CFUNDCRIM Two Kinds of Crime Reconstruction:

WEEK 7 a. Physical Reconstruction

STANDARD OPERATION IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION -this involves reconstructing the crime based on the
physical appearance of the crime scene. It is primary focused
A. STAGES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION on the pieces of physical evidence found at the crime scene.
1. THE APPREHENSION PROCESS b. Mental Reconstruction
If there is a crime then there is a perpetrator. -this is based on physical reconstruction and the
Apprehension is integral part of criminal investigation. The descriptions of witnesses and offended party about what
apprehension process, which is sometimes considered as the happened and how did it occur.
criminal investigation itself, proceeds in this manner:
Criminal investigation may start in three ways. Investigation In reconstructing a crime, the investigator should not
commence because of: assume anything as fact which is not supported by the
1. a report/information received about a criminal evidence or which cannot be sustained. On the other hand, it
incident; should not be certified that a fact does not exist unless there is
2. the criminal complaint of the offended party; or proof in its absence.
3. Spontaneous action or self-initiation by the police or Two Approaches in Reconstructing the Crime:
any law enforcement agency.
a. Deductive approach: This approach entails
immediate assumption of a theory followed by
The search may either be:
collection of facts or information to prove or disprove
a. HOT SEARCH - actual search of the crime scene the initial theory.
immediately after the commission of a crime.
b. Inductive approach: This approach requires the
b. WARM SEARCH - search of general vicinity of the process of collecting information first.
crime scene. Analysis and evaluation of collected information will
c. COLD SEARCH - investigative search. follow before a theory is developed. This is done by
collecting information then carefully analyzing and
2. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION evaluating them to develop a theory of the crime.
As a basic guide for first responders, the acronym P- This is the form of reasoning by drawing conclusions
R-E-L-I-M-I-N-A-R-Y summarizes the duties of the first from particular facts.
investigator who arrives at the crime scene.
5. CONCLUDING INVESTIGATION
P - proceed to the scene promptly and safely Serves as the stage of evaluation of collected evidence for
R - render assistance to injured person/s presentation at the court. It starts a short period before the
E - effect arrest of the criminal preparation for prosecution of the criminal case. It will end if the
L - locate and identify witnesses case is finally concluded, suspended, or dismissed by the
I - interview complainant/victim and witnesses court.
M - maintain integrity of the crime scene and protect Criminal investigators have inherent responsibility to
evidence/s assist the prosecutor in preparing for the trial. As part of
I - interrogate suspects if necessary preparation for prosecution, the investigator must perform the
N - note conditions, events and remarks following:
A - arrange for collection of evidences
R - report the entire incident fully and accurately 1. Prepare the records for the case and furnish copies
Y - yield responsibility to follow-up investigator or superior for the prosecutor and the court.
officer
2. Review the suspect’s arrest to ascertain the legality of
arrest.
3. FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION
The main objective of investigators in this stage is to 3. Review suspect’s statement (admission or
trace and locate the suspects and eventually the guilty party. confession) as to their validity and admissibility.
This encompasses the identification and apprehension of the 4. Review the compiled field notes, criminal investigative
perpetrators. At this stage, there is already full development of reports, and other documentations that may be used
the case. The identity of the offender is established thus, the during the trial.
focus of the investigation officer is to trace and locate the
offender for eventual arrest. WEEK 8
In criminal cases, there are investigative leads that UNIT V. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
must be pursued because they provide opportunities for the
discovery of significant facts. Pursuing investigative leads is GOLDEN RULES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
necessary to trace, identify, locate and apprehend the offender. Upon arrival at the crime scene, criminal investigators
As a general principle, the probability of a successful must observe these golden rules before or while processing
investigation decreases as time passes by, starting the scene. These rules can be applied to any type of crime
immediately after the performances of the unlawful act. scene.
1. Identify if possible the, retain for questioning the person who
4. RECONSTRUCTING THE CRIME first notified the police.
CRIME RECONSTRUCTION
2. Determine the perpetrator by direct inquiry or through
It is the process of recreating or re-acting how a crime
observation, if his identity is obvious.
occurred based on a rational theory. The theory simply refers
to possible explanation of what transpired at the crime scene. 3. Detain all people present at the crime scene.
