Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL

DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

C C C5 2n -1
1+ 3
v) + + ....... =
1. If n is a positive integer, (x + a) = Cox + C1x .a n n n n n-1 2 4 6 n +1
+ nC2 xn-2.a2+......+ nCrxn-r.ar+....+nCn.an. 13. CoCr+C1Cr+1+C2Cr+2+.....+Cn-rCn
(2n)!
2. n
Co, nC1,nC2 ..... nCn are called binomid coefficients. = 2nCn+r= (n - r)! (n + r)!
2 2 2 2 2n
3. No. of terms in (x+a)n is n + 1. ii) C 0 + C1 + C 2 + ...... + Cn = Cn

(n +1) (n + 2) 14. If n is a rational number and |x| < 1, then

4. No. of terms in (x+y+z)n is .
2
n(n - 1) 2 n(n -1) (n - 2) 3
5. General term in (x+a)n is Tr+1 = nCr.xn-r.ar. i) (1+x)n=1+nx+ x + x +.....
1. 2 1. 2 . 3
6. In (x+a)n, n(n+1) 2 n(n + 1) (n + 2) 3
ii) (1-x)-n=1+nx+ x + x +.....
Tn 1. 2 1. 2 . 3
i) if n is even then the middle term is 2
+1
15. If |x|<1 and p,q are positive integers then
ii) If n is odd, then the two middlemost terms are 2
p  x  p(p + q)  x 
Tn +1, Tn + 3 i) (1-x)-p/q = 1 +  +   +.......
1!  q  2!  q 
2 2

7. Term independent of ‘x’ or constant term is the 2

p  x  p(p + q)  x 
term containing x 0. ii) (1+x)-p/q= 1 -  +   - ....... 
1!  q  2!  q 
8. In (1+x)n , 16. If |x| < 1, then
(n+1)| x | i) (1-x)-1 = 1+x + x2+x3+.....+xn+......
i) if | x | +1 =p (an integer), then the two
numerically greatest terms are |TP| & |TP+1| ii) (1+x)-1 = 1-x + x2-x3+.....+(-1)nxn+......
iii) (1-x)-2 = 1+2x +3x2+.....+(n+1)xn+......
(n +1) | x |
ii) If = p + f where p is an integer, 0 < f < 1
| x | +1 iv) (1+x)-2 = 1-2x +3x2-.....+(-1)n(n+1)xn+......
then the only numerically greatest term is |T p+1| v) (1-x)-3 = 1+3x +6x2+10x3+.....
(n + 1) (n + 2) n
+ x +.....
9. i) Co+C1+C2+.....+Cn=2n 2
ii) Co+C2+C4+.....=C1+C3+C5+.=2n-1 vi) (1+x)-3 = 1-3x+6x2-10x3+.....+(-1)n
10 i) a.Co+(a+d)C1+(a+2d)C2+....+(a+nd)Cn=(2a+nd)2n-1 (n+1) (n+ 2) n
x +..... 
2
ii) a.Co-(a+d)C1+(a+2d)C2-......n+1 terms =0
17. If |x| < 1 and n is a rational number,
11. i) C1+2.C2x+3C3x2+....+n.Cn.xn-1=n(1+x)n-1
n
ii) C1+2.C2+3.C3+.....n.Cn=n.2n-1 i) (1 + x)n  1 + x if x2 and higher powers of x
1!
iii) C1-2.C2+3C3-....+nCn(-1)n-1=0 are neglected.
C C C (1 + x)n+1 -1
2 n xn =
12. i) C0 + 21 x + 32 x + .... + n +1 n n(n - 1) 2 3
(n +1)x ii) (1 + x)n  1 + x+ x if x and higher
1! 2!
C1 C2 C 2n+1 -1 powers of x are neglected.
ii) C0 + + +.... + n =
2 3 n +1 n +1
n
C C C 1 iii) (1 - x)-n  1 + x if x2 and higher powers of x
iii) C0 - 1 + 2 -.... + n (-1)n = 1!
2 3 n +1 n +1 are neglected.
C2 C4 2n n n(n + 1) 2 3
iv) C0 + + + .... = iv) (1 - x)-n  1 + x + x if x and higher
3 5 n +1 1! 2!
powers of x are neglected.
1 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL

 
7-r
 2x2  r
LEVEL - I (VSAQ) T r + 1 = Cr .  3 
7
-5
  4x 5
1. Find the number of terms in (2a + 3b + c)5.
A: Number of terms in (2a + 3b + C)5
= 7 Cr .
3 4  
2 7 - r -5 r
. x14 - 7r

(n + 1)(n + 2) To get the coefficient of x-7,

= 14 - 7r = 7
2! 7r = 21
(5 +1)(n + 2) r=3
=
2  Coefficient of x-7

  
7-3 3
6x7 2 -5
= = 7 C3
2 3 4
= 21.  24   53 
= -35  34   43 
2. Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion
8
   
 -2 3  -4375
of  x - 2  .
3 = .
x  324

8 10
 2
3   x 4 
 3 
A: In  x  2  , 3rd term from the end 5. Find the term independent of in   2  .
 x   3 x 
= T7 10  r r
10
 x  4
= T6 +1 A: General term Tr 1  Cr . 
 3   2 
   x 
= 8C6 (x-2/3)8-6 (-3/x2)6
= 8C2 x x-4/3 x 36/x12  4 r 10  r
 2r
10 Cr .x 2
= 8C2 x 36/x40/3. 310 r

3. Find the coefficient of x-6 in (3x - 4/x)10 10  r

To get the term independent of x,  2r  0 .
2
A: Tr + 1 = 10Cr (3x)10-r (-4/x)r 10 - 5r = 0  r = 2.
= 10Cr .310-r.(-4)r. x10 - r - r  Term independent of x
To get the coefficient of x-6,
10  4 2
10 - 2r = - 6 = C2
38
 2r = 16
45 x 16 80
r = 8  8
 .
3 729
Coefficient of x-6 = 10C8 . 32. (-4)8
= 10C2 . 32 . 48. 6. Find the numerically greatest terms the
expansion of (3 + 2a)15 when a = 5/2.

