Operating System
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like
file management, memory management, process management, handling input and
output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows
Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and
the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
History Of OS
Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape
storage
The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early
1950s for their IBM 701
In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing
the 86-DOS software from a Seattle company
The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a
GUI was created and paired with MS-DOS.
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In an operating system software performs each of the function:
1. Process management: Process management helps OS to create and delete
processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.
2. Memory management: Memory management module performs the task of
allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this
resources.
3. File management: It manages all the file-related activities such as
organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This
module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also
performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage
which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.
7. Security: Security module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by
the and acting system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not
share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.
10.Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and
users.
11.Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the
computer systems.
Types Of OS
Batch operating system
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The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly.
Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to
the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are
batched together and run as a group. The programmers leave their programs with
the operator and the operator then sorts the programs with similar requirements
into batches.
The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −
Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower
than the CPU.
Difficult to provide the desired priority.
Time-sharing operating systems
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various
terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Time-sharing or
multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor's time which is
shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows −
Provides the advantage of quick response.
Avoids duplication of software.
Reduces CPU idle time.
Distributed operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication
lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely
coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed system may
vary in size and function. These processors are referred as sites, nodes,
computers, and so on.
The advantages of distributed systems
With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the
resources available at another.
Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially
continue operating.
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Better service to the customers.
Reduction of the load on the host computer.
Reduction of delays in data processing.
Network operating System
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. The primary purpose of the network operating system is to
allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or to other networks.
Examples of network operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and
BSD.
The advantages of network operating systems are as follows −
Centralized servers are highly stable.
Security is server managed.
Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the
system.
Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of
systems.
Real Time operating System
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the
environment. The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of
required updated information is termed as the response time. So in this method,
the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the
operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a
control device in a dedicated application. A real-time operating system must have
well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the system will fail. For example,
Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems,
weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
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