Chapter 16

TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

1 flz)=23
a i flx)+2=2+2 i flz)-3=2%-3 i f(z)+6=2%+6
For y = f(z)+b, the effect of b is to translate
the graph vertically through b units.
=f(z) e If b>0 it moves upwards.
= f(@)+2 e If b<0 it moves downwards.
z
-3

b i flz-2)=(x-2)3 i flz+3)=(x+3)3 i f(z—6)=(z—6)°

For y = f(z —a), the effect of a is to translate
the graph horizontally through @ units.
e If a>0 it moves to the right.
e If a <0 it moves to the left.

i fz+2)+1=(z+2)3+1
746 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Investigation 1 Translations

a i flm)+2=1L42 x
i fz)-3=1-3 T
il f(@)+6=2+6
For y = f(x) +b, the effect of b is to translate
the graph vertically through b units.
e If b >0 it moves upwards.
e If b <0 it moves downwards.

1 1
b f@-2)=—; i fz+3)= a53 i flo—6)=_—5
For y = f(z —a), the effect of a is to translate
the graph horizontally through a units.
6) e If a >0 itmoves to the right.
e If a <0 it moves to the left.

i fz+2)+1= +1
r+2

—1)+3

3 a A translation b units vertically will map y = f(z) onto y = f(z)+b.

b A translation a units horizontally will map y = f(z) onto y = f(z — a).
¢ A translation a units horizontally and a translation b units vertically will map y = f(z) onto
y=f(r—a)+b.
4 No, none of these transformations change the shape of the graph.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16A 747

1 a The graph of y = f(xz)+5 is found by b The graph of y = f(z —3) is found by

translating y = f(z) 5 units upwards. translating y = f(z) 3 units to the right.
Ay

52

|y
v
¢ The graph of y = f(z—3)+5 is found
by translating y = f(z) 3 units to the
right and 5 units upwards.

2 a The graph of y = g(z) — 3 is found by b The graph of y = g(z+ 1) is found by

translating y = g(z) 3 units downwards. translating y =g(z) 1 unit to the left.

% 1Y X 4’
. y=g(x) n ) y=g(x)

= . ,® y g 2 1 1 *

"z T K 7

=4
| yrEge) =3 4 |
v v
748 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16A

¢ The graph of y = g(z+1)—3 is found d The graph of y = g(z —2) — 1 is found

by translating y = g(z) 1 unit to the left by translating y = g(z) 2 units to the
and 3 units downwards. right and 1 unit downwards.
» Ay A
4 X 4
y=g(x) . y=g(@)
e

8Y
|y

The graph of y = f(z) has been The graph of y = f(z) has been
translated 4 units to the right to result in translated 1 unit to the left, and 3 units
y = g(z). upwards, to result in y = g(z).
So, g(x) = f(z —4). So, g(z) = f(z+1)+3.

4 a The graph of y = g(z) is found by translating y = f(z) 4 units downwards.

©og(z) = fla)—4
.oy =(Q2r+3)—4 {since f(z)=2zx+3}
Cglr)=22-1
b The graph of y = g(z) is found by translating y = f(z) 2 units to the left.
. g(z)=f(z+2)
. g(x =3(z+2)—-4 {since f(z) =3z —4}
©oglz)=3x+2
¢ The graph of y = g(x) is found by translating y = f(x) 3 units upwards.
wog(@) =f(z)+3
. oglx)=(—22+5z-7)+3 {since f(z) =-2>+5z -7}
. g(z) =—a® +5x—4
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16A 749

d The graph of y = g(z) is found by translating y = f(z) 5 units to the right.

wogla) = flz—5)
cog@)=(x—5)>2+4(x—5)—1 {since f(z) =% +4x —1}
©og(x) =210z +25+4x 20— 1
(z)
5 y= f(z)+1 is found by translating y = f(x) 1 unit upwards, y = f(z) — 2 is found by
translating y = f(z) 2 units downwards.
a f(z)=2a? b f(z)=2a3

6 y= f(z—1) is found by translating y = f(z) 1 unit to the right, y = f(z +2) is found by
translating y = f(z) 2 units to the left.
a f(z)=2a? b f(z)=2a3

y=[f(z+2)
750 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16A

¢ f@)=1 d fl@)=(z—1)?+2

7 y = f(z—2)+ 3 is found by translating y = f(z) 2 units to the right and 3 units upwards,
y = f(zx+1) —4 is found by translating y = f(z) 1 unit to the left and 4 units downwards.
b f(z)=2°

8 The graph of y = g(z) = f(z —3) —4 s a translation of y = f(z) 3 units to the right and
4 units downwards.
So, y = f(x) has been translated by the vector ( 3’4 )

The point (—2, —5) on the graph of y = f(z) will therefore be translated by the vector ( _34 ),
to give the point (—2+3, —5—4), or (1, —9), on the graph of y = g(x).
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Investigation 2 Stretches 751

9 a The graph of y = g(z) = f(xz) — 3 is a translation of y = f(z) 3 units downwards.

So, the graph of y = g(x) has y-intercept 2 —3 = —1.
There is not enough information to determine the z-intercepts.
b The graph of y = h(z) = f(z — 1) is a translation of y = f(z) 1 unit to the right.
So, the graph of y = h(z) has z-intercepts —3+1=—2 and 4+ 1=5.
There is not enough information to determine the y-intercept.
¢ The graph of y =j(z) = f(z+2) —4 is a translation of y = f(z) 2 units to the left and
4 units downwards.
There is not enough information to determine the z or the y-intercepts.

10 g(z)=fz—3)-5=(x—3)>-2@—-3)+2-5 {since f(z)=2®—2z+2}

=2 —62+9-22+6+2-5
=22
- 8r+12

1 g(x)=flz+2)+7= +7 {since f(x):i}

T+2
7(z+2)
z——2“ r+2

1+7z+14
x+2

Tr+15
T+2

12 g(z) = (z — 3)? +2 is found by translating f(z) =22 3 units to the right and 2 units upwards.

a The points on y = f(x) are translated by (g ) to find the image points on y = g(z).

i (0,0) is translated to (3, 2)

il (—3,9) is translated to (—3+3,9+2), or (0, 11)
ili (2,4) istranslated to (243, 4+2), or (5, 6)

b The points on y = g(x) are translated by (:3) to find the corresponding points on
y = f(a).
i (1,6) correspondsto (1—3,6—2), or (—2,4)
il (-2, 27) corresponds to (—2—3,27—2), or (-5, 25)
iii (13, 4%) corresponds to (11 —3, 41 —2), or (—13,27)

1 fl)=a+2
a i 3f(x)=3(x+2) i 3f(x) = (x+2) ili 5f(z)=5(+2)
[N

=3x+6 sl —52+10
752 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B

b ¢ All transformations of the form p f(z), p >0

) do not move the point (—2, 0).
(=2, 0) is invariant.