 
7 15
 2x2 5  A: (3 + 2a)15 = 315 1 +
2a
4. Find the coefficient of x-7 in  3 -  . 3
 4x5 
7 2a 2 5 5
 2x2 5  |x| = .
A: In  3 - 5  , 3 = 3 2 = 3
 4x 
(n + 1) |x| (15 + 1) . 5/3
Now |x| + 1 = = 10
8/3
 |T10| and |T11| are numerically greatest.

2 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL

 
9 then prove that (i) a0 + a1 + a2 + .... + a20 = 210
5
|T 10| = C9 3
15 6 2. = C9 . 3 . 5
15 6 9
2 (ii) a0 - a1 + a2 - ..... + a20 = 410
A: (1 + 3x - 2x2)10 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + a20 x20
 
10
5
|T 11| = 15C10 35 2. = 15C0 . 35 . 310 Put x = 1 in the above relation,
2
and |T10 | = |T11|. a0 + a1.1 + a2 - 12 + .... fa20 .120 = ( 1 + 3 - 2)10
a0 + a1 + a2 + ....... = a20 = 210
7. Find the numerically greatest term in the
expansion of (3x+ 5y)12 when x = 1/2, y = 4/3. Put x = -1 in the given relation,
12
 5y  a0 + a1 (-1) + a2 (-1)2 + ........... + a20 (-1)20 = ( 1 - 3 - 2)10
A: (3x + 5y)12 = (3x)12  1  
 3x  a0 - a1 + a2 - ......... + a20 = 410
5 4 2 40
|x|= . .  11. Obtain the values of x for which the binomial
3 3 1 9
40 expansion of (2 + 3x)-2/3 is valid.
13x
(n  1) | x | 9 520 A: ( 2 + 3x)-2/3 + 2-2/3 ( 1 + 3x/x)-2/3
Now | x | 1 = 49 = = 10.4
9
9 The above expansion is valid if
 Numerically greatest term | 3x/x | < 1
= | T 10 + 1 |
| x | < 2/3
= | 12C10 (3.½ )12 - 10 ( 5.4/3)10 |  2 2 
= 12C2. (3/2)2 (20/3)10 x   ,  .
 3 3

8. If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th and (r - 2)nd terms 12.Find the values of x for which the binomial
in the expansion of ( 1 + x)18 are equal, find r expansion (7 + 3x)-5 is valid.

 
-5
A: In ( 1 + x)18 , T 2r + 4 = T(2r + 3) + 1 3x
A: (7 + 3x)-5 = 7-5 1+
= 18C2r + 3 7
3x
Tr - 2 = T(r - 3) +1 The avove expansion is valid if 7 < 1
= 18Cr 7
-3 |x| <
3
But 18C2r + 3 = 18Cr - 3
r = s n=r+s  
-7 7
x  3 , 3 .
 2r + 3 = r - 3 18 = 2r + 3 + r - 3
13.If Cr denote nCr, then prove that
 r = -6 18 = 3r
a C0 +(a+d) C1 + (a+2d) C2 + ......+ (a+nd) Cn = 2n - 1.
is not possible r = 6 A: Let
 r = 6. S = a C0 + (a+d) C1 + (a+2d) C2 + ......+ (a+nd)Cn---(1)
 Cr = Cn - r
9. If 22Cr is the largest binomial coefficient in the
expansion of ( 1 + x)22 find the value of 13Cr . S = (a +nd) C0 + [a + (n - 1)d] C1 + [a + (n - 2)d]
A: = nCn/2 if n is even C2 + ......... + a Cn ------- (2)
= 22C11 (1) + (2) 2S = (2a + nd) C0 + (2a + nd) C1 +
r = 11. (2a + nd) C2 + ..... + (2a + nd) Cn.
Now Cr = C11
13 13
2S = (2a + nd) [C0 + C1 + C2 + ...... + Cn]
= C213
2S = (2a + 2d)2n
13 x 12 S = (2a + nd) 2n - 1.
=
2
= 78. LEVEL - I (LAQ)
3 Binomial Theorem
10. If ( 1 + 3x - 2x2 )10 = a0+ a1 x + a2x2 + .... a20 x20,
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL

n
1. State and prove ‘Binomial theorem’ for a 2 C2 an - 2 x2 720
 n =
positive integral index. 1 C1 an - 1 x 240
A: If n is a positive integer, then
(x+a)n = nCoxn + nC1xn-1.a + nC2 xn-2.a2+......+ nCrxn-r .ar n(n - 1) an x2 a
 =3
2 a2 anx . n
+....+ Cn.a .
n n

n(n - 1)x
Let S(n) be the given statement.  =3
2a
If n = 1, LHS = (x + a)1 = x + a
(n - 1)x = 6a --------- (4)
RHS = 1C0 x1 + 1C1 x1 - 1 . a = x + a
 LHS = RHS. 3 n
C3 an - 3 x3 1080
 n =
Thus S(1) is true 2 C2 an - 2 x2 72
Assume that S(k) is true.
n
n(n - 1) (n - 2) a x3 . 2 .a2 1080
(x + a) = C0 x + C1 x
k k k k k-1
. a + C2 x k k-2
. a + ......+
2  =
6 a3 n(n - 1) an x 2 72
+ kCr xk - r . ar + ..... + kCk ak. (n - 2)x 3
 =
Now (x + a) k+1
= (x + a) (x + a) k 3a 2

= (x + a) [kC0 xk + kC1 xk - 1 . a + kC2 xk - 2 . a2 + ......+ (n - 2) (2x) = 9a ------- (5)

