th
Class 10
Social Science
Geography
Resource and Development
Resources and Development
Which one of the following conferences was convened to discuss environmental protection and
socio-economic development at the global level in 1992?
[CBSE Term-1 SQP 2021]
A. Kyoto Protocol
B. Montreal Protocol
C. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit
D. World Summit on Sustainable develop- ment
Resources and Development
Material which satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible,
Resources economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Classification On the basis of
1. Origin (Biotic and Abiotic)
2. Exhaustibility (Renewable and Non Renewable)
3. Ownership (Individual, community, National, International)
4. Status of development (Potential, developed,stock, Reserves)
Development of Resources Need? Vital for human survival but there are some issues
Depletion, Accumulation in few hands( Rich and Poor) and global ecological crises Solution
ஃ Earth summit, 1992 gave the concept of Agenda 21.
More than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil for addressing
Sustainable development
urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development
at the global level.
It aims at achieving global sustainable development through combating
environmental damage, poverty, disease by global cooperation.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Mention three problems that are associated with the indiscriminate use of
resources.
The following three problems are the result of indiscriminate use of resources:
● Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
● Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn has divided the society into two
segments-rich and poor.
● Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming,
ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Discuss the purpose of Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and what was its outcome.
● The first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 to formulate an Agenda to promote sustainable development.
● This convention endorsed the Global Forest Principles and adopted 'Agenda 21' for achieving
sustainable development in the 21st century.
● The objectives of Agenda 21 are the elimination of poverty, hunger, sickness and illiteracy worldwide
while halting the deterioration of sustain life.
Resources and Development
Resource planning Need? Resources are unevenly distributed
1. Identification of Resources, 2. Evolving a planning structure to use them, 3. Matching
How it takes place in India?
resource development plan with National Development plan.
Conservation of Resources: Technology, Colonialism and need for conservation → Gandhian Idea
Land Resources India has varied relief features with different uses.
Forests, Land not for cultivation (Barren land, roads, factories etc.)
Land use pattern in India other uncultivated land (Pasture land, under miscellaneous trees
● Permanent pasture culturable wasteland) fallow lands and Net Sown Area
● Variation in net sown area
● Forest area in the country is
far lower than the desired 33
per cent
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
“Resource planning is a complex process” Justify the statement with arguments.
● Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country, which involve surveying,
mapping and measuring the quality as well as quantity of the resources.
● Evolving a proper planning structure for the development of the resources by using appropriate skill,
technology and institutional set up.
● Matching of resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Resources and Development
In which one of the following states is overgrazing the main reason for land degradation?
[CBSE Term-1 2021]
A. Maharashtra
B. Haryana
C. Punjab
D. Uttar Pradesh
Resources and Development
Land degradation Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, excessive irrigation.
Conservation Measures: Afforestation, management of grazing land, controlling mining and over irrigation.
Important renewable natural resource, relief, parent rock, climate vegetation plays a very
Soil as a resource crucial role in soil formation.
Soil erosion and soil conservation
(Removal of soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion)
Causes Wind, glacier, water (Gullies, sheet erosion), deforestation, overgrazing and afforestation.
Conservation measures Contour ploughing,terrace cultivation,strip cropping,shelter belts and afforestation.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
● Afforestation - This is done by planting trees.
● Terrace farming and contour ploughing this is done across the hill slopes.
● Restricted grazing of animals and they should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid
erosion of soil.
● Any other relevant point.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Suggest any six measures to solve the problem of land degradation.
The following measures can help to solve the problem of land degradation
● Afforestation over deforested areas.
● Proper management of grazing on permanent pastures.
● In areas where desertification has taken place, growing thorny bushes.
● Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents after treatment.
● Planting of shelter belts.
● Control on mining activities.
Ninja Technique To learn Soils
Soil Basis Area / State Crop Contain X - Factor
Northern plains (Interplay of Paddy, wheat, sugar Silt, sand and clay
Alluvial Khadar and bangar
Indus, Ganga Brahmaputra) cane and other cereal Potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
Fine clayey material Self aeration
Deccan trap (Gujarat, M.P Calcium carbonate, magnesium (develops cracks and
Black Cotton
and Maharashtra) carbonate but poor in phosphoric sticky when dry and
content. wet respectively.)
