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Current flow according to the penetration level of PV system—Case 2. This allows for greater design
freedom and the optimisation of power generation equipment. The at least one switchgear is
preferable controlled by an electronic control system that includes an electronic processor, current
sensor on all distribution busbars, incoming busbars and outgoing busbars, voltage sensors of all
distribution busbars, incoming busbars and outgoing busbars, inter-tripping inputs, inter-tripping
outputs and drivers for switch actuators. Wide variations in prospective fault current occur and
protection equipment setting may have to be continuously adjustable to guarantee fault
discrimination. When the fault is removed, all other electrical loads being shed or having reverted to
zonal energy stores, the output voltage recovers according to the power source foldback and
stabilising characteristic and the load shedding and stabilising characteristic is removed. This allows
for greater design freedom and the optimisation of power generation equipment. The third output of
the output converter 12 is connected to the second input of switchboard 20 by interconnection 48.
The control system is able to determine that the fault has occurred in the load and facilitates a
protective sequence by opening the double pole switch 119 only when zero current flows in this
switch. It will be appreciated that a switchboard could be produced with any convenient number of
inputs and outputs. A series of turbines T and diesel engines D are used to power individual
generators G. If the fault persists, the power source foldback and stabilising characteristic causes the
output voltage to reduce. For example, in discrimination level 6 protective switchgear is located
between the MV ac busbar and each of the generators G. However, if the propulsion motor 5 were to
be operated in a regenerative mode than power could flow through interconnection 42 from the third
input of the propulsion converter 4 to the first output of the switchboard 16. Generally, the PV array
consists of the various PV cell. Once the fault has been interrupted, the electronic processor
determines that this is the case and instructs the protective switchgear (optionally an off-load type
switchgear) to open. This section deals with the analysis of reverse power flow caused by the
interconnection of a PV system in an LVDC distribution system. In this case, the receipt of an inter-
tripping signal 141 would be interpreted by the electronic processor 139 as being a need to inter-trip
the power source using the inter-tripping output 142. The electronic control system may also include
a local operator interface and a remote control interface. The power distribution system, and in
particular the protective switchgear, need only be optimised for its continuous running loads since
fault currents and switching transients are limited by active means. It has been shown that if the
losses in converters due to the conversion stage can be significantly reduced by applying an LVDC
system, the total system losses will be decreased compared to those of the conventional AC network.
The power loss is influenced by the square of the unbalanced current and the line resistance. When
groups of loads and power sources are connected in parallel, the total dynamic load resistance that is
experienced by the group of power sources is the parallel combination of the load characteristics and
these may be programmed to achieve stable operation with the maximum designed dynamic source
resistance. Half of the links (namely those labelled 113, 117 and 116) are associated with the positive
pole of the direct current system. In discrimination level 5 protective switchgear is located between
the MV ac busbar and each of the filters F and between the MV ac busbar and each of the power
converters PC. Author Contributions Joon Han is the main author and was responsible for this
writing of this paper. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH).
Once the fault has been interrupted, the electronic processor determines that this is the case and
instructs the protective switchgear (optionally an off-load type switchgear) to open. When a group of
generators G is connected to a point of common coupling then disparities often become problematic,
particularly during the switching of passive circuits such as filters and transformers and during load
transients. A PTG fault occurs when either the positive or negative pole is short-circuited to the
ground. It will be clear from Figure 1 that the minor loads are connected to the first and second LV
ac busbars through first and second minor LV ac busbars.