Reconstructing the crime scene is necessary in knowing what 4. Summon assistance if necessary. Assign specific duties to
happened and establishing the modus operandi of the criminal. assistants/subordinate, if any.
 5. Immediately separate witness or suspects for purposes of f. Determine the assailant through inquiry or observe him if his
securing independent statement. identity is immediately apparent. Arrest him if he is still in the
6. Protect the area by giving appropriate orders and by physically vicinity.
isolating it. g. Separate the witnesses in order to get independent
7. Permit only authorized people to enter the crime scene statements.
boundary.
8. Do not touch or move any object found at the crime scene. 2. Recording- The investigator begins the process of recording
pertinent facts and details of the investigation the moment he
9. Definitely assign the duties of the search if assistants are arrives at the crime scene. (he should record the time when he
present. was initially notified prior to his arrival). He also writes down
Some authors emphasize the eight rule as the golden rule of the identification of persons involved and what he initially saw.
crime scene investigation. This rule has been rephrased in this He also draws a basic sketch of the crime scene and takes the
manner; initial photograph (if a photographer is available). This is to
ensure that an image of the crime scene is recorded before
“Never touch, alter, move, or transfer an object at the any occurrence that disturbs the scene. S a rule, do not touch,
crime scene unless it was properly marked, sketched, late, remove anything at the crime scene until the evidence has
measured and photographed”. been processed through note, sketches, and photographs, with
proper measurements.
This is considered dictum that must be observed
during crime scene investigation. The purpose of strictly 3.Searching for Evidence
complying with this is to avoid destruction, mutilation and
contamination of physical evidence found at the crime scene.
a. Each crime scene is different, according to the physical nature
of the scene and the crime or offense involved. Consequently,
the scene is processed in accordance with the prevailing
ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES
physical characteristics of the scene and with the need to
If there are many investigators assigned to form a team, the
develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A
following arrangement is recommended to ensure maximum
general survey of the scene is always made, however, to note
effectiveness.
the location of obvious traces of action, the probable entry and
1. Officer in-Charge- One who directs the search, assign duties exit points used by the offender(s) and the size and shape of
and assumes responsibility for the effectiveness of the search. the area involved.
2. Assistant- He must implement the orders of the officer in- b. In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic
charge search of evidence is initiated,
3. Photographer- photographs the scene and individual (In the interest of uniformity, it is recommended that the
evidence clockwise movement be used.) The investigator examines
4. Sketcher- He makes a rough sketch of the scene and later, a each item encountered on the floor, walls and ceiling to locate
finished sketch. anything that may be of evidentiary value. You should:
5. Master note-taker- One who writes down in short hand the i. Give particular attention to fragile evidence that may be
observations and descriptions during the search. destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected when
6. Evidence man- He collects, preserve and tags evidence. discovered.
7. Measurer- He makes over-all measurements of the scene. ii. If any doubt exist as to the value of an item, treat it as evidence
Note: Only one investigator may be assigned to handle a case until proven otherwise. iii. Ensure that the item or area where
when it is a minor one and if the work of the officer is great. latent fingerprints may be present is closely examined and that
action is taken to develop the prints
PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE iv. Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary value in
1. Upon Arrival at the crime scene surfaces conductive to making casts or molds. If possible,
a. Record time /date of arrival at the crime scene, location at the photograph the impression and make a cast or mold.
scene, condition of the weather, condition and type of lighting, v. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene and treat
direction of wind and visibility. them as evidence.
b. Secure the crime scene by installing the crime scene tape or vi. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs, fibers and
rope (police line) earth particles, foreign to the area in which they are found- for
c. Before touching or removing the object at the crime scene, example, matter found under the victims fingerprints.
determine the status o the victim, if alive the investigator must vii. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the conclusion of
exert effort to gather information from the victim himself the processing of the scene. The search for evidence is initially
regarding the circumstances of the crime, while a member of completed when , after a thorough examination of the scene,
the team or someone must call an ambulance from the nearest the rough sketch , necessary photograph investigative notes
hospital. After the victim is removed and brought to hospital for have been completed and the investigator have returned to the
medical attention, measure sketch and photograph the scene. point from which the search began. Further search may be
Only a coronal or a medical examiner shall remove the body necessary after the evidence and the statements obtained
unless unusual circumstance justifies its immediate removal. have been evaluated.
d. Designate a member of the team or summon other policemen c. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area into
or other responsible [persons to stand watch and secure the strips about (4) feet wide. The police man may first search the
scene, and permit only those authorized person to enter the strip on his left as he face the scene and then the adjoining
same. strips.
e. Identify and retain for questioning the person who first notified d. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the area
the police, and other possible witnesses. considered to be the immediate scene of the incident or crime.