=3/(z)

d For the transformation y = p f(x), each point becomes p times its previous distance from the
z-axis.

2 flz)=xz+2
a i f(2z)=2c+2 i f(iz)=1z+2 i f(4z) =da +2
b ¢ All transformations of the form f(gz), ¢ >0
) do not move the point (0, 2).
(0, 2) is invariant.

. A e = ) . .
d For the trans ormation y = f(qz), each point becomes - times its previous distance from
q
the y-axis.

EXERCISE 16B

1 a The graph of y = 2 f(z) is a vertical b The graph of y = f(3z) is a horizontal

stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 2. stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor %
Ay
2f(z)

o7y=/(z)
oo

2 J]
. D

> - - >
x — x|
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B 753

2 a The graph of y = %h(z is a vertical b The graph of y = h(%) is a horizontal

N ; 1
stretch of y = h(z) with scale factor 5. stretch of y = h(z) with scale factor 2.
Ay
y=h(z)
v

3 <
|
v

3 a 4y b A Y o4
’ L =t

T . ! T

LA A=@
-3

The graph of y = f(z) has been The graph of y = f(z) has been
vertically stretched with scale factor 2 to horizontally stretched with scale factor 3
give y = g(z). to give y = g(z).
So, g(z) = 2f(x). So, g(x) :f(%).

4 Let the original linear function be y = f(z) = mz + a.

When y = f(z) is vertically stretched with scale factor ¢, the resulting function is
y = c(f(2))
oy =c(mz+a)
.Yy =cmzx+ac
So, the resulting line has gradient cm.
754 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B

5 The graphs of y =2 f(z) and y =3 f(z) are vertical stretches of y = f(z) with scale factors
2 and 3, respectively.
a flz)=z-1

6 The graphs of y =3 f(z) and y =1 f(z) are vertical stretches of y = f(z) with scale factors
1 and 1, respectively.
a flx)y=z-1 b f(z)=2?
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B 755

7 The graph of y = f(2x) is a horizontal stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 3.

a y=22
v
v

a y=na? b y=2x
A Yy 4 Ty 4

/ y=1@);

9 g(x) = f(5z)
The graph of y = g(z) is a horizontal stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor 1.
a Each pointon y = g(z) is % times the distance that y = f(z) is from the y-axis.
The point (10, 25) on y = f(x) is 10 units from the y-axis. The corresponding point on
y = g(z), which is % x 10 = 2 units from the y-axis, is (2, 25).
756 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B

b Each point on y = f(z) is 5 times the distance that y = g(x) is from the y-axis.
The point (—5, —15) on y = g(x) is 5 units from the y-axis. The corresponding point on
y = f(z), whichis 5 x 5= 25 units from the y-axis, is (—25, —15).

10 a The graph of y = g(z) is a vertical stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 2.

wog(x) =2f(x)
o oglr) =2(2® +2) {since f(z) =%+ 2}
©oglr) =222 +4

w19
b The graph of y = g(x) is a horizontal stretch of y = f(x) with scale factor 3.

. og(x)=5— 3(%) {since f(z) =5— 3z}

Loglz)=5-=

¢ The graph of y = g(z) is a vertical dilation of y = f(z) with scale factor .

v ogle) =5 f(2)
o og(a) = 3(2 +82° —2) {since f(z) = 2%+ 8% — 2}
.
. oglr) _= 32°
1.3
+ 227 2
— 51

d The graph of y = g(z) is a horizontal dilation of y = f(z) with scale factor 3.

. g(x) = f(2z)
. g(x) =2(22)* + (22) - 3 {since f(z) =2z +x—3}
. g(z) =82 +2z -3
1 7 y = 22 is transformed to y = 3(z + 1)2 — 2 by
yLie vertically stretching with scale factor 3 and then

translating through ( :; ) )

32?2
“Ta i 7
zH1)T—2
v

12 y = a? is transformed to y = $(z + 1)2+3 by

vertically stretching with scale factor 51 and then

translating through ( . ) )
3
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B 757

13 Ay fl y = x? is transformed to y = 2(x — %)2 +1 by

y=2" vertically stretching with scale factor 2 and then
3
—g? . translating through ( i )

y=2(¢ 571
—4 v T

14 We vertically stretch y = 22 with scale factor 2 to give y = 222, We then translate y = 22>

through (_3> to give y =2(z +1)? — 3.

Ay

15 a y=f(2z) isa horizontal stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 1.

y =3 f(2z) is a vertical stretch of y = f(2z) with scale factor 3.
Tomap y = f(z) onto y = g(x) we apply a horizontal stretch with scale factor 2, then a
vertical stretch with scale factor 3.
b The points on y = f(x) become % times their distance from the y-axis, and 3 times their
distance from the z-axis.
i The image of (3, —5) on f(z)is (3x 3, —5x3), or (3, —15).
i The image of (1,2) on f(z)is (1x4,2x3), or (3,6).
iii The image of (—2, 1) on f(z)is (—2x1,1x3), or (-1, 3).
¢ We multiply the distance from the z-axis by % and the distance from the y-axis by 2 to find
the corresponding point on y = f(x).
i (2x2,1x3%) or (4, %) isthe pointon y = f(z) which maps onto (2, 1).
il (-3x2,2x 1) or (=6, 2) is the point on y = f(z) which maps onto (-3, 2).
il (—=7x2,3x 1 ) or (—14, 1) is the point on y = f(z) which maps onto (-7, 3).
3
758 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B

16 We apply a translation of a units vertically to y = x? to give y = 2>+ a.

2
We then apply a horizontal stretch with scale factor b to give y = (%m) +a

L y= b_2w2
1 ge s

Now, y =0.1z2 +5, so we equate coefficients: a =5, bl2 =0.1

v =10
b=+v10 {b> 0}

17 a Under a vertical dilation with scale factor §, f(z) becomes 1 f(x).