+ kCr xk - r . ar + ..... + kCk ak] 5 (n - 2) (2x) 9a

 (n - 1) x =
4 6a
= kC0 xk + 1 + kC1 xk . a + kC2 xk - 1 . a2 + ......+

+ kCr xk - r + 1 . ar + ..... + kCk .x. ak 4n - 8 = 3n - 3

 n = 5
+ kC0 xk .a + kC1 xk - 1 . a2+ kCr xk - r . ar + 1 + .....+kCk ak+1 From (4), 4x = 6a
3a
= xk + 1 + (kC1 + kC0)xk . a + (kC2 + kC1) xk - 1 . a2 x= -------- (6)
2
+ ..... + (kCr + kCr - 1) xk + 1 - r . ar + ...... + ak + 1
Now (1) becomes 5C1 a4 x = 240
 Cr + Cn - r =
n n n+1
Cr
3a
= k + 1C0 xk + 1 + k + 1C1 xk . a + k + 1C2 xk - 1 . a2 + .........+ 5a 4 . = 240
2
+ k + 1Cr . xk + 1 - r . ar + ..... + k+1
Ck + 1 ar + 1 a5 = 32 = 25
 S(k + 1) is also true. a = 2
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction 3a 3(2)
S(n) is true for all n N. From (6) x =
2
=
2
=3

2. If 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (a +  n = 5, a = 2, x = 3.

x)n are respectively 240, 720, 1080, find a, x, m.
A: In (a + x)n, T2 = T 1 + 1 3. If the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of

 
11
= nC1 . an - 1 . x = 240 --------- (1) 2 1
ax + is equal to the coefficient of x-10
bx

 
T3 = T2 + 1 11
1
= C2 . a
n n-2
. x = 720 ------- (2)
2 in the expansion of ax -
, find the
bx 2
T4 = T 3 + 1 relation between and a and b, where a and b

= nC3 an - 3 . x3 = 1080 ------- (3)

4 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
are real numbers.
Clearly 0 < 7 - 4 3 < 1

 
11
2 1  0 < (7 - 4 3 )n < 1
A: In ax + 2
,
bx
Let (7 - 4 3 )n = x

   0<x<1
r
1
Tr + 1 = 11Cr . (ax2)11 - r 0 < f < 1 given
bx
on addition 0 < f + x < 2 -------- (1)
a11 - r
= 11Cr . . x22 - 3r Now (I + f) + x
br
To get the coefficient of x10, = (7 + 4 3 )n + (7 - 4 3 )n
22 - 3r = 10 = nC0 . 7n + nC1 7n - 1 (4 3 ) + nC2 7n - 2 . (4 3 )2 + .....
12 = 3r + nCn (4 3 )n + nC0 7n - nC1 . 7n - 1 (4 3 )

r=4 + nC2 7n - 2 (4 3 )2 - ..... + nC2 (-4 3 )n.

 
1
11
a7 = 2[nC0 . 7n + nC2 . 7n - 2 (4 3 )2 + ..........]
2
 Coefficient of x in ax + 10
= C4 .
11
1

bx2 b4 = 2 (some integer)

   
11 r
2 1 -1  I + f + x = an even integer
In ax - , Tr + 1 = Cr . (ax) 11 11 - r

bx 2 bx 2
f + x = an even integer - (I)
a11 - r
= 11Cr .(-1)r . . x11 - 3r f + x = some integer ------(2)
br
To get the coefficient of x-10, Combining (1), (2) the only possibility left is f + x = 1.
11 - 3r = -10 Now I + f + x = an even integer
21 = 3r I + 1 = an even integer
r = 7. I = an even integer - 1

  I is an odd integer

11
1
Thus, coefficient of x-10 in ax - is
bx 2 ii) (I + f) (1 - f) = (I + f)x
4
a
= (-1)7 11C7 . = (7 + 4 3 )n + (7 - 4 3 )n
7
b
= (49 - 48)n
a7 a4
But C4 . 11
= - C7 .
11
1
 Cr = Cn - r
n n
= 1n
b4 b7
-1 = 1.
a3 =
b3
5. If R, n are positive integers, n is odd, 0 < F < 1
(ab3) = -1
and if (5 5 + 11)n = R + F, then prove that
ab = -1. (  a, b R) i) R is an even integer
ii) (R + F)F = 4n.
4. If (7 + 4 3 )n = I + f where I and n are positive A: i) Given that R, n are positive integers, n is odd,
integers and 0 < f < 1, then show that 0 < F < 1 and R + F = (5 5 + 11)n.
i) I is an odd positive integer Clearly 0 < 5 5 - 11 < 1
ii) (I + f) (1 - f) = 1.
A: i) Given that I, n are positive integers.  0 < (5 5 - 11)n < 1

0 < f < 1 and (7 + 4 3 )n = I + f. Let (5 5 - 11)n = x

5 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
 0<x<1 = (x + a)n (x - a)n
 0 > -x > -1
= [(x + a) (x - a)]n
 -1 < -x < 0
Also 0 < F < 1 = (x2 - a2)n.
on addition -1 < F - x < 1 -------- (1)
ii) 4PQ = (P + Q)2 - (P - Q)2

Now (R + F) - x = (5 5 + 11)n - (5 5 - 11)

1)n = {(x + a)n}2 - {(x - a)n}2

= nC0 . (5 5 )n + nC1 (5 5 )n - 1 (11) + nC2 (5 5 )n - 2 = (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n.

