Evaluating the Viability of Hydrogen Fuel as a Sustainable Energy Source

for Commercial Generators.

A Research Presented to the School

of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Energy Engineering
Mapúa University

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

By:

Balino, Kent Dustin A.

2021104068
Barroga, Josh Martin F.
2019102713
Castillo, Carl Heinz C.
2021102959
Clet, Jing Angela G.
2022100658
De Ramos, Angelo Joshua L.
2022100929

January 2024
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Environmental, economic, social, and geopolitical factors characterize the global energy

crisis. This complex situation stems from a rapid post-pandemic economic rebound and significant

geopolitical events, notably Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The resultant soaring prices of

natural gas and oil have triggered widespread inflation, increased poverty, and economic

slowdowns, posing a risk of severe recession in some countries. The crisis is accentuated by

heightened dependence on fossil fuels, marking it as the first truly global energy crisis

(International Energy Agency, 2022). The imminent exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves, with

projections indicating oil depletion by 2052, gas by 2060, and coal by 2090, highlights the pressing

necessity for a shift towards sustainable energy alternatives. This scarcity highlights the

importance of mitigating environmental degradation and addressing climate change by shifting to

renewable alternatives (Kuo, 2019).

Transitioning to alternative energy sources is crucial due to the environmental impacts of

fossil fuel usage, which is responsible for over 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The

connection between the global energy crisis and climate change crisis lies in the reliance on fossil

fuels, depleting finite resources and significantly contributing to the emissions driving global

warming. Shifting to sustainable and renewable energy sources is critical for addressing both

challenges. (United Nations, 2022).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Oil is a widely used fuel, especially for producing power or energy and for commercial

generators. In a study by Ritchie and Roser (2022), 84.3% of the world’s energy demands are being

met by using fossil fuels as a source of energy. 33.1% of it is from oil. This research addresses the

pressing question of the viability of hydrogen fuel as a sustainable energy source for commercial

generators. In the context of escalating global energy challenges marked by environmental

concerns and heightened demand for alternative fuels, the study aims to investigate fundamental

aspects surrounding the practical implementation and effectiveness of hydrogen as a primary

energy source for commercial generator systems. The research problem concerns understanding

the technical, economic, and environmental implications of integrating hydrogen fuel into

commercial generator operations. By examining the hurdles and opportunities inherent in this

transition, the study seeks to contribute valuable insights to the discourse on sustainable energy

solutions and inform decision-making processes for industries reliant on commercial generators.

1.3 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will further contribute to the existing body of knowledge about

hydrogen fuel as an alternative energy source for commercial generators as the need for renewable

energy sources grows. As industries place greater emphasis on environmentally friendly energy

solutions, the outcome of the study may be crucial for well-informed decision-making and the

progression of environmentally conscious power alternatives. Moreover, the results may influence

upcoming developments in hydrogen fuel technology, providing help to industries aiming to turn

towards cleaner and more sustainable energy practices.

1.4 Objectives or Hypotheses

This research examines the viability of Hydrogen fuel as a sustainable alternative fuel

source for oil-based commercial generators. Specifically, this research aims to achieve the

following:

• To assess the viability of hydrogen as a fuel source for commercial generators.

• To prove that hydrogen-based fuel sources are as effective, efficient, and reliable, if not

better, than oil-based fuels for commercial generators.

• To investigate the environmental footprint of hydrogen-based fuels as an alternative energy

source for commercial generators.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

The study does not account for hydrogen fuel usage in other sectors, such as transportation.

The research will also primarily focus on the factors that determine the viability of hydrogen fuel,

such as efficiency, environmental impact, availability, and technological maturity. It delimits itself

to public perception, acceptance, and scalability. Lastly, the study does not expound on the

economic feasibility of using hydrogen fuels in commercial generators.

1.6 Definition of Terms

• Fossil Fuels – Refers to the natural resources derived from organic materials formed via

geological processes over millions of years ago. These fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas –

are composed of hydrocarbons and have been the primary source of energy for humanity

as they provide energy for industrial, transportation, and residential activities.

• Generators – Refers to the devices that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy

through electromagnetic induction. They are pivotal across industries, providing backup

power, generating electricity in remote locations, and contributing to large-scale electricity

production in power plants.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As the world continues to search for sustainable and clean energy sources, hydrogen is

emerging as a promising alternative energy (Hennick, 2022). The purpose of this review is to

determine the feasibility of using hydrogen as a sustainable energy source for commercial power

plants in the Philippines. Moreover, this review includes an analysis of the current state of hydrogen

fuel technology, environmental impacts, and potential issues. As well as to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the potential of hydrogen in commercial generation within the

Philippines.