1 1(1) 1
y=— becomes y=—=(—-)=
T 2\z) 2z’

b Under a horizontal dilation with scale factor 3, f(x) becomes f(3z).

1 1 3
= — becomes y ==—.
T -83Z x

¢ Under a horizontal translation of —3, f(x) becomes f(x + 3).

1 1
= — becomes y = )
Y T Y r+3

d Under a vertical translation of 4, f(x) becomes f(z)+ 4.

1 1
. y=— becomes y=-—+4
T T

. 1 | 4z
Ly=-+=
xT x

. dz +1
Ly=
x

18 a Under a vertical stretch with scale factor 3, f(z) becomes 3 f(z).

y:l becomes y:3<l) :3.

T x x

Under a translation of ( jl ), f(z) becomes f(x —1)—1.

3 3
y = = becomes y = -1
T r—1

1 3
So, y =~ becomes g(z)= -1
x z—1
_3—(z—1)
- r—1
_3—z+1
Tz —1
—x +4
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16B 759

The asymptotes of y = g are xt=0 and y=0.

xr

These are unchanged by the vertical stretch, and shifted ( _11 ) by the translation.

the vertical asymptote is = =1 and the horizontal asymptote is y = —1.

The domain is {z | z # 1}. d

The range is {y |y # —1}.

19 Under a translation of ( _31 ), f(x) becomes f(z+1)+ 3.

1 1
y== becomes y = 211 + 3.

Under a horizontal stretch with scale factor 3, f(z) becomes f(2z).

1
y=m+1+3 becomes y=2z+1+3.

So, y:l becomes g(x)= ! +3

x 2r +1

1432z +1)
= Terl
1+6z+3
T o1
_ bz +4
241
The asymptotes of y = L are =0 and y=0.
T

These are shifted < ) by the translationto z = —1 and y = 3.

3
The distance of the vertical asymptote then becomes % times its distance from the y-axis.
the vertical asymptote is = = —% and the horizontal asymptote is y = 3.

The domain is {z |z # —1}.

The range is {y | y # 3}.
760 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Investigation 3 Reflections

vertical stretch translation | ¢

scale factor 4 b
20 22248 -1 —— 822 +32x — 4 > 8(zx—a)?+32(zx—a)—4+b
Now, g(z)=8z?—-16z+5=8(z—a)>+32(x—a)—4+b
. 8a? — 16z +5 = 8(2% — 2ax +a®) + 32z —32a — 4 +b
o 822 — 16z +5 = 82 — 16ax + 8a® + 327 —32a —4 + b
o (16a —48)z —8a® +32a —b+9=0
16a — 48 =0 and —8a*+32a—b+9=0
16a = 48 =81 +32(1) —b+9=0 {using ()}
a=3 .. (¥ S8 432-b+9=0
b=33
A vertical stretch with scale factor 4 followed by a translation through ( 333> maps
f(z) =222 +8r—1 onto g(x)=8x% — 16z + 5.
We obtain another combination of transformations by applying a translation first, followed by a
vertical stretch.
The horizontal translation is the same, but we require a vertical translation % times as large, since
the vertical stretch has scale factor 4.

3 3
a translation through ( ) B ( g ) followed by a vertical stretch with scale factor 4
33 % 1 8%
maps f(z) =222 +8x—1 onto g(z) =8z — 16z + 5.

1 f(@)=22+3
a i —f(z)=—(22+3) i f(—z)=2(-2)+3
=-2r-3 =-2r+3
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16C 761

3 a A reflection of the graph in the z-axis moves y = f(z) to y = —f(x).

b A reflection of the graph in the y-axis moves y = f(z) to y = f(—=x).

1 a The graph of y = —f(z) is found by b The graph of y = f(—z) is found by

reflecting y = f(z) in the z-axis. reflecting y = f(z) in the y-axis.
762 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16C

3 The graph of y = f(—x) is found by reflecting y = f(z) in the y-axis.

4 The graph of y = —f(x) is found by reflecting y = f(z) in the z-axis.

a f(z)=3z b f(z)=2°-2

5 The graph of y = f(—z) is found by reflecting y = f(z) in the y-axis.

a flx)=2x+1 b fz)=22+2z+1
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16C 763

z) =5z +7
z) =—f(x) {reflected in the z-axis}
=—(br+7)
=5z —T

z) =2"
z) = f(—x) {reflected in the y-axis}
—9 T

x) =222 +1
z) = —f(x) {reflected in the z-axis}
=-222-1
22° -3z + 55 -7
)=z~
z) = f(—x) {reflected in the y-axis}
()" = 2(-2)* - 3(—x) 5(—z) 7
=2t 4+ 2% - 322 -5 -7

7 To transform y = f(z) to g(z) = —f(z), wereflect y = f(z) in the z-axis.

By doing this, the z-coordinate stays the same, and we take the negative of the y-coordinate.
The point (3, 0) on y = f(x) will be transformed to (3,0) on y = g(z).
The point (2, —1) on y = f(z) will be transformed to (2, 1) on y = g(x).
The point (—3,2) on y = f(x) will be transformed to (—3, —2) on y = g(z).
The point on y = f(x) which has been transformed to (7, —1) on y = g(z) is (7, 1).
The point on y = f(x) which has been transformed to (=5, 0) on y = g(z) is
(=5, 0).
The point on y = f(x) which has been transformed to (-3, —2) on y = g(z) is
(-3, 2).
8 To transform y = f(z) to h(z) = f(—z), wereflect y = f(z) in the y-axis.
By doing this, the y-coordinate stays the same, and we take the negative of the z-coordinate.
i The point (2, —1) on y = f(z) will be transformed to (—2, —1) on y = h(z).
il The point (0,3) on y = f(z) will be transformed to (0, 3) on y = h(z).
ili The point (—1,2) on y = f(z) will be transformed to (1, 2) on y = h(z).
764 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16C

b i The point on y = f(z) which has been transformed to (5, —4) on y = h(z) is
(=5, —4).
il The pointon y = f(x) which has been transformed to (0, 3) on y = h(z) is (0, 3).
iii The point on y = f(z) which has been transformed to (2, 3) on y = h(z) is (-2, 3).