(11)2 + ....... + nCn (-11)n
7. With usual notation, prove that
C0 + C2 + C4 + ....... = C1 + C3 + C5 + ........ = 2n - 1.
= - {nC0 . (5 5 )n - nC1(5 5 )n - 1 (11) + nC2 (5 5 )n - 2
A: We know that
(11)2 - ....... + nCn (-11)n}
(1 + x)n = nCo + nC1 x + nC2 x2+ nC3x3 +....+ nCn.xn.
= 2{nC1(5 5 )n - 1 (11) + nC3 (5 5 )n - 3 (11
13) + ........}
(1 + x)n = Co + C1 x + C2 x2+ C3x3 +....+ Cn xn ---- (1)
= 2 (some integer) Put x = 1 in (1), we get
 R + F - x = an even integer C0 + C1(1) + C2(12) + C3 (13) + ...... + Cn (1n) = (1 +
F - x = an even integer - (R) 1)n

F - x = some integer ------(2) C0 + C1 + C2 + ......+ Cn = 2n ----- (2)

Combing (1), (2) the only possibility left is F - x = 0. Put x = -1 in (1), we get

F-x=0 C0 + C1(-1) + C2(-1)2 + C3(-1)3 + ......+ Cn (-1)n = (1 -

1)n
F=x
Now R + F - x = an even integer C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + ......+ (-1)n Cn = 0 ----- (3)

R + 0 = an even integer (2) + (3) 2[C0 + C2 + C4 + .....] = 2n + 0 = 2n

So R is an even integer 2n
 C0 + C2 + C4 + ..... = = 2n - 1 ------- (4)
2
ii) (R + F)F = (R + F)x (2) - (3) 2[C1 + C3 + C5 + .....] = 2n - 0 = 2n
= (5 5 + 11)n + (5 5 - 11)
1)n 2n
 C1 + C3 + C5 + ..... = = 2n - 1 ------- (5)
= (125 - 121)n 2
Combing (4) & (5), we get
= 4n.
C0 + C2 + C4 + ........ = C1+ C3 + C5 + ....... = 2n - 1.
6. If P and Q are sum of odd terms and sum of
8. With usual notation, prove that
even terms respectively in the expansion of
(x + a)n, then prove that C1 + 2C2 x + 3 C3 x2 + ....... + n Cn xn - 1 = n(1 + x)n - 1
i) P2 - Q2 = (x2 - a2)n. Deduce that C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 +......+ n Cn = n . 2n - 1.
ii) 4PQ = (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n. A: We know that
A: Now (1 + x)n = Co + C1 x + C2 x2+ C3x3 +....+ Cn xn.
(x+a)n = nCoxn + nC1xn-1.a + nC2 xn-2.a2+......+ nC3xn-3 .a3 +.... Differentiating w.r.t. x,
Given that P = T 1 + T3 + ........
d d
= nC0 xn + nC2 xn - 2 . a2 + ........ [C + C1 x + C2 x2+ ......+ Cn xn] = (1 + x)n.
dx o dx
Q = T2 + T4 + ..........
d d d 2
= nC1xn-1.a + nC3xn-3 .a3 +.........  (C ) + C1 (x) + C2 (x ) + .....+ Cn . nxn - 1
dx 0 dx dx
Now P + Q = (x + a)n and P - Q = (x - a)n.
i) P2 - Q2 = (P + Q) (P - Q)
6 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
d Put x = 1 in (1), we get
= (1 + x)n
dx
n +1
C1 C2 Cn (1 + 1) -1
0 + C1 . 1 + C2 . 2x + C3 . 3x2 + .......+ Cn . nxn - 1 C0 + (1)+ (1 )+ ....... +
2
(1 ) =
n

2 3 n +1 (n + 1) (1)
= n(1 + x)n - 1
C1 + 2C2x + 3C3 x2 + ........ + nCn xn - 1 C1 C2 Cn n +1
2 -1
= n(1 + x)n - 1 ---------(1) C0 + + + ....... + = ------ (2)
2 3 n +1 n +1
Put x = 1 in (1), we get
Put x = -1 in (1), we get
C1 + 2C2 (1)+3C3 (12)+........ + n Cn (1n - 1) = n(1 + 1)n - 1
C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ........ n Cn = n(2n - 1). C1 C2 Cn
C0 + (-1)+ (-12)+ ....... + (-1)n
2 3 n +1
C1 C2 Cn n +1
9. Prove that C0 + x+ x2 + .....+ xn (1 - 1) -1
2 3 n+1 =
(n + 1) (-1)
n+1
(1 + x) -1
= C1 C2 Cn 1
(n + 1) x C0 - + - ....... + (-1)n = ------ (3)
2 3 n +1 n +1
C1 C3 C5 n
2 -1
Deduce that + + + ...... = . n +1
2 4 6 n+1  C1 C C  2 - 1- 1
(2) - (3) 2  + 3 + 5 +..... =
2 4 6  n +1
C1 C2 Cn
A: Now C0 + x+ x2 + ....... + xn
2 3 n +1 n
C C C  2(2 - 1)
 2  1 + 3 + 5 +..... =
n n n
2 4 6  n +1
C1 C2 Cn
= C0 +
n
x+ x + ....... +
2
xn
2 3 n +1 2 -1
n
C1 C3 C5
 + + +..... = .
2 4 6 n +1
n n(n - 1) 1
=1+ x+ x2 + ....... + xn
1.2 1.2.3 n +1 10.Prove that
C0 Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + C2 Cr + 2 + .....+ Cn - r Cn = 2nCn + r.
1  (n + 1)n 2 (n + 1) n(n - 1) 3 n + 1 n + 1
= (n + 1)x + 2! x + x +.....+ x  Deduce C02 + C12 + C22 + ......... + Cn2 = 2nCn.
(n+1) x 3! n +1 
A: We know that
1 (1 + x)n = Co + C1x2 +......+Cn - r xn-r +....+Cn xn ------- (1)
= [n + 1C1 x + n + 1C2 x2 + n + 1C3 x3 + ...... + 1.xn + 1]
(n+1) x Also (x + 1)n = Coxn + C1xn-1 + ......+Cr xn - r+ Cr + 1 xn - (r + 1)
+ Cr + 2 xn - (r + 2) + ......+ Cn ------- (2)
1
= [ n+1
C0 + n+1
C1 x + n+1
C2 x + ....+
2
Cn+1 x
n+1 n+1
- 1] Multiplying (1) & (2) and equating the coefficient
(n+1) x
of x n - r on bothsides,

