prevent excessive
weight or strain on the pavement blocks. By doing this, the blocks are less likely to break or sink.

By adhering to these maintenance, repair, and preventive measures, you can effectively maintain the
durability, safety, and aesthetic appeal of your pavement blocks. Consistent upkeep safeguards their condition,
inhibits additional damage, and prolongs their lifespan, ultimately resulting in a functional and visually pleasing
paved surface.
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