9 a To transform y = f(z) to g(z) = —f(—xz), we first reflect y = f(z) in the y-axis, and
then reflect it in the x axis.
b By reflecting in the z-axis and y-axis, we take the negative of the z-coordinate and the negative
of the y-coordinate.
The point (3, —=7) on y = f(x) will be transformed to (—3, 7).
¢ The point on y = f(x) which has been transformed to (—5, —1) on y = g(z) is (5, 1).

10 f(x)=2+2
a To transform y = f(z) to y= —f(z), wereflect y = f(z) in the z-axis.
b To transform y = —f(z) to y = —3f(x), we stretch y = —f(x) vertically with scale
factor 3.
< fle)=ax+2 AU Ay +2

IIt
8
s fle)=—(z+2)=—-z—2
and -3f(z)=3(-z—-2)=-3z-6

11 f(z)=(z-1)2-4
a To transform y = f(z) to y = f(—z), wereflect y = f(z) in the y-axis.
b To transform y = f(—z) to y = f(—%x , we stretch y = f(—z) horizontally with scale
factor 2.

c &)= (@—1)2 4 pv
" f(-x)=(~z—1)* -4
-
f(,%z): (7§71)274
=Y

and
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D 765

12 To transform y = 22 to y = —a2, we reflect

y =a? in the z-axis.
To transform y = —2% to y = —(z +2)? + 3,

we translate y = —x? through ( ;2 )

|y
©
1 1
13 To transform y = — to y = ——, we reflect
x xT
. )
y = — in the z-axis.
T
1
To transform y = 2 to y=— + 2, we
T T —

translate y = . through (3)

€

EXERCISE 16D

1 flz)=22-
£(0)=(0)* -1
=-1
the y-intercept is —1.

When f(z)=0, 22 —-1=0

2
1

i »

y = f(x) has been translated 3 units y = f(z) has been translated 1 unit
upwards. to the right.
766 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D

jii » AU 44 iv ) Ayl T4

/ 3
y=f(z) | ]
y=J@)
T3 z T3 z
=~J(z)
=2
v y=2Jiz) v

y = f(x) has been vertically stretched y = f(z) has been reflected in the
with scale factor 2. z-axis.

2 a To transform y = f(z) to y =2 f(x), b To transform y = f(z) to y = %f(:c),

we vertically stretch y = f(z) with scale we vertically stretch y = f(z) with scale
factor 2. factor %

¢ To transform y = f(z) to y = f(z+2), d To transform y = f(z) to y = f(2x),

_2) we horizontally stretch y = f(z) with
we translate y = f(z) through < 0 scale factor L.
Y

e To transform y = f(z) to y = f(3z),

we horizontally stretch y = f(z) with
scale factor 2.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D 767

—ry=1(a)
<o y=2f(z)
<~ y=1f(x)
=42
e= £(20)
<~ y=f(32)

i y= f(x) has been translated through ( 0 >

il g(a)
= f(@) -2

i y = f(x) has been stretched vertically with

scale factor .

il g(e)
= /()

i y= f(x) has been reflected in the y-axis.

i g(x) = f(-=)

4 a To transform y = g(x) to y = g(z)+2, b To transform y = g(z) to y = —g(x),

O) we reflect y = g(z) in the z-axis.
we translate y = g(z) through (2
768 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D

¢ To transform y = g(z) to y = g(—=z), d To transform y = g(z) to y = g(z+1),

we reflect y = g(z) in the y-axis.
we translate y = g(z) through ( 701 )
AY
y=g(—z)

- y=g(z)
<~ y=g(z) +2
<> y=—g(z)
<~ y=g(—x)
< y=g@+1)

5 a To transform y = h(z) to y = h(z)+1, b To transform y = h(z) to y = 3h(z),

0 ) we vertically stretch y = h(z) with scale
we translate y = h(z) through ( 1 factor %

¢ To transform y = h(z) to y = h(—x), d To transform y = h(z) to y = h(§)=

we reflect y = h(z) in the y-axis. we horizontally stretch y = h(z) with
scale factor 2.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D 769

<+ y=h(z)
<« y=h(z)+1
- y:%h(m)
<+--> y=h(—zx)
~— y=h(Z)

6 a f(x)=(@@+1)(z-p)
=0 when x=-1 or =0
.. the z-intercepts are —1 and .

f(0)=(0+1)(0-9)
=1)(-p)
=-p
the y-intercept is —/3.

To transform f(z) to g(z) = —f(z—1), we

reflect y = f(z) in the z-axis, then translate

it through ( (1) ) .

¢ The z-intercepts of y = g(z) are the

z-intercepts of y = f(z) translated 1 unit to
the right.
the z-intercepts are 0 and [+ 1.

Now g(0) = —f(0-1)

= (-1
—~(-1+1)(-1-5)
—~(O)(-1-5)
=0
the y-intercept is 0.

translation < 4 > r_eflectiqn

-1 in y-axis
a f(z) - flz-4) -1 > -z —4) 1

The resulting function is f(—z —4) — 1.

reflection translation < B )

in y-axis -1
b f(a) > f(—x) > f(=(z—-4)) -1
The resulting function is f(—z +4) — 1.
770 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D

. —92 vertical stretch

translation
1 scale factor %
¢ floa)————————>f@+2)+1 ———>1(f(z+2)+1)

The resulting function is 3 f(z +2) + 3.

vertical stretch translation < 712 )

scale factor %
d f(z) >%f(z) >%f(z F2)+1

The resulting function is 3 f(z +2) + 1.

translation 3 horizontal stretch

scale factor 4
e f() ~fle—3)-5 ~f(lz~3) -5
-5

The resulting function is f(32 — 3) — 5.

horizontal stretch translation 3

scale factor 4 -5
f f(z) »f(%x) >f(%(x 3))—5

The resulting function is f (17_3) —5.

i ) -1
reflection translation
in z-axis 3
a f(z) > —f(z) > —fz+1)+3

A reflection in the z-axis, then a translation through ( 3 ) maps y = f(z) onto

y=—fx+1)+3.

. . 0
horizontal stretch translation
scale factor 2 =
b f(x) > f(37) - f(32) =7
A horizontal stretch with scale factor 2, then a translation through ( _07) maps y = f(z)
onto y = f(3z)—1.