(1 + x)
n +1
-1 C0 + Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + C2 Cr + 2 + ....... + Cn - r Cn
= = coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)n (x + 1)n
(n + 1) x
= coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)n (1 + x)n
n +1
C1 C2 Cn (1 + x) -1 = coe. of xn - r in (1 + x)2n In (1 + x)2n
 C0+ x+ x2+ .......+ xn = ----(1) Tr + 1 = 2nCr . xr
2 3 n +1 (n + 1) x
= 2nCn - r
7 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
= 2nC2n - (n - r)
n! n! n!
= 2nCn + r  2. = [n - (r - 1)]! (r - 1)! + [n - (r +1)]! (r + 1)!
(n - r)! r!
Put r = 0 in the above relation, we get
2 2
C0 + C0 + C1 C0 + 1 + C2 C0 + 2 + ....... + Cn - 0 Cn = 2nCn + 0  (n - r) [n - (r + 1)]! r(r - 1)! = [n-(r - 1)] (n - r) [n - (r +1)]! (r - 1)!
 C02 + C12 + C22 + ....... + Cn2 = 2nCn.
1
11. Prove that (C0 + C1) (C1 + C2) (C2 + C3) .... (Cn - 1 + Cn) + [n-(r + 1)] ! (r + 1) r(r - 1)!
n
(n + 1)
= C0 C1 C2 ....... Cn. 2 1 1
n!  (n - r)r = (n - r + 1) (n - r) + (r + 1) r
A: Now (C0 + C1) (C1 + C2) (C2 + C3) .... (Cn - 1 + Cn)
2 (r + 1)r + (n - r + 1) (n - r)
 C1  
 (n - r)r = (n - r + 1) (n - r) (r + 1)r
 C2  C   C 
= C0 1+ C  C1 1+  C 1+ 3  .....C 1+ n 
C C n-1  C
 0  1 2
 2  n -1 
 2(n - r + 1) (r + 1) = (r + 1)r + (n - r + 1) (n - r)

 n   n(n - 1) 1   2(nr + n - r2 - r + r + 1) = r2 + r + n2 - 2nr + r2 + n - r

= C0 C1 C2 ....... Cn - 1  1 +  1 + 
 1  2 n  0 = n2 - 4nr - n + 4r2 - 2
 n(n - 1) (n - 2) 2   1  n2 - (4r + 1)n + (4r2 - 2) = 0.
 1 +  .......  1 + 
 6 n(n - 1)   n
13.If the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in the
 1+ n   n - 1  n - 2  expansion of (1 + x) n are a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , a 4
= C0 C1 C2 ....... Cn - 1 . 1   1 +  1 + 
 1  2   3  a1 a3
 1 respectively, then show that +
.........  1 +  a1 + a 2 a3 + a 4
 n
2a 2
 1+ n   1+ n   1+ n 
= C0 C1 C2 ...... Cn - 1 Cn    
 1   2   3 
 ..... = .
a2 + a3
1+ n  A: In (1 + x)n,
 
 n 
Tr = T(r - 1) + 1
n
(1 + n) = n Cr - 1 . x r - 1
= C0 C1 C2 ...... Cn - 1 Cn .
n!
T r + 1 = n Cr . x r

12.If the coefficeints of rth, (r + 1)th, (r + 2)nd terms Tr + 2 = T(r + 1) + 1

in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in A.P., then = n Cr + 1 . x r + 1
show that n2 - (4r + 1)n + 4r2 - 2 = 0.
Tr + 3 = T(r + 2) + 1
A: In (1 + x)n,
= n Cr + 2 . x r + 2
Tr = T(r - 1) + 1
= n Cr - 1 x r - 1 Given that a1 = nCr - 1, a2 = nCr,

T r + 1 = n Cr x r a3 = nCr + 1, a4 = nCr + 2

Tr + 2 = T(r + 1) + 1 a3
a1
= n Cr + 1 x r + 1 +
LHS =
a1 + a 2 a3 + a 4
It is given that nCr - 1, nCr, nCr + 1 are in A.P.
 2 . n Cr = n Cr - 1 + n Cr + 1

8 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
n n 2
Cr - 1 Cr + 1 n  n
Cr 
3
= + A: Now  r  n 
n
Cr - 1 + Cr
n n n
Cr + 1 + Cr + 2 r=1  Cr - 1 

n 2
 nC + n Cr = n + 1 Cr 3  n! [n - (r - 1)]! (r - 1)! 
r-1 = r  x 
r=1  (n - r)! r! n! 
n n
Cr + 1 Cr + 1
2
= n +1 + n +1
n
3  n - r + 1
Cr Cr + 2 = r  
r=1  r 
n! (n + 1 - r) r! n! n
= [n - (r - 1)! (r - 1)! . (n + 1)! + [n - (r + 1)]! (r + 1)! 2
=  r [(n + 1) - r]
r=1
[n + 1 - (r + 2)]! (r + 2)!
. (n + 1)! n
2 2
=  r [(n + 1) - 2(n + 1)r + r ]
r=1
r r+2
= + n
n +1 n +1 2 2 3
=  [(n + 1) r - 2(n + 1)r + r ]
r=1
2(r + 1)
= ------ (1)
n +1
n n n
2 3
2a 2 = (n + 1)2  r - 2(n + 1)  r +  r
r=1 r=1 r=1
RHS =
a2 + a3
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
= (n + 1)2 - 2(n + 1)
n 2 6
2 . Cr
= n2 (n + 1)2
n
Cr + Cr + 1
n +
4
n(n + 1)2
n = [6n + 1) -4(2n + 1) + 3n]
2 . Cr 12
= n +1 n(n + 1)2
Cr + 1 = [6n + 6 - 8n - 4 + 3n]
12

2 . n! [n + 1 - (r + 1)]! (r + 1)! n(n + 1)2

= (n - r)! r! x (n + 1)!
=
12
[n + 2]

2(r + 1) n(n + 1)2 (n + 2)

