Job Analysis ● Job evaluation results
● Gathering, analyzing, and structuring ● Employees feelings of
information about a job’s personal worth
components, characteristics, and - Affects clarity of resumes
requirements (Sanchez & Levine,
2000). Brief Summary
● It is the process of determining the - Useful for recruitment advertising
work activities and requirements, - Should be written in an easy to understand
and the job description is the written style
result of the job analysis. - Jargon and abbreviations should not be
used
Importance of Job Analysis
● Writing job descriptions Work Activities
● Employee selection - Organize by dimensions
● Training ● Similar activities
● Personpower planning ● Similar KSAOs (Knoledge, skills,
● Performance appraisal abilities, and other characteristics
● Job Classification ● Temporal order
● Job evaluation Task statements
● Job design ● List only one activity per statement
● Compliance with ● Statements should be able to “stand
● Legal guidelines alone”
● Organizational ● Should be written in an easy to
● Analysis understand style
● Use precise rather than general
Job Description Sections words
● Job Title “Responsible for”
● Brief summary “Oversees”
● Work activities “Handles accounts”
● Tools and equipment used
● Work context Work Context
● Work performance - Work schedule
● Compensation information - Degree of supervision
● Job Competencies - Ergonomic information
● Physical and Psychological Stress
Job Title ● Indoors v. outdoors
- Describes the nature of the job ● Lighting/heat/noise/physical space
- Assists in employee selection and ● Clean v. dirty environment
recruitment ● Standing/sitting/bending/lifting
Work Performance
- Affects perceptions of job worth and status - Describes how performance is evaluated
- This section might include ● Human resources
● Standards used ● Compensation
● Frequency of evaluation ● Training
● Evaluation dimensions ● Engineering
● The person doing the evaluating
- Internal task force
Compensation Information - Supervisors
● Job evaluation dimensions - Employees
● Exempt status - Consultants
● Pay grade - Interns/class projects
● Job group
Which Employees Should Participate?
EEO-1 Category - Choices
1. Officials and managers ● All employees
2. Professionals ● Random sample
3. Technicians ● Representative sample
4. Sales workers ● Convenience sample
5. Office and clerical
6. Craft workers - Potential Differences
7. Operatives ● Job competence
8. Laborers ● Race
9. Service workers ● Gender
● Education level
Job Competencies ● Viewpoint
- Common Names
What Type of Information Should be
● Job competencies Gathered?
● Knowledge, skill, ability, and other
characteristics (KSAOs) Types of Requirements
● Job specifications - Formal
- Informal
- Competencies should be separated
Level of Specificity
● Those needed before hire ● Job- Loan officer
● Those that can be learned after hire ● Position- Loan officer at the Boone
branch
Preparing for a Job Analysis ● Duty- Approval of loans
Who Will Conduct the Job Analysis? ● Task -Investigates loan history to
determine if applicant has bad credit
- Internal Department ● Activity- Runs credit histories on
credit machine
● Element- Enters applicant’s SSN ● The statement should make sense by
into credit machine itself
● Sub element- Elevates finger 30 ● All statements should be written in
degrees before striking key the same tense
● Should include the tools and
Conducting a Job Analysis equipment used to complete the task
Basic Steps ● Task statements should not be
Step 1: Identify tasks performed competencies
● Task statements should not be
Step 2: Write task statements policies
—Step 3: Rate Task Statements—
Step 3: Rate task statements - Tasks can be rated on a variety of scales
Step 4: Determine essential KSAOs ● Importance
● Part-of-the-job
Step 5: Select tests to tap KSAOs ● Frequency of performance
● Time spent
—Step 1: Identify Tasks Performed— ● Relative time spent
- Gathering existing information ● Complexity
- Interviewing subject matter experts ● Criticality
(SMEs) - Research shows only two scales are
● Individual interviews necessary
● SME Conferences ● Frequency
● Ammerman Technique ● Importance
- Observing incumbents
- Job participation Using the Ratings
- Create a chart summarizing the ratings
—Step 2: Write Task Statements— - Add the frequency and importance ratings
- Required elements to a task statement to form a combined rating for each task
● Action - Include the task in the final task inventory
● Object if:
- Optional elements ● Average rating is greater than .5 for
● Where the task is done both frequency and importance {or}
● How it is done ● Combined rating is 2.0 or higher
● Why it is done
● When it is done
- Characteristics of well-written task
statements
● One action and one object
● Appropriate reading level
- Job Adaptability Inventory
Structured Job Analysis Methods
- 132 items
General Information about Worker
- 8 adaptability dimensions
Activities
● Handling emergencies
- Position Analysis Questionnaire
● Handling work stress
- 194 Items
● Solving problems creatively
- 6 main dimensions
● Dealing with uncertainty
● Information input
● Learning
● Mental processes
● Interpersonal adaptability
● Work output
● Cultural adaptability
● Relationships with others
● Physically orienting adaptability
● Job context
- Personality-Related Position Requirements
● Other
Form
- Easy to use
● 107 items items
- Standardized
● 12 personality dimensions
- Difficult to read for average employee
- Fleishman Job Analysis Survey
- Job Structure Profile
● 72 abilities
● Designed as a replacement for the
● Good reliability
PAQ
- Critical Incident Technique
● Easier to read than the PAQ
● Job incumbents generate incidents of
● Good reliability
excellent and poor
- Job Elements Inventory
● performance
● 153 items
● Job experts examine each incident to
● 10th grade readability level
determine if it is an
● Correlates highly with PAQ
● example of good or poor
- Functional Job Analysis
performance
● Data
● 3 incumbents sort incidents into
● People
categories
● Things
● Job analyst combines and names
categories
● 3 incumbents resort incidents into ● Master’s degree
combined categories - Responsibility
● Number of incidents per category ● Makes no decisions
provides an idea of the importance of ● Makes decisions for self
each category ● Makes decisions for 1-5 employees
● Makes decisions for more than 5
The Ideal Compensation System employees
- Will attract and retain desired employees - Physical demands
- Will motivate current employees while ● Lifts no heavy objects
also providing security ● Lifts objects between 25 and 100
- Is equitable pounds
- Is in compliance with ● Lifts objects more than 100 pounds
legal guidelines
Determining Internal Pay Equity
- Determine compensable factors
- Determine levels for each factor
- Assign weights to each factor
- Convert weights to points for each factor
- Assign points to each level within a factor
- Assign points to jobs
- Run regression to determine how well
points predict salary midpoints
Step 1: Determining Compensable
Factors
- Compensable Factors
Examples
- responsibility
- complexity/difficulty
- skill needed
- physical demands
- work environment
Step 2: Determine Levels for Each
Compensable Factor
- Education
● High school degree or less
● Two year college degree
● Bachelor’s degree
- Does high compensation for CEOs actually
increase company performance?
- Should a company’s number one focus be
n making money for its shareholders?
- What might be other ethical factors
surrounding this issue?
Determining External Pay Equity
- Worth based on external market
- Determined through salary surveys
- Information obtained
● salary range
● starting salary
● actual salaries paid
● Benefits
Potential Salary Survey Problems
- Response rate
● organization conducted
● trade group conducted
- Finding comparable jobs
- Do salary surveys
perpetuate discrimination?
- Do salary surveys “fix”
salaries at low levels?
Focus on Ethics
Compensating CEOs and Executives
- Are CEOs being paid too much or are they
worth the high compensation packages they
receive?
- Is it ethical that a CEO receives a bonus
when employees are being laid off or having
their benefits reduced?