1 horizontal stretch
translation 0
scale factor %
¢ f(x) > f(z—1) > f(3z—1)

A translation through é), then a horizontal stretch with scale factor % maps y = f(x)
onto y = f(3z —1).
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D 771

vertical stretch translation 1 horizontal stretch

scale factor 2 = scale factor 4
d flo)———>2f(a) —————> —142f(e—1) ——————1+2f(3z-1)

A vertical stretch with scale factor 2, a translation through ( jl ), then a horizontal stretch

with scale factor 4 maps y = f(z) onto y=—-1+2f(3z—1).

:
vertical stretch horizontal stretch i
translation
scale factor 2 scale factor % 5

e f(z) >2 f(x) >2f(3z) =5+2f(3(z—1))

A vertical stretch with scale factor 2, a horizontal stretch with scale factor %, then a translation

through (é) maps y =f(z) onto y=5+2f(3(z—1)).

f i . . . -3
r_eflecthn vertical stretch horizontal stretch translation
in z-axis scale factor 4 scale factor 2 -1
f@) —> —f(z) ——> 4 f(e) —— A f(30) ———> 4 f(5(z+3))-
A reflection in the z-axis, a vertical stretch with scale factor 4, a horizontal stretch with scale

factor 2, then a translation through ( :?) maps y = f(z) onto y=—4f(3(z+3))—

9 f(x) has domain {z |z >1} andrange {y|—-2<y <5}

g(z) = f(z +4) — 1 translates every point on y = f(x) 4 units to the left and 1 unit
downwards.
g(x) has domain {z | z > —3} andrange {y|—3 <y <4}.

reflection vertical stretch horizontal stretch

in z-axis scale factor 2 scale factor &
b f(z) > —f(z) > —2f(z) > —2f(3z)
—f(x) has domain {z |z >1} andrange {y|—5<y <2}
—2f(x) has domain {z |z > 1} andrange {y|—10 <y < 4}.
g(z) =—2f(3x) has domain {z |z >3} andrange {y|—10 <y <4}.

vertical stretch . 5 horizontal stretch

scale factor % L 4 scale factor %
¢ f(z) > 1 f(x) >1f(x—5)+4 >1f(20—5)+4

%f(:c) has domain {z | z> 1} and range {y | 7— <y< %}

3 f(z—5)+4 has domain {z |z >6} andrange {y |3 <y <}
g(z)=3 f(2x —5)+4 has domain {z |z >3} andrange {y|3 <y< i}
772 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16D

10 Ta: a translation through ( e )

3
Tg: a reflection in the y-axis
TC' a vertical stretch with scale factor 5
= /= has domain {z |z >0} andrange {y|y > 0}.
T T T
a JT—>TT24+3—> T 2+3—>5/2_7+15
The resulting function is 5v/2 — z + 15.
V& +2+3 has domain {z |z > —2} andrange {y|y>3}.
V2 —1x+3 has domain {z |z <2} andrange {y|y > 3}.
5v2— 1z +15 has domain {z |z <2} andrange {y|y > 15}.

Te Ta Ts
b Vz >5./T > 5z +2+3 > 52 —x+3
The resulting function is 5v/2
— = + 3.
5z has domain {z |z >0} andrange {y|y > 0}.
5y+ 2+ 3 has domain {z |z > —2} and range {y|y > 3}.
5v2 —z +3 has domain {z | 2 <2} and range {y|y > 3}.
Te T
¢ e b 5T e 5 TG D 43
The resulting function is 5v/—z
— 2 + 3.
5z has domain {z |z >0} andrange {y|y > 0}.
5y/—z has domain {z |z <0} and range {y|y > 0}.
5v/—x —2+3 has domain {z |z < -2} andrange {y|y > 3}.

a The graph is stretched vertically with scale factor |a |, and reflected in the z-axis. It is then
translated units horizontally and & units vertically.
b The function has shape /\ after it is reflected in the x-axis.

The function has vertex (h, k), and y-intercept ah? + k.

10z +11 _ 52z +3) —

2z + 3 2x 4+ 3
—4
=54
2z +3

reflection vertical stretch translation ( ;3 ) horizontal stretch

1 in z-axis 1 scale factor 4 4 4 scale factor % 4
b -T - ——T > > 5+ > 5+
x T+3 2z +3

A reflection in the z-axis, a vertical stretch with scale factor 4, a translation through ( N ) s
. . 1 10z + 11
then a horizontal stretch with scale factor % maps y = — onto y =
x 2¢+3
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Investigation 4 773

If f(z) is a linear function with z-intercept a, then —— has a vertical asymptote = =a and a
horizontal asymptote y = 0.
774 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16E

y=(z—1)(z-3)

1
y= (z—1)(z —3)

Ex:S

b The zeros of y = f(z) become vertical asymptotes of y = gL

flz)”
¢ We observe that:

e vertical asymptotes of y = f(z) become zeros of y = %m)

e local maxima of y = f(z) which are not zeros correspond to local minima of y = %
x

e local minima of y = f(z) which are not zeros correspond to local maxima of y = %
x

1
e f(@) >0,
when f(z) —@ >0 e <0,
and when f(z) @ <0
—

1 1
e when f(@) f(z) — 0, @
— — Hoo and when f(=@) f(z) — £o0, @
— — 0.

1
1 a y=2x+3 has z-intercept -3, so y = has
z+3
vertical asymptote =z = —3.

b y = —2? has z-intercept 0, so y = —LQ has vertical

T
asymptote x = 0.

y = —z? has a local maximumat (0, 0), but y = ——

is undefined at = = 0.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16E 775

¢ y = ,/z has z-intercept 0, so y = L has vertical

75
asymptote = = 0.

d y = (z+ 1)(xz — 3) has z-intercepts —1 and 3, so

1
has vertical asymptotes = = —1
Yo G D@e-3)
and = = 3.
y = (z+1)(z—3) has alocal minimumat (1, —4), so
y= m has a local maximum at (1, —1).