For example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool
 used in the crime was declared or hidden by the offender 7.Evaluation of Evidence. Each item of evidence must be
somewhere within a square-mile area near the scene. evaluated in relation to all the evidences, individually and
e. After completing the search of the scene, the investigator collectively.
examine the object or person actually attack by the offender.
For example, a ripped safe, desk drawer that has been pried 8.Preservation of Evidence. It is the investigator’s
open or a room from which item have been stolen, would be responsibility to ensure that every precaution is exercised to
processed after the remainder of the scene has been preserved physical evidence in the state in which it was
examined for traces of the offender. In a homicide case, the recovered/obtained until it is released to the evidence
position of the victim should be outlined with a chalk or any custodian.
other suitable material before the body is removed from the
scene. If the victim has been pronounced dead by a doctor or 9.Releasing the Scene. The scene is not released until all
is obviously dead, it is usually advisable to examine the body, processing has been completed. The released should be
the clothing and area under the body after the remainder of the effected at the earliest practicable time, particularly when an
scene has been searched. This is to enable to the activity has been closed or its operation curtailed.
policeman/investigator to evaluate all objects to special interest
in the light of all others evidence found at the scene. 10. Sketching Crime Scene.
f. Methods of Crime Scene Search/Bomb Search. WEEK 9
UNIT VI. SCENE OF CRIME OPERATION (SOCO)
i. Strip Search Method. In this method, the area is block out in
the form of a triangle. The three (3) searches A, B and C A number of crime incident committed in the country are
proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to unsolved and/or dismissed by trial courts because of
one side of the triangle. When a piece of evidence is insufficiency of evidence. Important pieces of evidence that
found, the finder announces his discovery and the search will provide clue on the suspects/offenders identities can be
must stop until the evidence has been cared for, A found in the crime scene. However, that vital evidence in the
photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is crime scene are either left out or destroyed by unscrupulous
collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a given investigators. The physical evidence recovered in the crime
signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and scene are critical in the prosecution on the case in court with
proceed along new lanes. the advent of new technologies, they could be analyzed
ii. The double strip or grid method of search is a scientifically for these purpose.
modification of the Strip Search Method. Here, the
rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base parallel to a The recovery of physical evidence during investigation of
side. iii. Spiral Search Method. In this method, the three crime scene is the most important task of current law
searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral, enforcement. In most cases, the material items of evidence
beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the and descriptive information collected from the scene of the
center. crime make a big difference in the success and failure of cases
iv. Zone Search Method. In this method, one searcher is in court.
assigned to each subdivision of a quadrants.
v. Wheel Search Method. In this method of search, the area is The capability of the Crime Laboratory to provide scientific
considered to be approximately circular. The searchers interpretation and information depends on the recognition,
gathered at the center and proceed outward along radii or recovery and documentation of the evidence in the crime
spokes. The procedure should be repeated several times scene. Field investigators work as part of the forensic team as
depending on the size of the circle and number of that of laboratory technician. If evidence collected in the crime
searcher. One shortcoming of this method is the great scene are not properly accomplished, the work of the crime
increase in the area to be observed as the searcher laboratory is impeded and even negated. The recovery of
departs from the center. physical evidence during investigation of crime scene is the
most important task of current law enforcement. In most
cases, the material items of evidence and descriptive
4. Collecting Evidence. This is accomplished after the search is information collected from the scene of the crime make a big
completed, the rough sketch is finished and photographs
difference in the success and failure of cases in court.
taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as they are found.
All firearms (Fas) found to have tampered serial numbers
Past experience shows that a well-trained team, coordinated
(SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro etching at the
and properly equipped, can be of great advantage in effectively
Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL). A
and efficiently recovering evidence. Personal knowledge and
corresponding report to the Firearms and Explosives Office
instinctive actions or institutions are of great help in the
(FEO) must be made for verification purpose. In the collection,
solution of the criminal; cases. However there is no substitute
the investigator should touch the evidence only when
for the adoption and practice of scientific investigation.
necessary.
