SANS 2001-CC1:2007 Edition 1 4.3 Formwork 4.3.1 General 4.3.1.1 Materials that have a deleterious effect on concrete (for example, untreated timber) shall not be used for formwork. 4.3.1.2 Forms shall have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure resulting from placement and ‘compaction of the concrete and shall have sufficient rigidity to maintain the specified tolerances, the required shapes, finishes, positions, levels and dimensions shown in the drawings. The surfaces of forms which are'to be in contact with the concrete shall be clean, free from deposits or adhering matter, ridges or spatter, that will cause irregularities and blemishes fo the concrete surface, and shall also be free from indentations and warps. 4.3.1.3 Forms shall be suffi ntly tight to prevent loss of cement paste, 4.3.1.4 The formwork shall be capable of being dismantled and removed from the cast concrete without shock, disturbance or damage to the concrete. 4.3.1.5 Earth cuts shall not be used as forms for vertical surfaces, unless permitted or unless so required in terms of the specification data. 4.3.1.6 Where formwork is to be erected over a road, a street or a railway, the formwork shall be so designed that the full clearances required for the free movement of traffic are maintained to the satisfaction of the authority controlling such road, street or railway, Where so required in terms of the scope of work, before commencing erection, the approval of such authority shall be obtained for the design of the formwork. 4.3.1.7 Precautions shall be taken to prevent deterioration of the foundations during the course of construction, 4.3.1.8 Formwork shall be such as to produce the surface conditions and finished concrete to the relevant sections of the work as required by the scope of the work (see table 1). Unless otherwise ‘specified in the scope of work, the formed surfaces of sections of the works shall be as follows: a) rough: all extemal surfaces more than 150 mm below ground level or concealed and internal surfaces not exposed to View; b) smooth: all surfaces not described in (a), that are to be clad or are to receive surface coatings; and c) smooth-special: all surfaces not described in (a) or (b). 14Table 1 — Surface finishes of formed surfaces 1 2 Surface finish Description Rough’ ‘A surface formed by any material and that has @ degree of accuracy Ill In respect af| exposed surfaces (see 5.2.5). Surface defects repaired. No treatment of the surface of the concrete is required after the striking of the formwork. ‘Smooth ‘A surface formed by any material and that has a degree of accuracy specified In he specification data in respect of exposed surfaces (see 5.2.5). No treatment of the surface of the concrete is required after the striking ofthe formwork. Imperfections, such as small fins, bulges, irregularties, surface honeycombing and slight surface discolorations shall be made good and repaired, ‘Smooth-special ‘A surface formed by using steel forms, unless otherwise specified in the specification data, and that has a degree of accuracy specified in the specification data in respect of| exposed surfaces (see 5.2.5). ‘Surfaces formed as for smooth, but completely rubbed or treated to form a smooth fnish of uniform texture, appearance and colour ‘Special offform [A surface finish that is such that no after-treatment athar than the treatment of balt-noles (which shall be placed with regularity and precision) is required. The form used is Lnblemished and the panels regular. Joints are a feature of the pattern and are handled jwith care. The finished concrete is accurate to degree of accuracy I. The finish in each portion of the work is one of the following as specifiad in the scope of work: Board-marked finish: obtained by the use of timber planks that are dressed and planned except where unplanned timber Is required, in which case, the boards with the Strong grain are mixed with the boards with less pronounced grain and not grouped together. Special patterned finish: a finish that reflects, without blemish, the surface of the pattemed hardboard, rubber, thermoplastic, or other lining as specified in the specification data, Exposed aggregate finish [A surface that exposes the aggregate in such @ manner that the specified cover to the reinforcement is maintained after the aggregate has been exposed. The finish in each portion of the works is one of the following as specified in the scope of work Brushed and water finish: obtained by the stripping and scrubbing of the concrete surface with a stiff wire brush where the forms can be struck at a very early stage (16 h at 20 °C) or the formwork is treated with a suitable retarding agent and care is taken to prevent the concrete, when it is deposited in the formwork, from removing such retarding agent. Water, or where this is not effective, a solution of hydrochloric acid made up of| 4 part of the concentrated acid to 4 parts of water, is thoroughly and evenly scrubbed into the surface until the desired texture is obtained. When hydrochloric acid is used, the surface is then neutralized by thorough washing with water to which a small amount of| ‘ammonia has been added, Tooled finishes: obtained by the application of a brush-hammer, light mechanical chisels or other suitable tools that are mechanically operated when the age of the concrete is such that aggregate particles are nat dislodged during such application. The inal finish shows a surface of evenly aistrbuted aggregate particles in slight relief. After tooling, the surface is scrubbed down with a stiff brush and washed with water. ‘Sand-blasted finishes: oblained by sand-blasting the surface with hard sharp sand, jwhen the age of the concrete is such that aggregate particles are not dislodged during such application. The finish produces an even, fine, clean surface in which the mortar| has been cut away, leaving the aggregate exposed. Aggregate transfer finishes: obtained by sticking a single layer of selected aggregate tonto plyboard or other suitable liners which have been cut to size and coated with a layer of water-soluble cellulose adhesive mixed wih plaster sand, The thickness of this layer is slighty less than half the average least dimension of the aggregates. When the glue has sot, the liners are placed in the forms, which are then concreted, taking care to protect these liners during placement and compacting of the concrete. The liners are stripped 3d after the concrete has been placed and the adhesive and sand covering the aggregate have been removed by scrubbing and washing. 15