Increasing concerns about climate change and the depletion of traditional energy sources

are leading to a global transition to renewable and sustainable energy solutions. Hydrogen fuel

draws attention as an environmentally friendly and versatile energy source that can be produced

from various renewable resources. According to Yue et al. (2021), hydrogen can be produced from

diverse domestic resources such as natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, and renewable power like

solar and wind. Although the Philippines electricity generation rely heavily on coal (Statista, 2023):
 This is because it has been a stable and cost efficient in the past hundred years and favors

not only most of the small manufacturing companies but the majority of the surviving people within

the country (PSA, 2003). On the other hand, hydrogen fuel technology has made a great progress

in Finland (Kärki, 2021). They predict that by 2030, about fifty Terawatt-hour per year (50

TWh/year) will be generated and in 2050, up to about one hundred fifty Terawatt-hour per year

(150 TWh/year) will be generated. In light of this, advances in electrolysis technology could enable

the production of hydrogen from water using renewable energy, increasing the possibilities of using

hydrogen as a fuel. Also, fuel cell technology has improved the efficiency of converting hydrogen

into electricity, making it a viable option for power generation. That said, hydrogen is a clean

energy source that, when used in fuel cells, uses only water and heat as byproducts to generate

electricity.

Despite its potential, hydrogen fuel faces several challenges that could hinder its adoption

in commercial power plants. These challenges include developing cost-effective storage and

transportation solutions, building large-scale hydrogen infrastructure, and addressing safety issues

related to hydrogen handling (Cusi, 2020). Although, it is not too late to adapt to a better solution

that will significantly help to heal the environment little by little. It is better to take initiative than

to disregard the opportunity. Environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source for

commercial power plants that focuses on the potential benefits, technological advances, economic

considerations and challenges of integrating hydrogen as a fuel in commercial energy production

to meet the energy needs of commercial industries, while contributing to the goal of the proposed

development of a global firm.

The primary cause of climate change is the use and combustion of fossil fuels, as it releases

substantial quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide traps heat,
resulting in atmospheric warming and contributing to global climate change. A study by Al-

Baghdadi (2020) claims that Hydrogen is an essential fuel for the future. This explains the potential

of Hydrogen to replace the current fossil fuels, as it can be used for various applications, including

fuel for all forms of transportation and to produce electricity, without the environmental strains of

traditional fossil fuels.

 Chapter 3

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

This chapter presents all the relevant principles and theories that support the viability of

using hydrogen-based fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels. It will contain concepts about Hydrogen

and its efficiency and applications.

Hydrogen Production

While hydrogen is the most abundant and basic element in the universe, it is never found

on its own and is usually compounded with other elements, such as oxygen and carbon (Al-

Baghdadi, 2020). Hydrogen is one of the most reactive elements commonly found attached to a

different element, making it difficult to source it independently. There are several methods used

to extract hydrogen from these compounds, such as fossil fuels, biomass, and water (Department

of Energy, n.d.). The following are the commonly used methods to extract hydrogen:

• Gasification: Synthesis gas, produced in a gasifier through the reaction of biomass (coal)

with oxygen and steam. This results in the biomass being converted into its gaseous

components (hydrogen)

• Electrolysis: Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current.

• Biomass-derived Liquid Reforming: Hydrogen is extracted through a reaction of high-

temperature steam, renewable liquid fuel, such as ethanol, and the presence of a catalyst.

Efficiency

Global trends toward decarbonization and decentralization are propelling the electric

power industry with the goal of improving power supply quality, dependability, and environmental
friendliness. As an energy carrier, it is positioned as a crucial component for the future energy

landscape due to its versatility in production from various resources, even in remote areas lacking

electricity infrastructure. According to Kulikov et al. (2021), Fuel cells stand out as the most

promising type of power plant for harnessing energy from hydrogen due to several key advantages,

including higher energy efficiency, reliability, and reduced emissions. Currently, diesel power

plants are widely employed in remote areas, but suffer from low efficiency, frequent maintenance,

and environmental issues. On the other hand, Hydrogen fuel cells address and overcome these

challenges, positioning themselves as a promising power source for remote, low-power consumers.

