PHY 101 - GENERAL PHYSICS I: WEEK 9 -Credit Units) Depart ics and Materials Science. Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria Lecturer: A. A. SHOLAGBERU January 29, 2024 Course Outline: Definition of simple Harmonic Motion, The helical spring, simple pendulum, Oscillation of a liquid in a U-shaped tube, Energy of the oscillating system. Course Objective: At the end of the lesson, the students will learn: 1. The meaning of Simple harmonic motion. 2. The meaning of Period, frequency and amplitude. 3. Examples of simple harmonic motion. 4. Description of the motion in a Helical Spring, simple pendulum and a liguid in U-shaped tube. 5. Potential and kinetic energy in Simple harmonic motion Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Frequeney and Period of oscillation 2 2. Kinematics equation of simple harmonic 2 2.1 Dynamics of a Mass attached to a spring, 4 3 Some examples of Harmonic Oscillators 4 3.1 Vertical motion on a Helical Spring 4 3.2. Simple Pendulum 5 3.2.1. Physical Pendulum 6 3.3 Motion of a liquid in a U-shaped Tube 7 4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 8 5 Damped Oscillation 8 6 Work Examples 10 7 Assignment u2_ KINEMATICS EQUATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC 1 Introduction Simple harmonic motion also known as periodic motion is the type of motion in which the acceleration of the body is directed towards its equilibrium position (fixed position). A simple harmonic oscillator is a particle, object or system displaying simple harmonics motion Examples of simple harmonics oscillators are: a. Plucked string of a guitar. b, Loaded test tube in liquid. c. Simple and Pendulum. d. Suspended mass on a Helical Spring. 1.1 Frequency and Period of oscillation ‘© Cycle: This is a single repetition of a periodic motion © Period (T): This means the time it takes to complete one cycle. In the case of vibration, it is the total time for the combined back-and-forth motion of the system. t 1 a) where n is the total number of complete eycles and ¢ is the total time of the oscillation, ‘The unit of period is seconds, '* Frequency (f): This is the number of cycle per unit time. frequency is also the inverse of period f= 2) fa Its SI unit is per second (s~) or Hertz (Hz) 2 Kinematics equation of simple harmonic If a mass m is attached to a spring of force constant & and is displaced on a frictionless surface, the fo and fro movement of the suspended mass in the x-coordinate as shown in Figure 1, can be described using this equation: x(t) = Acos(wt + 4) (a) X_ x=0 +X, Figure 1: Mass attached to a spring on a frictionless surface2_ KINEMATICS EQUATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC Amplitude of the motion (A) is the maximum displacement of the mass from equilibrium (rest) position. it ranges from 2, to —r,, as shown on Figure 1. ¢ is called the phase difference. If dispincement 2(#) of this simple harmonic oscillator oquation as given in equation (4) is plotted against the time (t) a sinusoidal graph is obtained as shown below in Figure 2 Figure 2: Plot of 2 vs. ¢ for simple harmonic motion From Figure 2 we see that when the time t increases by an amount 2, the argument of the cosine increases by 2x and the value of x will be the same. So the motion repeats itself after a time interval or period T. According to this we can deduce that: ely (3) where w is the angular frequency, which is also equal to w = 2rf. From x(t) we can also velocity and the acceleration of the mass: & “wAsin(ut +6) alt) = & a Acos(wl + 4) (6) nae = WA @ ‘The maximum speed occurs in the middle of the oscillation. (The slope of x vs. t is greatest in size when x = 0.) ‘The magnitude of the acceleration is greatest at the ends of the oscillation (when x = 4A). By comparing equation (7) and (4) we see that, mute 8) which is the same as a(!) = —w2x(f). Using 4 and v(t) and some trig we can also arrive at a relation between the speed |v(z)| of the mass and its displacement -(t):21 Dynamics of a Mass attached 80 &@)iigEXAMPLES OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS \u(t)| = wAlsin(wt + 4)| = w’ 2.1 Dynamics of a Mass attached to a spring VT cout + 6) Ol =aay Jose a mass m is attached to the end of a spring of force constant & (whose other end is and slides on a frictionless surface fixe 1is system is illustrated in Figure 1. Then if we measur ordinate x of the mass from the place where it would be if the spring were at its equilibrium length, Newton's 2nd law gives: @r F, = —kx = ma, = m—> 10) a (10) @x Ee (1) Comparing Equations 8 and 11 we can identify «? with £ so that way (12) From the angular frequency « we can find the period T’ and frequency f of the motion fm “ VE (13) f-i-2 [E IV in It should be noted that w (and hence T and f) does not depend on the amplitude A of the motion of the mass. In reality, of course if the motion of the mass is too large then then spring will not obey Hooke’s Law so well, but as long as the oscillations are “small” the period is the same for all amplitudes. 