Reddish due to
Odisha, chhattisgarh and
Develops on crystalline igneous diffusion of iron and
Red and Yellow piedmont zone of the Plantation (coffee)
rocks and contain iron particles. yellow when it occurs
Western Ghats.
in hydrated form.
Hilly areas of karnataka, Cashew nuts,
Poor in humans, deep and acidic Intense leaching due
Laterite Kerala, Meghalaya( Tropical pineapple cultivation
and deficient in plant nutrients. to heavy rain.
Evergreen areas.) tea and coffee.
Lacks humus and moisture, sandy
Found in the Western parts Rainfed crops, Jowar, After proper irrigation
Arid in texture and saline in
of Rajasthan Bajra, Maize become cultivable
nature,Contain calcium.
Hill and mountainous regions Mountain vegetations Loamy and silty in valley and Fertile on valley and
Forest
(J&K,HP,UK, Sikkim and AP) and forests. coarse grained in upper slopes terraces.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Describe any three main characteristics of arid soil of India.
● Arid soils are the soils of desert or semi-desert regions and colors varies from red to brown.
● The soil has sandy texture and salinity. As precipitation is very low, the temperature is high and
evaporation is faster, therefore, the soil is deficient in moisture and humus.
● The calcium content increase downward and forms kankar layers in arid soil. This layer restricts the
infiltration of water.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Trace the features of alluvial soil with reference to its formation, area, classification and
containing minerals.
● Formation : Alluvial soil is made-up of silt, sand and clay. It is deposited by three important Himalayan river
systems the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. It is bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of the river
and becomes finer as the river flows down.
● Distribution/Area : This soil is prevalent in the river valleys of the Northern plains (Indus, Ganga,
Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as in the Eastern coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of
the Peninsular plateau (Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri).
● Classification : According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as (Bangar) old alluvial and Khadar (new
alluvial). Khadar has higher concentration of kankar and contains more fine particles than Bangar.
● Minerals : This soil is rich in nutrients like potash, phosphoric acid and lime, which is suitable for growing
paddy, wheat, sugarcane and other cereal and pulse crops.
Resources and Development
Most Probable questions from this topic
Give the characteristics of the soil used for growing cotton. List the areas in India where this soil
is found.
● The soil used for growing cotton is Black Soil.
● It is made up of fine clayey material with a high moisture retention capacity.
● It is rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate magnesium, potash and lime, but poor in
phosphoric content.
● It develops deep crack during hot weather, helping in proper aeration of the soil.
● It is found in the plateau areas of Maharashtra. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh, as well as in the Godavari and Krishna valleys.
Resources and Development
Key Words
Resources : Everything available in our environment Culturable wasteland : Land not cultivated during the
which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is last five years or more in succession including the
technologically accessible, economically feasible and current year for some reason or the other.
culturally acceptable can be termed as 'Resource'.
Net Sown Area : Net Sown Area is the area sown with
Sustainable development : It means development crops at least once in an agricultural year and
should take place without damaging the environment, counted only once.
and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generations. Gross cropped Area : The gross cropped area (GCA) is
the total area sown once or multiple times in a given
Agenda 21 : Agenda 21 It is the declaration signed by year. When a crop is sown twice on the same piece of
world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations land, the area is counted twice, this includes net
Conference on Environment and Development sown area and area sown twice.
(UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It
aims at achieving global sustainable development
through combating environmental damage, poverty,
disease by global cooperation.
Resources and Development
Key Words
Red and Yellow soil : These soils are generally found Strip cropping : It is type of cultivation in which different crops
in the Western Ghats, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Red are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion. These
soil gets its colour from the iron found in its strips breaks up the force of the wind and wind erosion can
composition in a crystallized form. The soil takes on a also be prevented.
yellow colour when it is hydrated.
Shelter belts : Shelter belts are rows of trees planted to
Leaching : Laterite soil develops due to the leaching protect an area, especially a field of crops, from wind and bad
process. It is a process, it is the process under which weather conditions. Shelter belts have contributed
the soil nutrients get washed off due to heavy rain significantly to stabilisation of sand dunes in deserts.
and temperature.
Gullies : Running water cuts through the clayey soils and
Sheet Erosion : Water flows as a sheet over large makes deep channels/ gullies. This type of pollution is
areas down a slope washing away all the topsoil. This responsible for destroying the fertility of the land and making
process is known as sheet erosion. it bad land. In Chambal basin such lands are called Ravines.
