Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

School: Conde Labac Integrated School Grade Level: Grade11 Knowledge

Lesson Plan Practice Teacher: Joy Michelle F. Amparo Learning Area: Basic Calculus
Teaching Date: March 6, 2023 Quarter: 3
Teaching Time: 6:50-8:50 A.M. No. of Days: 1

I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able

to:
1. Compute the limits of exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric functions
using table of values and graphs of the
functions.
2. Evaluate the limits of expressions involving
t
sin t 1−cos t e −1
, , and using tables of
t t t
values; and
3. Evaluate the limits of expressions resulting
0
in the indeterminate from .
0
A. Content Standards The learner demonstrates an understanding of the
basic concepts of limit and continuity of a function.
B. Performance Standards The learner shall be able to formulate and solve
accurately real-life problems involving continuity
of functions.
C. Most Essential Learning Competencies The learners compute the limits of exponential,
(MELC) logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using
table of values and graphs of the functions.
STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1

The learners illustrate the limits of expressions

t
sin t 1−cos t e −1
involving , , and using tables
t t t
of values. STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-2
D. Enabling Competencies
II. CONTENT LIMITS OF SOME TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS AND SOME INDETERMINATE
FORMS
III. LEARNING RESOURCES
A. References
a. Learner’s Material Pages Basic Calculus Learner’s Material
b. Textbook Pages p.43-72
c. Additional Materials from Learning
Resources
B. List of Learning Resources for Development

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
and Engagement Activities
IV. PROCEDURES

A. Prayer
Let’s all bow our heads and feel the holy presence
of our dear Lord as we start our class.
Mr. Ray joseph, please lead our prayer.

B. Greetings
Good day class!

How are you feeling today? Are you ready for our
topic today?

I am glad that all of you are happy on this day.

C. Checking of Attendance
Is everybody present today?
D. Review
Before we proceed to our topic for today, what have
you learned from our previous discussion?

Very Good!
Now, let us have the presentation of your group activity
last meeting.

E. Motivation
4 PICS, 1 WORD
Below are four pictures linked by one word.
Work out what the word is; one letter is
given to you. Students who know the
answer should raise their hands.

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
These words have something to do with our topics for
today. We already know the limits of a function which
is the limit of “f” as x approaches c is L, written as:
lim f (x )=L. Now, we are going to discuss the limits of
x →c
some transcendental functions and some indeterminate
forms. Last time, you are assigned to know what are the
transcendental functions and its examples. So, kindly
share your knowledge about these terms.
Transcendental functions are a function which is not
an algebraic function. In other words, a function which
"transcends," i.e., cannot be expressed in terms of,
algebra. Examples of transcendental functions include
the exponential function, the trigonometric functions,
and the inverse functions of both.

So, to further understand these, let’s have our

discussion.

Lesson Proper
Real-world situations can be expressed in terms of
functional relationships. These functional relationships
are called mathematical models. In applications of
calculus, it is quite important that one can generate these
mathematical models. They sometimes use functions
that you encountered in precalculus, like the
exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.
Hence, we start this lesson by recalling these functions
and their corresponding graphs.

a. If b > 0, b ≠ 1, the exponential function with the

base b is defined by f ( x )=b x , x ∈ R .
b. Let b > 0, b ≠ 1. If b y =x then y called the
logarithm of x ¿ the base b, denoted
y=log b x .

EVALUATING LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTIONS

First, we consider the natural exponential functions

f ( x )=e x , where e is called the Euler number, and has
the value 2.718281…

EXAMPLE 1

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Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

x
Evaluate the lim e .
x →0

We will construct a table of values for f ( x )=e x. We

start by approaching the number 0 from the left or
through values less than but close to 0.
x f (x)
-1 0.36787944117
- 0.5 0.60653065971
- 0.1 0.90483741803
- 0.01 0.99004983374
- 0.001 0.99900049983
- 0.0001 0.999900049983
- 0.00001 0.99999000005

Intuitively, from the table above lim ¿ Now we

−¿ x
x→ 0 e =1. ¿
consider approaching 0 from its right or through values
greater than but close to 0.

x f (x)
1 2.71828182846
0.5 1.6487212707
0.1 1.10517091808
0.01 1.01005016708
0.001 1.00100050017
0.0001 1.000100005
0.00001 1.00001000005

From the table, as the values of x get closer and closer

to 0, the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to 1. So,
lim ¿. Combining the two-sided limits allows us to
+¿ x
x→ 0 e =1 ¿
conclude that
x
lim e =1 .
x →0

We can use the graph of x

f ( x )=e
to determine its limit as x
approaches 0. The figure
below is the graph of f ( x )=e x.