= .
= ------- (2) 12
n +1
From (1) & (2), 15.Show that for any non - zero rational number
x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2)
a1 a3 2a 2 x, 1 + + + + .......
+ = . 2 2.4 2.4.6
a1 + a 2 a3 + a4 a2 + a3
x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) (x + 2)
= 1+ + + + ....... .
14.If n is a positive integer, prove that 3 3.6 3.6.9

n  nC  2
2 x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2)
r  = n(n + 1) (n + 2)
3 A: LHS = 1 + + + + .......
r  . 2 2.4 2.4.6
 nC  12
r=1  r -1 

9 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
2 3 -1/2
x 1  x(x - 1)  1  x(x - 1) (x - 2)  1   1
7
= 1+   +   +   + ........
1!  2  2!  2  3! 2 = 1- 
5  50 

n n(n + 1) -1/2
 (1 - x)-n = 1 + x+ x2 + .....  49 
7
1! 2! =  
5  50 
-x
 1 7 50
=  1- 
 3 =
5 49

-x 7 5 2
2 =  
=   5  7 
3
= 2.
x
3 17.Find the sum of infinite series
=   ----- (2)
2 3 3. 5 3.5.7
+ + + ....... .
From (1) & (2), 4 4.8 4.8.12

3 3. 5 3.5.7
x x(x - 1) x(x - 1) (x - 2) A: Now + + + .......
1+ + + + ....... 4 4.8 4.8.12
2 2.4 2.4.6
2 3
x x(x + 1) x(x + 1) (x + 2) 3  1 3.5  1  3.5.7  1 
= 1+ + + + ....... . = 1+  +   +   + .......
3 3.6 3.6.9 1!  4  2!  4  3!  4 

16.Find the sum to infinite series Comparing the infinite series with

7  2
1 1.3  1  1. 3 . 5  1  p x p(p + q)  x 
1+ + + + + + .......  .
4  6  (1 - x) = 1+  + q + ........
-p/q
5  10 2
1.2  10  1.2.3  10   1!  q  2!  
A: Comparing the infinite series with Here p = 3
2
p x p(p + q)  x  p + q = 5 q = 2
(1 - x) -p/q
= 1+  + q + ........
1!  q  2!   x 1 2 1
= x = =
q 4 4 2
7  1  1  1. 3  1  1. 3.5  1   2 3

1+ +  + +  + +  + ....... 
5  1!  100  2!  100  3!  100   Sum of the given infinite series
= (1 - x)-p/q - 1
Here p = 1, p + q = 3
-3/2
q=3-1=2  1
=  1-  -1
x
=
1  2
q 100
-3/2
2 1  1
x= = =  
100 50 2

7 = 23/2 - 1
= [1 - x] -p/q
Binomial Theorem
5 10 = 2 2 - 1.
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
2 3
 1  1.3.5  1 
1.3
1 1.3 1.3.5  x= +  + +   + .......
18.If x = + + + ...... , then find the 2!  3  3! 3
5 5.10 5.10.15
value of 3x2 + 6x. 1  1 1  1
2
1.3  1 
1 1.3 1.3.5  x+1+   = 1+  +   +
+ + + ...... 1!  3  1!  3  2!  3 
A: Given x =
5 5.10 5.10.15
3
2 3 1.3.5  1 
1  1  1.3  1  1. 3.5  1    + .......... 
x = ++ +  + +   + ....... 3!  3 
1!  5  2!  5  3! 5
Comparing RHS with
2
1  1  1.3  1  p y p(p + q)  y 
2
 x + 1 = 1+ ++ +   + .......
1!  5  2!  5  (1 - y)-p/q = 1+  + q + ........
1!  q  2!  
Comparing this with
2 Here p = 1
 y  p(p + q)  y 
p
(1 - y)-p/q = 1+   +   + ........ p + q = 3 q = 2
1!  q  2!  q 
y 1 2
Here p = s = y =
q 3 3
p + q = 3 q = 2
4
y 1 2 x+ = (1 - y)-p/q
= y = 3
q 5 5 -1/2
x + 1 = (1 - y) -p/1  2
=  1- 
-1/2  3
 2
=  1-  -1/2
 5  1
=  
-1/2 3
3
=   3x + 4
5 = 3
3
5
x+1=  3x + 4 = 3 3
3
Squaring on both sides,
Squaring on both sides,
9x2 + 24x + 16 = 27
5
x2 + 2x + 1 = 9x2 + 24x = 11.
3
20.Find the sum of the infinite series
 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 5
 3x2 + 6x = 5 - 3 = 2. 3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
+ + + ...... .
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
19.If x = + + + ...... , then
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12 3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9
A: Now + + + ......
prove that 9x2 + 24x = 11. 5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
A: Given x = + + + ...... 3.5  1 
2
3.5.7  1
2
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12 +   + .......
=   +
2!  5  3! 5
11 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
2
3  1  1 3.5  3 3. If A and B are coefficients of x n in the
= 1+   + +   + ....... -  1+ 
1!  5  2!  5   5 expansion of (1 + x) 2n and (1 + x) 2n-1

Comparing this with A

respectively, then find the value of .
B
2 A: A = coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n = 2nCn.
p x p(p + q)  x 
(1 - x)-p/q = 1+  + q + ........ B = Coefficient of xn in (1 + x)2n - 1 = 2n - 1Cn.
1!  q  2!  
A 2n
Cn  2n !  2n  1  n !n!
Here p = 3   x
B 2n1
Cn  2n  n !n!  2n  1!
p + q = 5 q = 2
 2n ! n  1!n!  2n 2n  1! n  1 n!
x 1  x  x
= x =
2
 n!2  2n  1! n!n  n  1!  2n  1!
q 5 5
2n
Sum of the given infinite series  2.
n
1
= (1-x)-p/q - 4. Find the largest binomial coefficient(s) in the
5
expansion of (1 + x)24.
A: Here n = 24, an even integer.
-3/2
 2 8 Hence there is only one largest binomial coefficient,
=  1-  -
 5 5
that is
n
C n 24 C12
.
2
-3/2
3 8
5. Find the largest binomial coefficient(s) in the
=   -
5 5 expansion of (1 + x)19.
A: Here n = 19 (odd).
5 5  The largest binomial coefficients are
8
= - . n
C n1, n C n 1  19 C9 , 19
C10
3 3 5 .
2 2

LEVEL - II (VSAQ)
Note that 19
C9  19
C10  .
 
