. adhle.i @ adhle.
Carbon
& it's
Compounds
CH 4 S Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
Carton and its Compound
*
Pounding In Caerbon Cant bad) :
* Ionic
compounds have
high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity in
solution or in the molten state .
Most carbon compounds are
poor conductors
of electricity
-
4 Since these
compounds are
these
largely non -
conductors
of electricity ,
we can conclude that
bonding in
compounds does not
give rise to
any
ions .
The atomic number carbon 6
of is
-
In of carbon it has 4 electrons in its outermost shell and needs to lose 4 electrons to attain
case
gain
-
,
or
noble
gas configuration .
If it were to
gain or lose electrons →
"
1) It C
could
gain
4 electrons
forming anion .
But it ( 4 extra
would become
difficult for the nucleus to hold 90 electrons
gained)
-
%) It
"
could lose 4 electrons
forming amountcationC .
But it would
require large of energy to 4 electrons
leaving behind
-
a remove
carbon cation 6
a with protons in its nucleus
holding on to
just 2 electron .
→ To overcome this ,
Carbon shares its valence electrons ( with carbon or other elements) to
attain noble
gas configuration
.
Many other share their
elements valence electrons to attain noble
gas configuration
-
4 Let take
us an
example :
Your Ashish had 2 pens
→
friend .
You did not have You asked
any pen
.
him
for a
pen he gave 9 pen
to and asked to
keep it
you you
.
,
This Ashish lost one but
way pen you gained one
pen .
This is same at
losing and
gaining of
electrons .
•
But when talk about SHARING Ashish had 9
pen and
had no
pen , so Ashish
you ,
you
shamed with where he is also the
pen and
to when need it
using giving you
a
pen you you
.
This
sharing of electrons
is same as .
* Electrons in the outermost shell are called VALENCE ELECTRONS .
The 9
atomic
Hydrogen
→
number of is .
It has 9 electron in it 's K shell ( Atomic no -
9) .
So ,
two
Hydrogen atoms share their electrons to
form a molecule of Hydrogen ,
Ha .
douµec boµ
Hence ,
attaining noble gas configuration .
IT ,
( via 9 electron pair share
single C-) bond )
via 2 electrons pair shane E
( ,
(
not 3 electrons
pair share £ triple C , bond )
H E H H -
H
↳ bond
single
Some more
examples :
⑨ 02-7 * Atomic number → 8 O = O
x x
x x
↳ Double bond
Configuration
← ' ×
→
2,6 o
xx
x x x x
*
Valence Electrons → 6
② Nz - > * Atomic no .
(
Nitrogen )
→ 7
Configuration
* →
2,5
* Valence Electrons → 5
Efttriple
"
IN ¥ } NI bond
Allotropes of Carbon
→ The element carbon occurs in
different forms in
nature with
widely varying physical properties .
Buckminster
Graphite Diamond
Fullerene
Graphite :
Buckminster Fullerene CIO
-
: Diamond :
-
In diamond ,
each carbon
In
graphite each
→
20C six) membered
rings atom is bonded four
,
to
carbon atom is bonded to 92 ( five) membered
three other carbon atoms
rings other carbon atoms
forming
three dimensional
the
rigid
a
in plane giving
-
same
a
hexagonal array . structure .
→ Intent
Answered
9 In carbon dioxide molecule the two atoms bonded either side with carbon
oxygen
, are on
atom bonds
by double .
Thus there are 2 double bonds in CO2 .
Carbon share its two electrons in the
formation of a double bond with one
oxygen
atom and another
two electrons with another atom
oxygen
.
In this carbon atom the electronic
process both the oxygen
,
atoms and the acquire stable
the
configuration of double
gas neon .
The atomic number (2) of Sulphur is sixteen
2 and its electronic
configuration is 2,8 6
,
.
The atom has valence electrons
sulphur six .
The chemical
formula of sulphur molecule is Soo .
Each either
sulphur atom is linked to similar atoms on sides
by single covalent bonds and thus ,
completes its octet .
Homologous Series
- -
-
:
Hydrogen atom or atoms on these carbon chains can be replaced by any of the
functional
groups
.
The
functional group present in a carbon chain is responsible for chemical properties of the carton
[email protected]
So
- OH , ↳ Hy OH
.
and CuHz0H are all
very
similar .
the above series is a
homologues series .
( Hy GH These differ by Cth unit
→
and , .
Cz Ho ↳ Hoo These cuz
differ by unit
and → .
Hence , we can
say
that
general formula for alkanes is Cn Hana .
Here '
for of
'
,
n stands number atoms .
For alkenes Cn Han for alkynes general formula Cn Han
general formula
is and is .
-
e
Try using this
formula how when
put in
' '
,
we n . we
get c. Ha .
When '
put 2 in
get ↳ H
'
we n we
get ↳ H !
,
when we
put 3 in
'
n
'
. we
!
got E aint £ !
ethane