The idea of enhancing SOCO is to assist police investigators
5. Removal of Evidence. in terms of scientific approach in investigating criminal cases,
a. The investigator places his initials, the date and time of especially heinous ones.
discovery on each item of evidence and the time discovery
on each item of evidence for proper identification. A. Composition of SOCO Team
b. Item that could not marked should be placed on suitable The SOCO team is composed of but not limited to the following
container and sealed. depending on the nature of the cases.
✓ Team Leader
6.Tagging of Evidence. Any physical evidence obtained must ✓ Assistant team leader
be tagged before it submission to evidence custodian. ✓ Photographer and photographic log recorder
✓ Sketcher and Evidence Recorder
 ✓ Evidence Recorder locate so as to form an imaginary triangle. Sketch
✓ Evidence Recorder Personnel will show as many imaginary triangles as there
are object plotted).
✓ Driver/Security
d. Cross projection method e. Compass method
B. Personnel Functions and Responsibility
Team Leader Evidence Recorder/Custodian
a. Assume control of the crime scene. Ensure the a. Prepare evidence recovery log and accomplish
safety of personnel as well as the victim and chain of custody of evidence.
offenders caught in the scene and secure the b. Conduct packaging preservation and
crime scene from kibitzers. transportation of gathered evidence to the crime
b. Conduct initial survey of the crime scene for Laboratory.
evaluating potential evidence and narrative c. Coordinate evidence nomenclature with sketcher,
description of the place. photographer and evidence gatherer.
c. Determine search patterns to be used and d. Receive and record all evidence recovered.
designated assignments to evidence gatherer. e. Maintain custody and control of evidence.
d. Designated command post location in or near the f. Observe the proper custody of evidence.
crime scene and insure exchange of information g. Coordinate transmittal of evidence to case
between searcher and investigator. investigators or to Crime Laboratory per agency
e. Coordinate with other law enforcement agencies guidelines.
for the security of the victims, offenders/suspects
and the scene of the crime. 6. Evidence Recovery Personnel:
f. Ensure that sufficient supplies and equipments a. Have significant evidence photograph before it is
are made available for personnel involved in collected.
SOCO. b. Keep team leader always apprised of significant
g. Control access to the scene and designate evidence located.
personnel. To log persons entering the place and c. Initial and date all evidence and turn it over to the
remove Kibitzers in the area. evidence recorder/custodian after noting where
h. Continuously evaluate efficiency of the search the item was located.
ensure and that all place are searched properly. d. Coordinate evidence nomenclature with evidence
i. Release the crime scene to the investigators recorder/Custodian and asked sketch prepared.
handling the case. e. Ensure that appropriate safety measures are
adhered to especially with respect to proper
Assistant Team Leader clothing including gloves.
a. Shall assist the team Leader in all his functions
and responsibilities. Photograph:
b. Assume/take over the responsibilities of the Admissibility of Photographs
Team leader in his absence.  The photograph must be relevant to
the case;
Photographer and Photographic Recorder  The photograph should not incite
a. Photograph the entire area of the crime scene prejudice or sympathy;
with overall medium and close-up coverage  The photograph should be free from
using appropriate scale. distortion; and
b. Photograph victims, suspects/offenders arrested  The photograph should be properly
in the scene. identified.
c. Photograph all evidences before collection.
Sketch:
d. Photograph all latent Fingerprints, impressions 1. Sketch of the crime scene or Sketch of Locality.
before lifting or casting is made. The crime scene and its vicinity including neighboring
Likewise, photograph blueprints maps and other building and roads leading to the crime scene.
items. 2. Sketch of Grounds – Picture the scene of the crime
e. Prepare photograph log and photographic with the nearest physical surrounding such as house
sketch. with its garden, floor plan and others.
3. Sketch of Details – Immediate scene only, like the
Sketcher room where the actual crime is committed.
Perform all sketches necessary during the crime
scene processing. Kinds of Sketch
Methods or systems of locating points (objects) on 1. Rough Sketch – made by the investigator at the
sketch: crime scene. No scale proportion and everything is
a. Rectangular coordinates. (Measurements at approximate and it is used as a basis for finish sketch.
right angles from each of two walls.)
b. Baseline method. Coordinates constructed 2. Finish Sketch – made primarily for courtroom
on transecting base line. Choose relatively fixed presentation. Scale and proportion are observed.
points for your base line.