2 If f(z
= )
—— then y=21
() y
yP=1
y==1

For1a When y=1, z+3=1 When y=-1, z+3=-1

Lr=-2 Soor=—4
So, the invariant points are (—2, 1) and (—4, —1). v
For1b: When y=1, —z2=1 When y = -1, —z?=-1
which has no real solutions soat=1
r==+1

So, the invariant points are (1, —1) and (-1, —1). v
For1c¢ When y=1, z=1 When y=-1, Jz=-1
=1 which has no real solutions.
So, the invariant point is (1, 1). v

For 1 d: When y =1, When y = —1,

(z+1)(z—-3)=1 (z+1)(z—3)=-1
-2 -3=1 s -2r-3=-1
L x?—20—-4=0 st —20-2=0

z=2:2\/%:1::\/5 z=2:2\/fi=1::\/§

~3.24 or —1.24 ~2.73 or —0.732

So, the invariant points are (—1.24, 1), (—0.732, —1), (2.73, —1), (3.24,1). Vv
776 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16E

3 a y= f(x) has z-intercepts 0 and 3, so

Y= L has vertical asymptotes = =0 and

f(=)
T =3.
y = f(z) hasalocal minimumat (13, —2), so
et
= 7@ i
has a local maximum at (13,L i—3).

b y = f(z) has z-intercept 0, so y = L has

f(@)
vertical asymptote = = 0.
y = f(z) has vertical asymptote = = 4, so

3 L has z-intercept 4.
f(=)

¢ y = f(z) has z-intercepts —2, 1, and 5, so

y = 1 has vertical asymptotes = = —2,

f(z)
r=1, and = =25.
y = f(z) has a local maximum (—1, 1), so
1
= —— has a local minimum (—1, %).
YT 1L
y = f(z) has a local minimum (3, —2), so
1 :
= — has a local maximum (3, —1).
) 2
4 y= f(x) has z-intercepts —2 and 4, so
1 1 .
= —— and y = — — 3 have vertical
YT YT @
asymptotes z = —2 and = = 4.
y = f(z) has horizontal asymptote y =2, so

y= —L_ has horizontal asymptote y = 3,

f(=)
— 3 has horizontal asymptote
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Exercise 16E 777

5 a f(z)=2>+4z+3
= (z+3)(z+1) which has shape \/
f(z) =0 when z=-3or -1
the z-intercepts are —3 and —1.
Now, f(0)=(0+3)(0+1)=3
the y-intercept is 3.
The vertex lies on the axis of symmetry, half way between x = —3 and = = —1.
the vertex has z-coordinate —2.
Now f(—2)=(-2+3)(-2+1)
=(1)(-1)
=1
So, the vertex (and local minimum) is (-2, —1).
b y= f(z) has z-intercepts —3 and —1, so

y= * has vertical asymptotes = —3 and

f(x)
r=—1
y = f(z) has a local minimum (-2, —1), so
1
V=5
= —— has a local maximum ( (-2, —1).)

< 4
flz) 21
. _21
@) =3
2?44z +3= 2741
4 +22-224+3=24
2
T+2)°—4+3=4 21
.So(42)t=2
2 _ 2

r+2= ::%

r=—-2+ %
A ol ¥
z=—3orz

6 y= f(x) has z-intercepts 1 and 4, so y = % has vertical + 1 = -+ f@)

xT 4—‘—‘—‘—»

asymptotes * =1 and z =4. -5 L4 @

y = f(z) has vertical asymptote =z = —5, so y = %
T
has z-intercept —5.
The signs of y = f(z) and y = % are the same on each
€T
interval. 1
1 i . call e m
— has sign diagram <t 1 — 1= {+ ]
f(=) e -5 1 4 =z
778 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16A

1
7 a f(x) is always positive, so @ is always a defined value and hence has the same domain
x
as f(x).
. 1.
the domain @
of — sis {z | -1 <z< } 6}.
Now 2<y<5b, so y=>2 and y<5
1 1 1 1
eye {y >0} 2>z
37 {y >0}
11
5<;S2
1 . 1 1
the range of =@ K is {y|s<y<sz}
1 < iy

b We do not know where or if f(z) =0. We are only told that the range is —3 <y < 3.
1
we cannot comment about the domain of ——
fz)”
Now —3 <y <3, which we divide into three parts:

-3<y<0 or 0<y<3 or y=0

lgfl {y < 0} . l}l {y >0} But L;fio for
y 3 oy T3 f(z)
all z, so 0 is not in
1
the range of ——.
50 T
the range of L s {yly<—3 or y> 1}
f(2)

REVIEW SET 16A i}

1 a To transform y = f(z) to y = f(—x), b To transform y = f(z) to y = —f(x),
we reflect y = f(z) in the y-axis. we reflect y = f(z) in the x-axis.

(=5.8) (5.8)
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16A 779

¢ To transform y = f(z) to y = f(z+2), d To transform y = f(z) to y = f(x)+2,

we translate y = f(x) through (52) we translate y = f(z) through ((2))

y (38 (5.8) (5.10)

—e y=f(2)
—e y=f(-2)
o-cenme y=—f(2)
onneen o y=f(z+2)
——e y=f(z)+2

y=3f(z) is a vertical stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 3.

y=3f(x—1)+2 is a translation of y =3 f(z) through (;)

a g(z)=f(x)-3 b g(z) =5f(x) ¢ gla)=flz+4)

=4z -7-3 = 5(z* +6) =7-3(z+4)
=4z —10 =522 + 30 =7-3z—12
=-3r—5
d g(x)
= f(zx) e g(x)
= f(-=)
=2(ka)® — (o) +4 = *9;)3
=222
9
144
3
-
780 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16A

4 flx)=22+1
a To transform y = f(z) to y = —f(z), wereflect y = f(z) in the z-axis.
b To transform y = f(z) to y = f(2z), we horizontally stretch y = f(z) with scale factor %

¢ To transform y = f(z) to y = f(z)+ 3, we translate y = f(z) through (g)

> y=f(z)=22+1
— y=—f(2)
e y=£(22)
<---» y=f(z)+3

5 f(z) has domain {z | -2 <2 <3} andrange {y|-1<y <7}

g(z) = f(x+3)—4 translates every pointon y = f(x) 3 units to the left and 4 units downwards.
g(x) has domain {z | =5 < 2 <0} andrange {y|—5 <y <3}

6 a gl@)=flz-2)+4
=[(z-2)+1*+4+4
=(z—-1)%+8

b i f(z)=(z+1)?>+4 has vertex (—1,4) and shape \/ (a > 0).

the minimum value is 4.
the range of f(z) is {y |y > 4}.
i g(z)=(r—1)2+8 has vertex (1,8) and shape \/ (a > 0).
the minimum value is 8.
the range is {y | y > 8}.