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

Looking at the figure, as the values of x approach 0,

either from the right or the left, the values of f ( x ) will
get closer and closer to 1. We also have the following:
x
a. lim e =e=2.718 …
x →1
x 2
b. lim e =e =7.389 …
x →2
x −1
c. lim e =e =0.367 …
x→−1
A. Activity
ON THE BOARD

x
1. lim 3
x→−1
x
2. lim 5
x→−1
2 x−3
3. lim (3 +5)
x→ 4

B. Analysis

To further understand the limits of transcendental

functions, we also have to determine the limits of
trigonometric and logarithmic functions.

EVALUATING LIMITS OF LOGARTIHMIC

FUNCTIONS

Now, consider the natural logarithmic function

f ( x )=ln x . Recall that ln x=log e x . Moreover, it is
the inverse of the natural exponential function
x
y=e .

EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate lim

x →1
ln x .

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

We will construct the table of values for f ( x )=ln x. We

first approach the number 1 from the left or through
values less than but close to 1.

Intuitively,
from the table above lim ¿Now we consider
−¿
x→ 1 ln x=0.¿
approaching 1 from its right or through values greater
than but close to 1.

Intuitively,
lim ¿As the values of x gets closer and closer to
+¿
x→ 1 ln x=0.¿
1, the values f ( x ) get closer and closer to 0. In symbols,
lim ln x=0
x →1

EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate lim

x →1
log x .

We will construct also the table of values for

f ( x )=log x .We first approach the number 1 from the
left or through the values less than but close to 1.

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

Now we consider approaching1 from its right or through

values greater than but close to 1.

As the values of x
get closer and closer to 1, the values of f ( x ) get closer
and closer to 0. In symbols, lim
x →1
log x=0.

Consider now the graphs of both natural and common

logarithmic functions. We can use the following graphs
to determine their limits as x approaches to 1.

The figure helps

verify our observations that lim ln x=0 and
x →1
lim log x=0 . Also, based on the figure, we have
x →1

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
a. lim
x →e
ln x=1

b. lim log x=1

x→ 10

c. lim
x →3
ln x=ln 3=1.09 …

d. lim
x →3
log x=log 3=0.47 …

e. lim ¿
+¿
x→ 0 ln x=−∞ ¿

f. lim ¿
+¿
x→ 0 log x=−∞ ¿

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate lim log 3 ( 3 x +2 x−4 ) .

2

x →5

lim log 3 ( 3 x2 +2 x−4 )

x →5

¿ log 3 [ 3 ( 5 )2 + ( 5 )−4 ]
= log 3 81
log 81
= =4
log 3

lim ( ¿ 2 x +5 ) + 4 .
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate x→−1
lim ( ¿ 2 x +5 ) + 4
x→−1
=[ ¿ 2 (−1 ) +5 ] +4
=[ ¿ 3 ] +4
= 5.099
2
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate lim log 2 ( x −8 x−1)
x →5

= lim log 2 ( x −8 x−1 )

2

x →5
¿ lim log 2 ¿
x →5
¿ lim log 2 (25−40−1)
x →5

=lim log 2 (−16)

x →5
=-4
EVALUATING LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate lim

x →0
sin x .

We will construct the table of values for f ( x )=sin x .

We first approach 0 from the left or through the values

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
less than but close to 0.

Now, we consider
approaching 0 from its right or through values of greater
than but close to 0.

As the values of
x get closer and closer to 1, the values of f ( x ) get closer
and closer to 0. In symbols,
lim sin x=0.
x →0

We can also find the lim

x →0
sin x by using the graph of the
sine function. Consider the graph of f ( x )=sin x .

The graph validates our observation in Example 4 that

lim sin x=0. Also, using the graph, we have the
x →0
following:

lim sin x=1

a. x→
π
2

b. lim
x→ π
sin x=0

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
lim sin x=−1
c. x→−
π
2

d. lim sin x=0

x→−π

Note: If f is either exponential, logarithmic or

trigonometric, and if c is a real number which is in the
domain of f, then
lim f (x )=f (c )
x →c

SOME SPECIAL LIMITS

We will determine the limits of three special functions;
t
sin t 1−cos t e −1
namely , , and . These functions
t t t
will be vital to the computation of the derivatives of the
sine, cosine, and natural exponential functions in
Chapter 2.