In a faulted circuit, the fault current i f can be defined as in Equation (4). In Figure 5 c, a switching
operation with a time difference is accurately conducted so that the ripple of input current is
effectively reduced. As expected, the high load unbalance begets a severe voltage unbalance. The
third input of propulsion converter 4 is connected to the first output of switchboard 16 by
interconnection 42. For example, in discrimination level 6 protective switchgear is located between
the MV ac busbar and each of the generators G. Foldback is then applied and the fault is said to be
interrupted when the output current and the output voltage approach zero. The zonal energy store of
the zonal power distribution system can be connected to the at least one switchboard of the second
service distribution system. References Brenna, M.; Lazaroiu, G.C.; Tironi, E. High Power Quality
and DG Integrated Low Voltage DC Distribution System. Power can also be supplied to the second
propulsion drive system from the second service distribution system through the third power supply
input. Each part of the ESS model is summarized as follows. In order to be human-readable, please
install an RSS reader. Once the fault has been interrupted, the electronic processor determines that
this is the case and instructs the protective switchgear (optionally an off-load type switchgear) to
open. When groups of loads and power sources are connected in parallel, the total dynamic load
resistance that is experienced by the group of power sources is the parallel combination of the load
characteristics and these may be programmed to achieve stable operation with the maximum
designed dynamic source resistance. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no
representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.). The first power supply output may be
connected to the first power supply input of the first propulsion drive system and the second power
supply output may be connected to the first power supply input of the second propulsion drive
system. A foldback system typically comprises an output current limiting regulator whose reference
is output voltage-dependant. In Section 4, an analysis of the transient state in an LVDC distribution
system, considering line faults and series arc faults, is presented. If the fault persists, the power
source foldback and stabilising characteristic causes the output voltage to reduce. A number of
individual links connect the power terminals to the first and second busbars 103 and 104. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). Current flow according to the penetration level of PV
system—Case 2. Also, we might analyze the various effects when the PV generation system is
connected to the LVDC system by using the PV generation system modeled in this part. The third
input of propulsion converter 7 is connected to the first output of switchboard 20 by interconnection
45. The protective switchgear senses that it is safe to open the affected output. The recovery of this
output voltage initiates the re-application of the electrical loads according to a load shedding
method. All electrical loads shed or revert to zonal energy stores. If an inter-tripping signal is output
to interface 142, the power source that is connected to terminals 112 and 111 must have its foldback
characteristic affected, and foldback must be initiated by the receipt of the overriding inter-tripping
signal. A zonal power distribution sub-system is also provided and includes a zonal power supply unit
(23) for supplying power to at least one electrical load and a zonal energy store (22) connected to the
at least one switchboard (16) of the first service distribution system for supplying power to the zonal
power supply unit (23). If load current transiently exceeds the steady state current limit and
approaches, but does not exceed, a particular transient current limit level, then the output voltage will
preferably transiently reduce with respect to the steady state load line and will recover to the steady
state load line when the steady state current reduces below the steady state current limit. Propulsive
power is normally drawn from the islands in a Propulsion Distribution System (PDS) and other loads
can be fed by islands in a Ship Service Distribution System (SSDS) whose power is usually derived
from the PDS.
If load current continuously exceeds the steady state current limit, or exceeds the particular transient
current limit level, then foldback is preferably applied such that the output voltage and the output
current reduce to zero according to a regenerative process, and output voltage and output current
remain at zero until load impedance has increased beyond a particular level. The at least one power
source (13,14,15) is regulated according to a power source foldback and stabilising characteristic and
a power source starting characteristic. Figure 20 shows the power distribution between the main
system and the PV system according to the penetration level of the PV system. Such switches may
have a manual reversionary operating mode and inter-tripping may be initiated by means of an early
break contact, a mechanical interlock and suitable interfacing with the electronic processor. Although
these LVDC systems derive their dc current from MVAC current supplies via current limited power
electronics, they rely on dc circuit breakers (DCCB) to interrupt significant fault currents. A second
LV ac busbar is connected to the second MV ac busbar through a second transformer. From Equation
(4), we can see that the magnitude of the fault current is determined according to the variation of the
equivalent resistance in the faulted circuit. The at least one electrical load is regulated according to a
load shedding and stabilising characteristic. In discrimination level 4 protective switchgear is located
between each of the transformers and the respective LV ac busbars. The LVDC is distributed using a
ring main to provide redundancy then via fault current rated DCCBs to ZPSUs and other electrical
loads. Figure 19 a shows the trend of the load unbalance factor according to the ratio of the load
capacity, which is the ratio of the load capacity at a pole when the other load capacity is assumed to
be one. Once the fault has been interrupted, the electronic processor determines that this is the case
and instructs the protective switchgear (optionally an off-load type switchgear) to open. This means