7 Let the quadratic be f(z) = az? +bx +¢, A =0b*—4dac.

a The reflection of f(x) in the z-axis is —f(x) = —(az® + bz + ¢)
=—az’ —bx—c
which has A = (=b)? — 4(—a)(—c)
=b% — dac
the discriminant is unchanged.

b The reflection of f(z) in the y-axis is f(—z) = a(—z)? + b(—z) +¢

=ar’ —bzr+c
which has A = (—b)? — 4(a)(c)
=b% —dac
the discriminant is unchanged.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16A 781

¢ The translation of f(z) h units to the right is

fx—h)=alx—h)?+bx—h)+c
= a(x? — 2hx + h?) + bz — bh +c
= ax? — 2ahx
+ ah® + bz —bh
+¢
=az® + (b—2ah)x +ah® —bh +c
which has A = (b — 2ah)? — 4(a)(ah® — bh + ¢)
b — 4abh + 4a*h* — 4a*h? + 4abh — 4ac
=b% — dac
the discriminant is unchanged.

8 f(z) =32 — 2 +4 is transformed to g(z) by translating through ( _31 )

g(x) = flz+1)+3
=3(z+1)°—(z+1)+4+3
=3=*+2c+1)—x—1+4+3
322 4+ 6z +3 -z +6
=322 452 +9

I"Cflcctiqn translation ( -2 )
in z-axis 3
9 a f(x) > —f(z) > —f(z+2)+3
The resulting function is —f(z + 2) + 3.

translation 4 vertical stretch

-1 scale factor 2
b f(x) = flz—4) -1 =2[f(z—4) - 1]
The resulting function is 2 f(z — 4) — 2.

10 A(—2, 3) lies on the graph of y = f(z).

a y=f(z—2)+1 is found by translating y = f(z) through (?)

the image of Aon y= f(z—2)+1 is (—2+2, 3+1), or (0, 4).

. .
vertical stretch 2
translation
scale factor 2 B
b fl@) —2f@)
> 2f(z-2)
the image of Aon y=2f(x) is (—2,2x3), or (-2, 6).
the image of Aon y=2f(x —2) is (-2+2,6), or (0,6).

. 3 horizontal stretch
translation 0
scale factor %
¢ flg) ————— f(z —3) ————f(22 — 3)

the image of Aon y = f(z—3) is (—2+3,3), or (1, 3).

the image of A on y = f(2z —3) is (3, 3).
782 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16A

11 a The graph of y = f(z+4) is a translation of y = f(z) 4 units to the left.

So, the graph of y = f(x +4) will have z-intercepts —5—4= -9 and 1—4=-3.
There is not enough information to determine the y-intercept.
b The graph of y =3f(z) is a vertical stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 3.
Each point on the graph of y = f(z) becomes 3 times its previous distance from the z-axis.
So, the graph of y = 3 f(x) will have z-intercepts —5 and 1 (unchanged), and y-intercept
3x =3=-9.
x
¢ The graph of y = f (5) is a horizontal stretch of y = f(z) with scale factor 2.

Each point on the graph of y = f(z) becomes 2 times its previous distance from the y-axis.
x
So, the graph of y = f(E) will have z-intercepts —5 x 2 = —10 and 1x2 =2, and

y-intercept —3 (unchanged).
d The graph of y = —f(z) is a reflection of the graph of y = f(z) in the z-axis.
The y-coordinate of each point on y = f(z) becomes negative.
So, the graph of y = —f(z) has z-intercepts —5 and 1 (unchanged), and y-intercept
-3 x-1=3.

translation | ' reflection

1 2 1 in y-axis 1
2 - —» +2—> 2
T z+1 11—z

The resulting function is g(x) = T LI}

— T

a g(z)= i +2 b The asymptotes of y = L are 2=0 and y=0.

—x x

— 2(1—=) e
T 1z (1-w These are translated < 9 ) and reflected in the y-axis.
14201 —a) ) . .
S T . the vertical asymptote is x =1 and the horizontal
142-2% asymptote is y = 2.

ot
_3-2z
¢ g(o) == -z +2
1—= The domain of g(z) is {z |z # 1}.
C 2= The range of g(z) is {y |y # 2}.
z—1
d Yh pz=1
6
2z -3
Y=
3

Y
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B 783

13 1}: 24y To transform y = 2> to y = %x 2, we vertically

stretch y = 2 with scale factor 1.

To transform y = 122
iz to y = 1(z —2) 21, we

translate y = 322 through ( 2 )

-1
4 z

v y=li@—2)7 -1

14 y = (z —2)(x +3) has z-intercepts 2 and —3.

has vertical asymptotes =2 and x = —3.
Y= T @13
1
0 as 1#0
V=G oein "
o 1
has a horizontal asymptote y =0
) s
y=(z —2)(z+3) has y-intercept (0—2)(0+ 3) = —6.
_ 1
Y T (z-2)(z+3) has y-intercept 7é.

y=(z—2)(z+3)

REVIEW SET 16B

a The graph of y = f(z —1) is found by b The graph of y = f(2z) is found by

translating y = f(z 1 unit to the right. horizontally stretching y = f(z) with
[ ¥4
scale factor 1.
784 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B

¢ The graph of y = f(z) +3 is found by d The graph of y = 2f(z) is found by

translating y = f(z) 3 units upwards. vertically stretching y = f(z) with scale
factor 2.

e The graph of y = f(—=z) is found by f The graph of y = —f(z) is found by

reflecting y = f(z) in the y-axis. reflecting y = f(x) in the x-axis.
Ay

b !
y b 0T

2 a g(z)=—f(z) b g(z)
= f(z) +2 ¢ g(z)
= f(32)
= —(2? - 3x) =14—-—x+2 _ 11 9
=3z — 22 =16—x 31(4£E)+
=sr+2

2 2
3 y=2? is transformed to y = —z? by reflecting y =z
in the z-axis. The vertex is (0, 0).
y = —ax? s transformed to y = g(z) by translating

y = —x2 through (_23 )

o gl@) = —(x+3)*
+2
=—(22+6z+9)+2
—2?—6x—9+2
=22 —6x—7
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B 785