THREE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

We start by evaluating the function
sin t
f ( t )= .
t
sin t
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate lim .
t →0 t
sin t
We will construct the table of values for f ( t )= . We
t
first approach the number 0 from the left or through
values less than but close to 0.

Now, we consider
approaching 0 from the right or through values greater
than but close to 0.

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
lim ¿ lim ¿
Since t→0
sint
−¿
¿
and t→0
sin t
+¿
¿
are both equal to 1, we
t t
sin t
conclude that lim =1.
t →0 t

sin t
The graph of f ( t )= confirms that y−values
t
approach 1 as t approaches 0.

1−cos t
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate lim
t →0 t

1−cos t
We will construct the table of values for g ( t )=
t
. We first approach the number 1 from the left or
through the values less than but close to 0.

Now we consider
approaching 0 from the right or though values greater
than but close to 0.

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
lim ¿ lim ¿
Since t→0
1−cos t
−¿
=0 ¿
and t→0
1−cos t+¿
=0 , ¿
we conclude
t t

1−cos t
that lim =0.
t →0 t
1−cos t
It is the graph of g ( t )= . We see that the
t
y−values approach 0 as t tends to 0.
t
e −1
We consider the special function h ( t )= .
t
t
e −1
EXAMPLE 7. Evaluate lim .
t →0 t
t
e −1
We will construct the table of values for h ( t )= .
t
We first approach the number 1 from the left or through
the values less than but close to 0.

Now we consider
approaching 0 from the right or though values greater
than but close to 0.

lim ¿ lim ¿
Since t → 0 −¿
t
e −1
=1 ¿
and t → 0 +¿
t
e −1
=1 , ¿
we conclude that
t t
t
e −1
lim =1.
t →0 t

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY

t
e −1
This graph of h ( t )= confirms that lim h(t) =1.
t t →0

Another example,

1. lim
x→
π
2
1
3 ( x π 4
tan + +
3 6 3 )
π
2. lim cos ( x− )
x→
π 2
2

INDETERMINATE FORM {0} over {0”

There are functions whose limits cannot be determined
immediately using the Limit Theorems we have so far.
In these cases, the functions must be manipulated so that
the limit, if it exists, can be calculated. We call such
limit expressions indeterminate forms.

0
Remark 1: A limit that is indeterminate of type “ ”
0
may exist. To find the actual value, one should find an
expression equivalent to the original. This is commonly
done by factoring or by rationalizing. Hopefully, the
expression that will emerge after factoring or
rationalizing will have a computable limit
2
x +2 x+1
EXAMPLE 8: Evaluate lim .
x→−1 x +1
2
x 2 +2 x+1 (−1) +2 (−1 ) +1 1−2+ 1 0
lim = = =
x→−1 x +1 −1+1 0 0

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
x +2 x+ 1 (x+1)(x +1)
2
= =x +1
x+1 x +1
2
x +2 x+1
lim = lim x +1=0
x→−1 x +1 x →−1

C. Abstraction
Let us now summarize what we have learned in this
lesson.
What are the transcendental functions?
What can you say if f is either exponential, logarithmic
or trigonometric, and if c is a real number which is in
the domain of f?
Alright! I am pleased that you have all gained
knowledge and comprehended our lecture on the limit
theorem.
D. Application
BOARD WORK!

sin x
1. lim +2
x →0 x
2
1−cos x
2. lim
x →0 x
x
4 −1
3. lim x
x →0 2 −1
2
4. lim log 3 (3 x + 2 x−4)
x →5

V. Evaluation
Answer the following in your yellow paper.

1−cos ⁡(3 t)
1. lim
t →0 3t
sin ⁡(2 t)
2. lim
t →0 2t
3. lim ln(x +2)
x→−1
x+1
4. lim 3
x→−1

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV A – CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS CITY
CONDE LABAC INTEGRATED SCHOOL
CONDE LABAC, BATANGAS CITY
VI. Assignment
Take some time to review for our long test. The scope
is all about limits, from the introduction to limits until
the limit of transcendental functions.

Prepared by:

JOY MICHELLE F. AMPARO

Student Teacher

Checked by:

MS. MERLIBETH S. ARCEGA

Cooperating Teacher

Noted by:

REBECCA R. PAGCALIWAGAN, EdD

Principal IV

Name of School: Conde Labac Integrated School

Address: Conde Labac, Batangas City
Contact No.: (63) 0998 997 6778 | (043) 784 0955
Email: [email protected]