that the propulsion load power is reduced according to a higher order law than proportionality with
supply voltage. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Load current is also subject
to a steady state current limit such that the output voltage is reduced in order to prevent the steady
state average level of output current from exceeding the steady state current limit. Case study for
series arc fault in an LVDC distribution system. Similarly, a second SSDS includes dc distribution
busbars 30, 32 and 34, interposed by switchboards 20, 31 and 33. All critical component parts are
preferably intelligent and autonomous. Once the fault has been interrupted, the electronic processor
determines that this is the case and instructs the protective switchgear (optionally an off-load type
switchgear) to open. This allows the arc voltage to reduce the fault current and eventually completely
interrupt it. All electrical loads are also preferably conditioned by power converters, which actively
assist in stabilising the distribution voltage and limit fault currents and switching transients. Each
part of the ESS model is summarized as follows. The other half of the power terminals (namely those
labelled 102, 106, 107, 109 and 111) are associated with the negative (-) pole of the direct current
system. The first power supply output may be connected to the first power supply input of the first
propulsion drive system and the second power supply output may be connected to the first power
supply input of the second propulsion drive system. That is, the current flows are significantly
unstable in many locations, and we expect that this phenomenon will affect the stability of the power
system in terms of the system voltage. For example, power will normally flow through
interconnection 42 from the first output of the switchboard 16 to the third input of the propulsion
converter 4. Further regulation provides that a steady state output voltage can be the sum of an off
load bus voltage setpoint and a steady state droop component that is proportional to load current
such that the steady state output voltage is in accordance with a steady state load line. Alternating
current is distributed through the FEP systems at medium voltage (MV) to maintain compatibility
with land-based systems. Author Contributions Joon Han is the main author and was responsible for
this writing of this paper. Han J, Oh Y-S, Gwon G-H, Kim D-U, Noh C-H, Jung T-H, Lee S-J, Kim
C-H.
Furthermore, Figure 15 b shows the current flow measured on the load side when the PV generation
system is interconnected with the main DC system at certain times. For each measured current, I PV
means the supplied current from the PV system to the main LVDC system. For example, it is known
that a ground fault would cause current to flow in only one pole. There are several actions that could
trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed
data. It will also be appreciated that the switches 119 and 120 must not open spuriously and that
they also must be inter-tripped and interlocked via electronic processor 139. By fast acting regulator
action, transient changes in the load current and the equivalent output current will cause the output
voltage to be displaced from the steady state load line. FIU Electronic Teses and Dissertations. Paper
556. I dedicate this thesis to my parents. The ESS system modeled in this study using EMTP is
presented in Figure 16. In the event of a current exceeding a pre-set limit valve, the relay opens an
instant of time after saturation of the electronic switch to provide galvanic isolation. While the fault
current interruption progresses, sensors associated with the protective switchgear in the switchboard
that is associated with the path of the fault current, and an associated electronic processor, detect the
fault and determine that protective switchgear must be opened. Similarly, asymmetry in voltages
would occur during a ground fault. If the PV system is installed at the location closest to the power
source, as in Case 1, the current flows are considerably stable in most parts of the power system. The
second input of propulsion converter 4 is connected to the first output of output converter 12 by
interconnection 43. If the second propulsion drive system is operated in a regenerative mode then it
can also be used to supply power to the second service distribution system. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). In discrimination level 4 protective switchgear
is located between each of the transformers and the respective LV ac busbars. There is no definite
line between transmission and distribution according to voltage or bulk capacity. The recovery of
this output voltage initiates the re-application of the electrical loads according to a load shedding
method. Any convenient type of regulator may be used for the purpose of regulating the output
converter 15, but a programmable digital regulator would be the preferred type. A low resistance
fault has been described and the presence of this fault, and its exact nature, would be identified by
current sensors 136, 134, 133 and 135 in conjunction with voltage sensors 123 and 124. Find support
for a specific problem in the support section of our website. A first Propulsion Drive System (PDS)
includes a propeller 6 that is driven by a propulsion motor 5 whose power flow is regulated by a
propulsion converter 4. Additionally, I E is measured at the end of the load side. For example, in
discrimination level 6 protective switchgear is located between the MV ac busbar and each of the
generators G. Steady state current is preferably limited to a particular level. On the other hand, the
power that is supplied from the main system to the load side can be reduced though the
interconnection of the PV system. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do
eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. As shown in the presented simulation
result, a PV generation system normally supplies the current to a main system by distributing the
current at the interconnection time. A PTG fault occurs when either the positive or negative pole is
short-circuited to the ground. For the modeling of an LVDC distribution system, the various essential
components, such as power electronic devices, DERs, and ESSs that should be considered when
implementing an LVDC distribution system, are modeled using EMTP.
