jig WAVEGUIDES (SINGLE LINES), atfrequencies higher than 3 GHz, transmission of electromagnetic waves along transmission linesand cables becomes difficult mainly due to the losses that occur both in the solid dielectric zeeded to support the conductor and in the conductors themselves. A metallic tube can be used to transmit electromagnetic wave at these frequencies. { Ahollow metallic tube of uniform cross-section for transmitting electromagnetic waves by suotsssive reflections from the inner walls of the tube is called a waveguide. ‘They are used in UHF and microwave regions as an alternative to transmission lines. It may be noted that, no TEM wave can exist in a waveguide but TE and TM waves can exist. Induced currents in the walls of the waveguide give rise to power losses and to minimise these losses, the ‘ravoguide wall resistance is made as low as possible. Hence the inner surface of the waveguide is ‘sally coated with either gold or silver to improve the conductivity and minimise losses inside the ‘waveguide because of roughness, The waveguide (WG) are generally air filled. They are superior to ‘he coaxial cables at UHF and higher frequencies, can handle greater power and possess less eaistance, ‘34 Comparison of Waveguides with 2-wire Transmission Lines. Similarities 1. Wave travelling in a waveguide has a phase velocity and will be attenuated as in a transmission line, 2 When the wave reaches the end of the waveguide it is reflected unless the load impedance is ‘djusted to absorb the wave. 4 Any irregularity in a waveguide produces reflection just like an irregularity in a transmission line, myos Microwave and Radar Eng 4, Reflected wave can be eliminated by proper impedance matching as in a transmisg, : 5. When both incident and reflected waves are presenti a waveguide, astanding wane TS results asin a transmission line. Pate, Dissimilarities 1. Thereisa cutoff value for the frequency of transmission () depending upon the, mension tnd shape ofthe waveguide Only wavs having equenisgestrthancutat ey ; willbe propagated, Hence waveguide acts asa high pass filter with fas the cutee Ina 2.wire lossless transmission line all frequencies can pass through, 2 Waveguide isa one conductor transmission system, The whole body of waveguid, found and the wave propagates through multiple reflections from the wallsofwavega 4% The velocity of propagation ofthe waves inside the wavoguide is quite diferent fom a, through free space due to multiple reflections from the walls of the waveguide, ‘+ In waveuide, we deine what is called as the wave impedance (a function of fequeng ‘hich is anelogous tothe characteristic impedance Z, of 2-wire transmission eyston 5. The systom of propagation in waveguide is in accordance with ‘Field theory’ while hatin ‘ransmission lines in accordance with ‘Circuit theory’ and hence return conductor ay | required in waveguide. 6. Further, ifone end ofthe waves and hence standing waves wi so formed can support a sgt plates resulting in resona le act ag ‘guide is closed using a shorting plate, there willbe reflections ill be formed. Ifthe other end is also closed, then the hollow ba nal which can bounce back and forth between the two shorting ince. Thisis the principle of cavity resonators, 43.2 Types of Waveguides eietetscnente ace erie ace aethodofreducng the waveguide dinessonsand henge critical wavele However, th proves feet athe ny tenng th cal weve ini : es have comparable power hast i Waveguides. Ridging isa conveyon srnsmiton Une ea sey and ntroauing distortions, Single and double ridge waveguides have beon ne cart an e- Also the useful frequency range ofthe waveguide in increased by ‘reducing the phase velocity. As the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, ais 1 ote tandar’ applications, wee ‘Copper walls. sd es wre ts @ © 8.4.28 Wave guides of various shapes (a) Rectangular (b) Circular (c)Eliptical (a) Single Ridged (e) Double Ridges.Waveguides 433. Propagation of Waves in Rectangular Consider aretangular waveguides long