1. Find the number of terms with non-zero
coefficients in (4x - 7y)49 + (4x - 7y)49 . 6. Find the middle terms in the expansion of
A: The number of terms in the expansion (x + y)n + (x 11
 3 
- y)n when ‘n’is odd is  4a + 2 b  .
 
n  1 49  1 11
  25 .  3 
2 2 A: Given expansion is  4a  b  .
 2 
2. Write down and simplify 6 th term in
9 Here n  1 , odd
 2x 3y 
 3 + 2  . T111 T11 3
  ,  T6 , T7 .
A: 6th term = T6 = T5 + 1. So, middle terms are
2 2
9 5 5 4 5 5
 2x   3y   2x   3y  115 3 
T6  T51  C5  4a 
9 9
 2   C5  3   2 
11
= C5    5 b
 3         
3  4 5 4 5 3
5
3
5
= 126.   x y  189 x y .  11
C5 46.a6 .   . b2 11 C5 .46.   a6 b6
2 2
  2

12 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
6
11 6 3   
T7  T6 1  C6  4a 
11
 5 b
25 r
 3 
  1
25 Cr 325 r  25r 
 5 x

r r
  25
Cr  3  5 x
= 
 x  3 
6 6 x 
11 3 3
 C5 45.a5 .   . b6 11C6 .45.   a5 b6 .
2
  2  25  r 
 r
 
 25
Cr 325 r 5r x  3  2

7. Find the middle term in the expansion of

 25  r r
10 take   0 then
 3x  3 2
 7  2y  .
   50  2r  3r  0  r  10 .
A: Here n  10 , even The term independent of x is
So, middle term  T10  T5 1 . T11  25
C10 325  10 510  25
C10 315510.
1
2

10 5
10.Find the term independent of x in the
 3x 
.  2y 
10 5
 T51  C5 .    3 7 
14
 7  expansion of  4x + 2  .
 x 
5 5
 3x  6 A: General term Tr + 1 = Cr x n - r a r.
n
 10 C5 .   .  2y   10 C5 .   x5 y5 
5

 7  7 r
 7 
Tr 1  14
Cr (4x 3 )14  r  2  14 Cr 414 r 7r x 425r .
x 
11
 3x 2 4 
8. Find the coefficient of x in  + 3 . 7 42
 7 5x  If 42 - 5r = 0 then r =
5
.

11 Which is not possible.

 3x 2 4  The term indepenent of x is ‘0’.
A: Given expansion is   3 .
 7 5x 
11. Prove that C0 + 2.C1 + 22.c2 +......+2n . Cn. = 3n.
General term T r + 1 = nCr.xn - 4. ar. A: We know that C0 + C1.x + C2.x2 +......+Cn.xn =
11r r (1+x)n.
 3x 2   4 
11 Cr .   . 3  . Let x  2
 7  5x 
 
then we get
11r r
3 4 C0  2.C1  22.C2  .........  2n.Cn  3n .
11 Cr .   . x 22 2r   .x 3r
7 5
11r r 12.Find the sum of 3.C0 + 6.C1 + 12.C2 + ..........3.2n
3 4
11 Cr .   .   .x22 5r Cn .
7 5 A: take 3.C0 + 6.C1 + 12.C2 + ..........3.2n Cn.
take 22 - 5r = 7  5r = 15  r  3
 3.C0  3.2.C1  3.22.C2  ...............  3.2n Cn
Coefficient of x7
 3 C0  2.C1  22.C2  ...............  2n Cn 
113 3 8 3  
11 3 4 3 4
is C3 .   .   11 C3 .   .  .  3 1  2    3.3n  3n 1 .
n
7 5
  7 5  

9. Find the term independent of x in the 13.Prove that

25
 3  C1 C C C n n +1
(

expansion of  3 + 5 x  . + 2. 2 + 3. 3 +......... + n. n = .
 x  C0 C1 C2 Cn-1 2
A: General term Tr+1 = nCr xn - r ar.

13 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
C1 C2 C3 Cn   3  3  
A: L.H.S. = C  2. C  3. C  .........  n. C   3  7x    4   4  1  7x  
 23/4 1          
0 1 2 n 1
 2  .........
  4  2  2!   
n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)  
n 2 3! 1  
2 3  ......  n
= 1 n n(n  1) n  21x 1029x2 
2  23/4 1   .....
 8 128 
= n + (n - 1) + (n - 2) + ...........+ 2 + 1.
The first 3 terms are
n(n  1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 ...........+ n = = R.H.S. 21x 3/ 4 1029x 2
2 23/4 , 23/ 4 x ,2 x .
8 128
14.Find the range of x for which the binomial 17.Find an approximate value of the following
expansion (3 - 4x)3/4 is valid.
3
A: (3 - 4x)3/4 corrected to 4 decimal places 1002 - 3 998 .
3/4 3/ 4 A: 3
1002  3 998 = (1002) - (998) .
1/3 1/3
  4x   3/ 4  4x 
 3  1   3 1   = (1000+2) - (1000 - 2)
1/3 1/3

  3    3  = (1000)1/3 - (1000 - 2)1/3 .