4 f(z) = —a?
a To transform y = f(z) to y = f(—=z), b To transform y = f(z) to y = —f(z),
we reflect y = f(z) in the y-axis. we reflect y = —f(z) in the z-axis.
Y

¢ To transform y = f(z) to y = f(2z), d To transform y = f(z) to y = f(z—2),

we horizontally stretch y = f(z) with 9
scale factor % ) we translate y = f(x) through ( 0).

y=f(z)=—2*
y=f(-=)
y=—f(2)
y=/f(2z)
y=/f(z—2)

5 a y= f(z) is transformed to y = —f(z) by

reflecting y = f(z) in the z-axis.
y = —f(z) is transformedto g(z) = —f(z—1)

by translating y = —f(z) through ( (1J )

786 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B

b (1,4) on y= f(z) isreflected in the z-axis to (1, —4), then translated through ( 1) to
(2, —4) on y=g(z).
(3,0) on y= f(x) is unchanged by a reflection in the z-axis, then translated through (1))
to (4, 0).
the turning points of y = g(x) are (2, —4) and (4, 0).

6 f(z)=—222+x+2 is translated through ( 712 )

fle—1)—-2=-2@—-1)2+@-1)+2-2
=22 -2z+1)+z—1
=202 +d4r—24+z2-1
=—22%
+ 52— 3
the image is y = —22% + 5z — 3.

7 y= f(z) istransformedto y = f(z—c) by translating y = f(x) through (8), 0<c<b—a.

The z-intercepts on y = f(z —¢) are a+c and b+ec.

. . a
xjcflccthn translation
in z-axis )
8 202 +87 -3 ——> 222 -8 +3——> —2(z—a)’-8(x—a)+3+b

Now, g(z)=-22>+22+7=-2@x—a)?-8@x—a)+3+b
222 420+ 7= —2(2* — 202 +a®) —8x+8a+3+b
o=t 2+ T 22%
+ dax — 2a* — 8z +8a+3 +b
o (10 —4a)z +2a®> —8a—b+4=0
10-4a=0 and 20> —8a—b+4=0
woda= iO co2(8)°-8(8)—b+4=0 {using ()}
a=3 . (¥ s B _20-b+4=0
b=-1
5
A reflection in the z-axis, then a translation through ( 27 > maps f(z) = 2z%+8x — 3 onto
2
g(z) = —2z2 + 2+ 7.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B 787

vertical stretch g 2
translation 3
scale factor %
9 f@) ———>3f@e) —————>3f(z-2)+3
(=1,6) on y= f(z) istransformed to (—1,3) on y =3 f(x), then transformedto (1, 6)
on y=1f(z—2)+3.

vertical stretch translation < ;1 )

scale factor 2
10 a fz)————>2f(z) ——————>2f(z+1)+3

A vertical stretch with scale factor 2, then a translation through (_1) maps y = f(z)
onto y=2f(z+1)+3.
reflection horizontal stretch translation ( OG)
in z-axis scale factor %
b f(z) >—f(x) » —f(3x) »—f(3x) -6
A reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal stretch with scale factor %, then a translation through

(—06) maps y = f(z) onto ysz(gx)ffi.

vertical stretch reflection A 2

scale factor % | in y-axis ] 0 |
¢ f(x) >3 f(z) >3 f(—=) >3 f(—(z-2)
. . A rg 3 ] 2
A vertical stretch with scale factor %, a reflection in the y-axis, then a translation through ( 0 )
maps y = f(z) onto y=1f(—z+2).

reflection horizontal stretch

in y-axis scale factor 53 22\ 2 2 2
11 22 +bx+c >22 —bx +c ><—z> b<—1> ‘c—%fi EIIC
3

translation
20
> %(I 10)2 23”(z +10) + ¢+ 20
:%(z2+20x+100)72§bx7%+c+20

b4 (3 B)es (-2 ecrm)

Now for this quadratic to have the same z-intercepts as f(z), the sums and products of their
z-intercepts must be equal.
80 _ 2b
The sums of the x-intercepts are equal, so — 2 1 3 = —?
9
s0 2b b
39
so _ 100
T
b=38
788 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B

400 20b
) rcepts are equal, s0 5 3 fet2
——F——— 0 .
= 0
The products of the z-inte
9
400 _ 160 _ 4c
o tet0=—7
100 _ _5e
I
c=-20
So, b=8 and ¢ = —20.

12 a

reflection vertical stretch R 1)

1 in z-axis 1 scale factor % -2 1
b = » —— > —— pi—— =S
T T 2z 2(z+1)

A reflection in the z-axis, a vertical stretch with scale factor %, then a translation through

. transforms y = 1 into y = !
-2 Y=z V=@
1
< =2
Y= e
_ 1 225+2)
Y= "% 2 w2
_ 1 4w+4
Y= "2 2o+
—1—4z—4
Y 2z + 2
_ —4x -5
V=2
y is undefined when z = —1, andas |z|— oo, y — —2.
the domain is {z | z # —1}, and the range is {y | y # —2}.
 Chapter 16 (Transformations of functions) Review set 16B 789

13 b The invariant points of the graph

1
y = @ " s correspond to the values

of x such that "oz ! + =+1

—2x+3=+1
—2x=—-2o0r —4
r=1or2
the invariant points are (1, 1) and (2, —1).

L is undefined when —2z+3 =0

—2z+3
2z =3
. . T=5
-k

the vertical asymptote is = = %

When z =0, ! -t
“2z+3 —2(0)+3

14 S~
f(x) T+c

10)= 5= =1 c

the y-intercept of y = f(z) is 1.

. 1.
the Y y-intercept P of yY = —
7@ is 1.

f(z) is undefined when z = —c

y = f(z) has vertical asymptote = = —c¢
1
= —— has z-intercept —
YT e
c
f(z)_z+6760 as ¢>0

y = f(z) has horizontal asymptote y = 0.

1 1
y=f(=)
= f(z) and yV=5
= —— meet when f(z) )= —0
@
c _z+c
z+c_ c

= (z+c)?
oA =224 2+
©oz(r+2c) =0
rz=0 or x =—2¢
f-20)= . c
f(0)=
- <
i
=—-1
the graphs meet at (—2¢, —1) and (0, 1).