3. Note Taking – the process of taking notes in the
c. Triangulation. (Measurements from each of two crime scene to record all what is in the crime scene.
fixed objects to the point you want to plot or
Importance of Note Taking Intelligence and the need for intelligence is far from
1. It forces the investigator to commit their observations new. However, these days of rapid communications, more
in writing. powerful weapons, ideological hot, warm and cold war
2. It enables them to keep detailed record of everything emphasize the need for rapidly acquired and processed
they see or do. accurate and detailed intelligence, timely, of life and freedom
which is valued so clearly.
Rules on Note Taking
1. Note should be in chronological order. Definition of Intelligence:
2. It should detail step by step, each and every action a. First, Mr. Webster defines intelligence as:
the officer makes. 1. Capacity for understanding and for other forms of
3. Note should be complete and thorough. adaptive intellect of behavior; the mind in operation.
4. Do not put all your investigations in just a page. 2. The power of meeting any situation, especially a
5. Do not use symbols and acronyms.
novel situation, successfully by proper behavior
6. If witnesses or victims write on your note, get his/her
adjustments; the ability to apprehend the
signature.
interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as
to guide action toward goal.
The following is an outline of some of the Information that
should be included in notes made at the crime 3. Knowledge of an event, circumstances etc., received
scene. or imparted, the gather or distribution of information;
the staff of persons engaged in obtaining such
1. The date of time the crime was reported to the information.
investigator;
2. The type of crime; b. In Psychology text:
3. The location of the crime scene and brief “Intelligence is the capacity of a person to adjust to
description of the area; new situations through the use of what has been
4. A brief description of the crime or event that lead previously learned”.
to the investigation;
5. The name of the person who ordered the crime c. From a government Survey Reorganization Commission
scene; Task Force
6. The name of all officers, witness, and special Investigation Intelligence Activity in the Philippines
define Intelligence as: It means the collection, processing,
personnel at the scene;
collation, interpretation, evaluation and disseminating of
7. The name of the persons who conducted the information, with reference to national security. In certain
crime scene search and also who took context, it may also mean the network or the system for
photographs, fingerprints and sketches; the collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation,
8. A description of the location of the scene processing and dissemination of information. The term as
including the surroundings, houses, streets and used here does not include any police powers or
community; authorities, any investigative function of information nor
9. A description of the interior and exterior of the any function related to the enforcement of laws, orders, or
crime scene including the type of residence, regulations.
number of rooms, windows and outside location
including terrain type; d. The dictionary of Military Terms for joint used by the
10. A description of the primary crime scene and the United States and its Allies defines Intelligence as
location of the body and the accompanying follows: “The product resulting from collection, evaluation,
detailed description; analysis, integration and interoperation of all available
11. The location of any evidence found during the information when concerns one or more aspect of foreign
investigation and the names of persons who nations or of areas of operations and which is immediately
collected it; or potentially significant to planning”
12. The date and time the CSI was conducted.
e. And then that redoubtable intelligence statement derived
WEEK 10 from information which has been selected, interpreted and
POLICE INTELLIGENCE finally expressed so that its significant to a current policy
problem is clear”
Introduction to Intelligence Of this various definition, The first one clearly shows what
In this world, the importance of intelligence has the psychologists also have in mind, It refers rather to Mental
become increasingly emphasized. Without complete and Capacity. While it is seemingly far removed from the type of
timely intelligence, battles are not lost, governments intelligence we are studying today, it is still nevertheless the
embarrassed and nations fall under the control of powers fundamental basis for all human endeavor, including
opposed to the freedom of man and his activities. It is intelligence, and it is not therefore, as far removed as we would
important that we gain an understanding of the nature and think it. In fact, understand, by the intelligence.
scope of intelligence and its implications in this time.
Those connotations are implied in varying degrees in all
As we know , Intelligence is the end product resulting other definitions that was given and forms the basis for the
from the (1) collection, (2)evaluation,(3) analysis, definition of intelligence that we will use for the purpose her,
(4)integration, and (5)interpretation of all available information that is: “Intelligence is the knowledge that we should have
concerning a specific interest area. It is in the planning and before initiating a course of action. Intelligence includes the
carrying out of national policy, and in the planning and conduct organized activity for its acquisition as well as the organization
of military operations. to acquire it”.