svaxi, width along y-axis a assut Fane sled wth airas dielectric au shown in Fig. 4.27 y i Direction of propagation | sreasns——l* Fig. 4.27 Propagation through a rectangular waveguide. —. ‘Tae wave equation for T-and TM waves ae given by WH, =-o%ueH, for TEwave (E,=0) WE, =-o%eE, for TM wave (H,=0) ‘Expanding A°E, in rectangular coordinate system | GE #E, eR, OF at ae OE, Sine the wave in propagating in the direction we have the operator a a Subatitutng hs peatrin Ba 4.23, we de BP at thE sot ee, e OE OE eat et GEO? tohee,=0 Hoty! +alue = bea constant, then Ba 4.25 canbe rowsitton Fe Oe, : ee Be 8 at ttt OE) =0 for TM wave uated in the rectangular coordinate system with ity ithe wave is assumed to propagate along the 2. ready "ction, (423) 428) (425) (429)lates propagation of TEM waves 34 Banca TEM WANE we E, =0 and H,=0. tuting, these values in Eqs. 4.34 to 4.37 all the field components along x and, y directions pstit A 5B HH, vanish and hence a TEM wave cannot exist inside a waveguide, | be? 435 TE and TM Modes aelectromagnetic wave inside a waveguide can have an infinite number of patterns which ‘called modes. We know that an electromagnetic wave consists of magnetic and electric ch are always perpendicular to each other. The fields in the waveguide which make Oi hese mode patterns must obey certain physical laws. At the surface of a conductor, the ‘petri field cannot have a component parallel to the surface. This indicates that the electric geld must always be perpendicular to the surface at a conductor. The magnetic field on the iiher hand is always parallel to the surface of the conductor and cannot have a component vependicular to it at the surface. ; Ingeneral, there are two kinds of modes in a waveguide. In the first type, the electric field is aivays transverse to the direction of propagation and is called the Transverse Electric or TE ave. In the second type, the magnetic field is always transverse to the direction of propagation miiscalled the Transverse Magnetic or TM wave. Thus in a TE mode, no electric line is in direction of propagation i.e., E, = 0, if zis the direction of the propagation. But H|#0. Ina TM node, no magnetic line is in direction of propagation i.e., H,=0 but E, #0. @ felts wht4.3.10 TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides ‘TE, is the geneval mode and the specific modes are given by various value discussed below. (0) TE) mode : m= \,1 =0 Alll field components vanish therefore it cannot exist. ®) TE,,mode:m =0,n=1 i, = 0. Hy =0, E, and H, exist. (Q) TEs mode:m =1,1 =0 E,=0, H, =0, BE, and H, exist. ‘Therefore TE, mode exists, (d@) TE,,mode:m =1,n =) ‘This also exists and even higher modes s of m and 7 asNt i i 7 ra mode :Dominant mode is that mode for which the cutoff wavelength (i) assumes Je ya that 2ab ath, = —— eee g 15802 a inn mb? + n?a? mod? *ea = Va we 2ab f spol deo ~ Tye tuo? tu Te ‘asthe maximum value since ‘a’ is the larger dimension. Hence TE, mode is tl aie en jn rectangular waveguides, jantmo"™ gion of Vy» Vp and h, remain the same as for TM waves, (Eqs. 4.65 to 4.69) spe speother EXP B= z- fo%pe - ope a - c =O =e Vl (ag/2.)” do a ns = (gl he)® its Vp Ve 1244 Wave Imnadance (7) in TM and TE WavesMicrowave and Radar Engi ‘as recommended 7 ide sizes Tate 42 ota etn a fasion EM) . Gitenuation® | Peak Power Taner Ba] eetncy | Dimensions anio0 n) | Capac deagnaion | Frauen, | gyqdnehes) |______™Ra eae 2200-8 xaeio | 130-0.75 oo os zones | 1a40x28 wae | Mose | Simeone | Bamee | Monn wr-137 5.86-8.20 ooze istz | 287-290 560-710 wr-s0 9.20-12.40 avo xogoo | 845-448 200-290 eee | ipao-isoo | astixooa2 | 951-881 120-160 Peet | snnodeossqpucoaTas.n4so | #207188 18-08 + Theoretical value for bass waveguide 4.3.18 Circular Waveguides A circular waveguide is basically a tubular, waveguide of inner radius p=aand length | circular conductor. Figure 4.48 shows a circular ~ Fig 443. Chel wavepies The Heinle wave eqnton ora TE and Twas aoe waveaude een and TM wave travelling in z direction in a circular aH, =O and 2B,