3 Some examples of Harmonic Oscillators 3.1 Vertical motion on a Helical Spring Suppose we hang a spring with force constant & (Figure, 3a) and suspend a body of mass 1m from it. Oscillations will now be vertical as shown in Figure 3(b). Initially, the mass will be at rest(equilibrium), but when the spring is stretched an amount Al just great enough that the starts oscillating, hence, the body weight mg is equal to the vertical balancing force of spring KAL kA = ing (aa)3.2 Simple Pendulum 3 SOME EXAMPLES OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS @ (€) Abosy is suspended fom the (€) Mth body is dsplaced fom sping is ia eqlibum when the equilam, the net force oa the body tpward fore exerted by the stretched proportional ot displacement sing equals the body's weight. The oscillations are SHM. 7S aoe a a rae ere rota : at N WW Figure 3: A body attached to a hanging spring However, the net restoring force in the opposite direction is —kx Eee = (AL 2) + (~mg) = —kx (as) From equation 14 koa m Al Therefore period T in an helical spring could be written as: fat Taal (a7) 3.2. Simple Pendulum A simple pendulum is defined to have a point mass, also known as the pendulum bob, which suspended from a string of length [with negligible mass (Figure 4) Strings 0 scum to be ‘massless and stretchable Tt i modeled 381 pint mass ‘The restoring Frc one, mecosd bob i proportional sin 8 ‘oto 8 However, for small, approximate imple harmonic Figure 4: ‘The dynamics of a simple pendulum, Here, the only forces acting on the bob are the force of gravity (ie., the weight of the bob) and tension from the string, The mass of the string is assumed to be negligible as compared to the3.2 Simple Pendulum 3 SOME EXAMPLES OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS mass of the bob. Consider the torque Ton the pendulum. ‘The force providing the restoring torque is the component of the weight of the pendulum bob that acts along the are length. where J is the rotational inertia and a is the angular acceleration, =L(mgsin®) ? 18) rela 8) Ta = —L(mgsind) ey 15y = bmg sind) (19) &o mired — —mgbsind a alsin) @o ae (20) Given that equation 20 is comparable to 8, hence the period of the pendulum is given as; L T= 2n\/= 21 7 (21) The period of a simple pendulum depends on its length and the acceleration due to gravity. The period is completely independent of other factors, such as mass and the maximum displacement. As with simple harmonic oscillators, the period 7 for a pendulum is nearly independent of amplitude, especially if @ is less than about 15°, Even simple pendulum clocks can be finely adjusted and remain accurate. Note: the dependence of T’on g. If the length of a pendulum is precisely known, it can actually be used to measure the acceleration due to gravity. 3.2.1 Physical Pendulum Any object can oscillate like a pendulum, Consider a coffee mug hanging on a hook in the pantry. If the mug gets knocked, it oscillates hack and forth like a pendulum until the oscillations die ‘out. We have described a simple pendulum as a point mass and a string, Figure 5: The dynamics of a physical pendulum, 61apibd TOME EXAMPLES OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS Motion of a liquid in a U- A physical pendulum is any object whose oscillations are similar to those of the simple pendulum, but cannot be modeled as a point mass on a string, and the mass distribution must the net torque. be included into the equation of motion. To analyze the motion, start wit Like the simple pendulum, consider only small angles so that sin = 6 &o de \ wnat 3.3. Motion of a liquid in a U-shaped Tube A U-tube open at both ends is filled with an incompressible fluid of density p. ‘The cross-sectional area A of the tube is uniform and the total length of the fluid in the tube is L. A piston is used to depress the height of the liquid column on one side by a distance 2 , (raising the other side by the same distance) and then is quickly removed. this will cause the fluid to oscillate with a certain period 7 aS A a) fluid in equilibrium (b) Oscillation to +2 direction _(c) Oscillation to —z direction Given that the restoring force of the fluid is F = kz, according to the diagram the mass of the fluid is 2hAp and the weigh of the displaced fluid is (2rA}pg. It is the weight of the depressed fiuid that forces the liquid to oscillate, therefore —ka = —2Apg-2 a) k =2Ap9 ° from equation 13, the period of oscillation of the fluid is 2hAp (24) 2p (25)5 DAMPED OSCILLATION 4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion For the mass-spring system, the kinetic energy K and the potential energy U are given by (26) tad = phe? = SKA? cost(ut + 9) The total energy £ as shown in cquation 27 shows that the energy of the simple harmonic ‘oscillator (as typified by a mass on a spring) is constant and is equal to the potential energy of the spring when it is maximally extended (at which time the mass is motionless) E=K+U= EKAM sin (ot +9) + cos*(wt + 9)] 7 (27) paiKa + is useful to use the principle of energy conservation to derive some general relations for 1-dimensional harmonic motion, (We will not use the particular parameters for the mass-spring, system, just the quantities which describes the motion of a mass m along the x-axis. From (26) wwe have the kinetic energy as a function of time. Since we are free to fix the “zero-point” of the potential energy, we can agree that U(x) ~ 0 at x ~ 0. Then the total energy of the system must be equal to the maxinmum (i.e. x — 0 value of the kinetic energy: «Lina? —Line?A2sin®(at +0) = Lona? 