 It is knowledge of events as basis for policy/ action
decision. It is a processed information. c. Principles of Continuity
- It simply means that information, events, and reports
Principles of Intelligence: must be continuous and intelligence activities follows as
In making a selection, the following criterion was applied. simple continuos intelligence cycle. Events of intelligence
a. Universality of application- It should apply to as many interest don’t come and go and go as in a flash. Each
phases and aspects of intelligence as possible. It should subsequent event has been a consequent of events
guide not only the production of intelligence out also the preceding. It is therefore necessary that coverage be
concomitant activities essential to the process as well as continuos so that the shape of what happened error
the organization and the thought and actions of the which in turn would enable us to predict the shape of
individual composing it. things to come. Continuity is essential in reporting,
b. It must be broad- truly a general rule. It should form the example if one intelligence officer is suddenly relieved
basis for formulation of corollary and subsidiary guides. and assigned to another, an officer replace the other , the
c. It must be important-indeed essential to intelligence. If a need for understudies. There must be a line of
succession.
guide is truly important and essential, then its violation
should bring its own immediate penalties. - Intelligence coverage must be continues so that the
d. They must not be mutually exclusive: instead each shape of what happened today could be studied in the
light of what happened before, which in turn would enable
should complement the other.
to predict the shape of things to come.
Objective of Intelligence
d. Principle of Communication
Before going into a discussion of these principles it is pertinent
- Intelligence adequate to their needs must be
at this point to pause and get our bearings- by examining why
communicated to all the decisions makers in a manner that
intelligence exist at all; what are its reasons and basis for
they will understand and inform that will permit its most
being.
effective use. Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds,
The fundamental objective of intelligence in general is
or in the files of its collectors or its producers. The story must
to ensure rational and timely decision-making. This is
be told and it must be told well and above all it must be
intelligence’s “raison de’ etre”- it reason of being.
understood. Intelligence must be communicated to all those
who have a need for it within and outside the organization.
Underlying concepts Justifying Intelligence
a. The existence of intelligence is based on a few fundamental
e. Principle of Selection
concepts or beliefs. These fundamental beliefs are the heart of
- “Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose
its doctrine.
at hand”.
Principles of Intelligence
f. Principle of Timeliness
This then is the heart on Intelligence doctrine.
- Intelligence must be communicated or must be
a. The Principle of Objectivity/Objectiveness
available on time to the decision maker to permit its most
-Intelligence must be based on the decision-makers
effective use. It must reach the user on time to serve as
own plans and intentions as much as on consideration
the basis for appropriate action. Late arrival of intelligence
of the intelligence targets.
is as good as useless.
- In intelligence, only well guided will succeed. It is
a basic intelligence concepts that there be unity g. Principle of Usefulness (Use)
between knowledge and action. It follows; - Intelligence must be adequate for the purpose for which it will
therefore that intelligence should interact and be utilized..
conditions the decision. It is both giver and taker.
Action or decision is planned by knowledge and h. Principle of Flexibility
guided by it at every step. - Change of situations, conditions, and other factors may
- To be of maximum effectiveness, intelligence snag the operations which needs adjustment and
should function in the context of policy and action variations anytime.
while the decision-makers should act within the
framework of knowledge so provided. i. Principle of Security
- Security is achieved by measures which the
b. The Principle of Interdependence intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity of
- Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component its organization personnel, method, sources, information
element to insure complete coverage, eliminated and results of its activities. This is where counter
duplication and to reduce the overall task to manageable intelligence comes in. Storage systems, clearances of
sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains an personnel handling and processing the information,
essential part of a unity; contributes proportionately to the control of documents , compartmentation, recording and
end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and authentication are some of the security measures.
interacts with each other so as to balanced and
harmonious. j. Principle of imagination and foresight
- Operation and Intelligence are also interdependent - The operator and the agent must be given the leeway
because operational plans depend greatly on the to use his resourcefulness to obtain more than what is
intelligence on that particular activity. In fact, operation normally required. Rules limiting initiative and imagination
and intelligence planners work hand and hand to attain a of the operator must be eliminated. Intelligence must also
greater degree of success in their common effort. This take to consideration of the future.
goes also to logistics, personnel, plans/programs, training
and budget.