In this case study, the output power of a PV system is changed according to the penetration level of
the PV system, which is connected to the main system. It has been shown that if the losses in
converters due to the conversion stage can be significantly reduced by applying an LVDC system,
the total system losses will be decreased compared to those of the conventional AC network. When
groups of loads and power sources are connected in parallel, the total dynamic load resistance that is
experienced by the group of power sources is the parallel combination of the load characteristics and
these may be programmed to achieve stable operation with the maximum designed dynamic source
resistance. Case study for series arc fault in an LVDC distribution system. Feature papers are
submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive.
In this paper, therefore, conventional line data in an AC system is used to model the line for a DC
system. 2.2.1. Overhead Distribution Line Figure 8 shows the concept of overhead distribution line
when the conventional AC system is converted into DC system. A series of turbines T and diesel
engines D are used to power individual generators G. In Figure 23, the pre-fault equivalent resistance
can be expressed as the sum of the line resistance and the load resistance. Simulation results for an
electronic load model at 14.4 W. When the protective switchgear is opened, the effect of the removal
of load current is such as to allow the output voltage of the at least one power source to recover
according to a foldback method. If the first propulsion power generation system has a third power
supply output that is selectable and is connected to the at least one switchboard of the first service
distribution system then power can also be supplied to the first service distribution system. For a
simple bipolar distribution system with 500 kW load, Figure 19 b presents the power loss on a neutral
line caused by an unbalanced current according to the load unbalance factor. A first low voltage (LV)
ac busbar is connected to the first MV ac busbar through a first transformer. Figure 6 shows a circuit
of a single-phase full bridge inverter with two ideal input voltage sources and four switches. If any
type of fault happens, the fault path is formed according to the type of fault, as shown in Figure 23.
Comparison of output of experimental data sheet and modeled PV array. The ma, which is the ratio
of the peak of the sinusoidal wave to that of the triangle wave, controls the amplitude of the output
voltage, and the mf, which is the ratio of the frequency of the triangle wave to that of the sinusoidal
wave, can adjust the harmonics. Furthermore, Figure 15 b shows the current flow measured on the
load side when the PV generation system is interconnected with the main DC system at certain
times. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found
at the bottom of this page. This is particularly important if the power distribution system is used on
naval ships or submarines where it must continue to provide power to critical systems even if
component parts are damaged. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( ). If the second propulsion drive system is
operated in a regenerative mode then it can also be used to supply power to the second service
distribution system. In this practical characteristic, the locus of voltage and current when foldback is
released indicates the presence of the current that results from the recovery of the distribution
voltage after the fault has been cleared. Modeling and Analysis of a Low-Voltage DC Distribution
System. Generally, the occurrence of reverse power flow is mainly affected by both the capacity and
location of distributed generation. A PTG fault occurs when either the positive or negative pole is
short-circuited to the ground. A second LV ac busbar is connected to the second MV ac busbar
through a second transformer. Author Contributions Joon Han is the main author and was responsible
for this writing of this paper. Such switches may have a manual reversionary operating mode and
inter-tripping may be initiated by means of an early break contact, a mechanical interlock and
suitable interfacing with the electronic processor. The circuit is completed by the double pole
switches 119 and 120.