5 = B~K = smal A — Sina A? sin" wt + @)U = pms?! (28) 5 Damped Oscillation In the real world, friction of some sort usually acts to dampen the motion so it dies away, or needs more force to continue. In this section, we examine some examples of damped harmonic motion and see how to modify the equations of motion to describe this more general case. For instance, a guitar string stops oscillating a few scconds after being plucked. Although we can often make friction and other non-conservative forces small or negligible, completely undamped motion is rare. In fact, we may even want to damp oscillations, such as with car shock absorbers, Figure (7a) shows a mass m attached to a spring with a force constant k. ‘The mass is raised toa position Ap , the initial amplitude, and then released. ‘The mass oscillates around the equilibrium position in a fluid with viscosity but the amplitude decreases for each oscillation. For a system that has a small amount of damping, the period and frequency are constant and are nearly the same as for SHM, but the amplitude gradually decreases as shown in Figure (7) Consider the forces acting on the mass. Note that the only contribution of the weight is to change the equilibrium position, as discussed earlier in the chapter. Therefore, the net force is equal to the force of the spring and the damping force (Fp). If the magnitude of the velocity is small, meaning the mass oscillates slowly, the damping force is proportional to the velocity and acts against the direction of motion (Fy = —bu). The net force on the mass is therefore ma +bv +k: @r me dz (29) +05 + he =o 85 DAMPED OSCILLATION {a) Suspended mass on a spring oscillating in a viscous fluid Damped Oscillations x(m) AT 2 BY 4T ST 6T 7T Time (s) (®) Graph of x vs T (the period remains constant, but the amplitudes ofthe oscillations decrease due to the damping caused by the fuid) ‘To determine the solution to this equation, consider the plot of position versus time shown in (7b). The curve resembles a cosine curve oscillating in the envelope of an exponential function Age where a= 4, The solution is: x(t) = Age™% cos(wt + 6) (30) ‘Take the first and second derivatives with respect to time of equation (30) and substitute them into equation (29). the resulting equation of the angular frequency is; (31) If you gradually increase the amount of damping in a system, the period and frequency begin to be affected, because damping opposes and hence slows the back and forth motion. (The net force is smaller in both directions.) If there is very large damping, the system does not even oscillate—it slowly moves toward equilibrium.6 WORK EXAMPLES 6 Work Examples 1, The displacement of a particle at t ~ 0.25 s is given by the expression xr ~ (4.0m) cos(3.0mt+ ) where is in meters and ¢ is in seconds. Determine (a) the frequency snd period of the motion, (b) the amplitude of the motion, (c) the phase constant, and (d) the displacement of the particle at # = 0.25s. Pains) X(P28) = 4a (3 4x02° +7) =A Ws (L7 © k&e4m %) LARK A we yp 22k BEY 7 f ah = ESE 4-rk eu 2. A 7.00kg mass is hung from the bottom end of a vertical spring fastened to an overhead beam. The mass is sct into vertical oscillations having a period of 2.60s. Find the force constant of the spring, mel ky te Obs aT T “tT = 9 2 ou. art 42) eT _ pel egy = ENT a> (a: 6)7_ASSIGNMENT 3. A physical pendulum in the form of a planar body moves in simple harmonic motion with a frequency of 0.4502. If the pendulum has a mass of 2.20k9 and the pivot is located 0.350m from the center of mass, determine the moment of inertia of the pendulum. ———_ faetysar Leo3sm ace 5 = lems £2 ma 2axtoy off (f= a) KEE teak 4. A block of mass 4 kg hangs from a spring constant k = 400m. the block is pulled down through 15 cm below the equilibrium position and released. what is the kinetic energy block is 10 cm below the equilibrium position. [ignore gravity] Assignment ~goohas <2 Jods 7 1. A force of 300N is used to stretch a horizontal spring with a 0.5kg block attached to it by 0.25m. the block is released from rest and undergoes simple harmonic motion. Calculated the (a) spring constant (b) Amplitude (c) maximum (e) maximum velocity ({) velocity eration (d) mechanical energy when x = 0.15m 2. Kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM on a straight linc is pu? and the potential energy is gx?, where v is the speed at distance x from the mean position. Determine the expression for the period of oscillation. 3. . Give three examples of a simple harmonic oscillator 4, A pendulum with a period of 2.00000 s in one location ( g = 9.8m/s*) is moved to a new location where the period is now 1.99796 s, What is the acceleration due to gravity at its new location? u7_ASSIGNMENT 5. A 0.400 kg object undergoing SHM has a, ~ —2.7m/s? when x ~ 0.30m What is the time for one oscillation? 6, Mercury is poured into a glass U-tube, Normally, the mercury stands at equal heights in the two columns, but when disturbed, it oscillates back and forth from arm to arm as show below. One centimeter of the mercury column has a mass of 15.0 g. Suppose the column is displaced as shown and released, and it vibrates back and forth without friction. Compute (a) the effective spring constant of the motion and (b) its period of oscillation 2