However, it is important to acknowledge that fuel cells have their own drawbacks, including slow

dynamic response, long start-up time, and a soft discharge characteristic. These challenges can be

mitigated by adopting a hybrid generation system. Combining two or more different power

generation methods into one hybrid system improves the overall micro power system’s security

and dependability. This integration involves various generation methods, including the use of

storage systems such as batteries, fuel cells, and hydrogen gas. Okedu et al. (2016) mentions that

HOMER, or Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable, serves as a valuable computer

simulation program for designing both grid-connected and standalone power systems. It integrates

conventional and renewable energy systems, allowing for economic and technical feasibility

studies. HOMER conducts hourly assessments of available renewable power, considering design,

model formulation, and sensitivity analysis. Its outcomes provide insights into the net present

capital cost and the effective penetration of renewable energy in the system.

Power Generation

Al-Baghdadi (2020) described hydrogen-based fuel as a reliable and adjustable energy

source, with water and heat being the only by-product. Hydrogen-based fuel follows the principles
of Electrochemical Conversion to generate electricity. Electrochemical Conversion converts

chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. In an electrochemical

cell, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are combined to produce water, electricity, and heat (Energy

Information Administration, 2023). The Department of Energy (2008) claims that hydrogen fuel

cell systems can produce electricity with an efficiency of 60% compared to the standard 33% to

35% of conventional combustion-based systems. The use of hydrogen fuel cells can be used in a

wide range of applications, such as computers (50W-100W), homes (1kW-5kW), vehicles (50kW-

125kW), and central power generators (>200MW).

 Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Phase 1: Data Gathering

4.1.1 Data Gathering Procedures

The research employs a multi-sided approach to gather comprehensive data necessary for

evaluating the viability of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source for commercial

generators.

- Literature Review: Conduct an extensive review of existing literature, including academic

papers, industry reports, and case studies, to gather insights into the current state of

hydrogen fuel technology, its applications, and challenges.

- Interviews and Surveys: Engage with industry experts, stakeholders, and professionals

involved in commercial generator operations. Conduct structured interviews and surveys

to gather qualitative data on their experiences, perceptions, and expectations regarding

hydrogen as a fuel source.

- Experimental Data: Perform laboratory experiments and tests to collect quantitative data

on the efficiency, energy output, and environmental impact of hydrogen-based generator

systems compared to traditional oil-based systems.

 4.1.2 Research Setting/s

The research setting for this experiment primarily takes place within the Mapua University

campus. Most of the experiments, data collection, and analyses will be conducted within the

university's controlled environment, ensuring a systematic and controlled approach to

evaluating the viability of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source for commercial

generators.

However, considering the need for real-world applications and access to hydrogen, the

researchers acknowledge the necessity of venturing outside the campus when such options

are unavailable within the university premises. When generators are inaccessible on

campus, the researchers will extend their exploration to external settings. This approach

ensures that the research is not confined to controlled laboratory settings but extends into

the field, allowing for a more holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities

associated with hydrogen as fuels, especially in commercial applications.

4.2 Phase 2: Interpretation of Data

4.2.1 Quantitative Analysis

The researchers will employ statistical methods, including inferential and descriptive

statistics, to analyze data and test hypotheses or relationships. Performance metrics such as

power output, energy efficiency, and emissions levels will be used to evaluate the

effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability of hydrogen and oil-based generator systems.

Comparative analysis will be conducted to determine significant differences between the

two systems regarding performance metrics.

4.2.2 Data Gathering Instruments

4.2.2.1 General Data Collection

In data collection, data loggers continuously gather and store data from sensors and

instruments, enabling thorough analysis and long-term monitoring. Surveys and

questionnaires collect qualitative feedback from stakeholders, operators, and end-users

regarding their experiences and preferences with hydrogen and oil-based generator systems.

This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights into system performance and user

perceptions.

4.2.2.2 Comparing Performance Metrics

To assess hydrogen fuel's viability for commercial generators, key data-gathering

instruments are needed including flow meters for measuring hydrogen flow rates, power

analyzers for assessing electrical output and efficiency, and energy meters for quantifying

energy output over time. These tools provide essential insights into fuel consumption,

system performance, and overall energy efficiency, aiding in comparing hydrogen and

traditional oil-based fuels.

4.2.2.3 Assessing Environmental Impact

Emission analyzers play a pivotal role in analyzing emissions from hydrogen and oil-based

generator systems. These instruments measure exhaust gases and quantify emissions,

including CO2, NOx, and particulate matter. By utilizing emission analyzers, researchers

can gain valuable insights into the environmental impact of both hydrogen and oil-based

fuels, aiding in comparing and evaluating their sustainability and ecological footprint.
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