1/3 1/3
 4x  2   2 
The expansion is valid when 1 = (1000)1/3 1   (1000)1/3 1 
3  
 1000   1000 

 10 1  0.002   1  0.002  

1/3 1/3
3 3 3  3 3 
 x    x  (or) x   ,  .  
4 4 4  4 4
 1 2  
    
1 3 3
15. Write the first 3 terms in the expansion of  10  1   0.002     0.002 2  ..... 
 3 2! 
(8 - 5x)2./3.  
2/3 2/3
 
2/3  5x   5x   1 2 
A: (8 - 5x) = 8 1  8   4 1 .  
2./3
   8   1 
3 3

  1   0.002     0.002 2  .....  
 3 2! 
 2 2    
 2  5x  3  3  1  5x 2   
 4 1        
   ......... 0.04
 3 8  2!  8     0.0133. .
  3
 
 5x 25x2  4
 4 1  ...... 18.Expand 5 5 in increasing powers of .
5
 12 576  3
1 3 3/2
Therefore, the first three terms in the expansion of  1  4 2
A: 5 5  5.5 2  5.5 2    1   .
 5x  25x 2 5  5 
(8 - 5x)2./3 are 4, , .
12 576 Formula :
n  n  1
16.Write the first 3 terms in the expansion of 1  x n  1  nx  .x2  ...............
(2-7x)-3/4. 2!
3/4 3 3 
 7x  1
A: (2-7x)-3/4 = 2 - 3/4  1  3  4  2  2   4 
2
.
 2   1     ..................
2 5  2!  5 
2
3  4  3.5  4 
 1    2   ..................... .
2 5  2 .2!  5 

14 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
LEVEL - II (LAQ) 3. Prove that
(2nC0)2 - (2nC1)2 + (2nC2)2 - ....+ (2nC2n)2 = (-1)n 2nCn.
1. If the coefficients of x9, x10, x11 in the expansion A: We know that
of (1+x)n are in A. P. Then prove that
(1 + x)2n = 2nCo + 2nC1x + 2nC2 x2 +....+2nC2n x2n
n2 - 41n+398 = 0
A. Given expansion (1 +x)n Also (x + 1)2n = 2nCox2n - 2nC1x2n-1 +2nC2 x2n - 2- .......+ 2nC2n

The coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 + x)n is Multiplying the above two expansions and equating
the coefficient of x 2n, we get
n
Cr Given that coefficients of x9, x10, x11 are in A. P.
(2nC0)2 - (2nC1)2 + (2nC2)2 - ....+ (2nC2n)2
 2 nC10 n C9 n C11  a,b, c are in A. P..
= coe. of x2n in (1 + x)2n (x - 1)2n
 2b = a + c
= coe. of x2n in (x + 1)2n (x - 1)2n
n! n! n!
2   = coe. of x2n in (x2 - 1)2n In (x2 - 1)2n,
 n  10 !10!  n  9 !9!  n  11!11! Tr + 1= 2nCr (x2 )2n - r (-1)r
Here r = n
2 1 1
2  
 n  10 10  n  9  n  10  11 x 10 = 2nCn (-1)n.

4. Find the sum of the infinite series

2 110   n  9  n  10 
  2 3
 n  10 10  n  9  n  10 x 11x 10 2 1 2 5 1 2 5 8  1
1+ . + .   + . .   + ...... .
3 2 3 62 3 6 92
 22  n  9   110  n  19 n  90
2

2 3
2 1 2 5  1 2 5 8 1
 22n  198  200  n  19n 2
A: Now 1+ . + .   + . .   +......
3 2 3 6 2 3 6 9 2
 n  41n  318  0 .
2

2 3
 1  2.5  1  2.5.8  1 
2. Show that the middle term in the expansion = 1+ 2   +   +   + ......
1 . 3 . 5 ...... (2n - 1)
 6  2!  6  3! 6
of (1 + x)2n is (2x)n. Comparing this with
n!
2
A: Given expansion is (1 + x)2n p x p(p + q)  x 
(1 - x)-p/q = 1+  + q + ........
Middle term T
2n
= Tn + 1 1!  q  2!  
+1
2 Here p = s
Tn + 1 = 2nCn . 12n - x . xn
p + q = 5 q = 2
(2n)!
= (2n - n)! n! xn x 1 2 1
= x = =
q 4 4 2
(2n)! n
= x Sum of the given infinite series
n! n!
1.2.3.4.......(2n - 2) (2n - 1) (2n) = (1 - x)-p/q
= 1.2.......(n - 1) n (n!) . xn -2/3
 1
=  1- 
=
1.3.5......(2n - 1)
. 2n . x n
 2
n!
-2/3
1.3.5......(2n - 1)  1
= (2x)n. =  
n! 2
= 22/3

= 3
4.
15 Binomial Theorem
Mathematics - IIA AIMSTUTORIAL
2 2
5 5.7 5.7.9 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
5.If x = +
+ + ...... , then find the =   -   + .......
2 3
2! 3
3! 3 4! 3 2!  4  3!  4 
value of x2 + 4x. 2 3
1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
5 5.7 5.7.9 = 1-  +   -   ....... -
+ + + ...... 1!  4  2!  4  3!  4 
A: Given x = 2 3
2! 3 3! 3 4! 3  1
1- 
2 3  4
3.5  1 
 1 3 . 5.7 Comparing the infinite series with
 x=   + +   + .......
2!  3  3! 3 2
px p(p + q)  x 
(1 + x) -p/q
= 1-  + q - ........
 x + 2 = 1!  q  2!  
2 3
3  1 3.5  1  3.5.7  1  Here p = 1
1+  +   +   + .......
1!  3  2!  3  3!  3  p + q = 3 q = 2
Comparing RHS with x 1 2 1
= x = =
2 q 4 4 2
 y  p(p + q)  y 
p Sum of the given infinite series
(1 - y) -p/q
= 1+   +   + ........
1!  q  2!  q  3
= (1 + x)-p/q -
Here p = 3 4
-1/2
p + q = 5 q = 2  1 3
=  1+  -
y
=
1 2  2 4
y =
q 3 3 -1/2
x + 2 = (1 - y)-p/q 3 3
=   -
-3/2 2 4
 2
=  1-  2 3
 3
= - .
3 4
-3/2
 1
=  
3
x + 2 = 33/2
Squaring on both sides
x2 + 4x + 4 = 27
 x2 + 4x = 23.

6. Find the sum of the infinite series

3 3.5 3.5.7
- + - ...... .
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16
3 3.5 3.5.7
A: Given - + - ...... 
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16

1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7

= - + - ...... 
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16

16 Binomial Theorem