CHEMISTRY

2.1. Define the terra solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write
briefly about each type with an example.
Sol: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting
substances. Types of solutions: There are nine types of solutions.
Types of Solution Examples
Gaseous solutions
(a) Gas in gas Air, mixture of 02 and N2, etc.
(b) Liquid in gas Water vapour
(c) Solid in gas Camphor vapours in N2 gas, smoke etc.
Liquid solutions
(a) Gas in liquid C02 dissolved in water (aerated water), and 02 dissolved in water,
etc.
(b) Liquid in liquid Ethanol dissolved in water, etc.
(c) Solid in liquid Sugar dissolved in water, saline water, etc.
Solid solutions
(a) Gas in solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
(b) Liquid in solid Amalgams, e.g., Na-Hg
(c) Solid in solid Gold ornaments (Cu/Ag with Au)

2.2. Suppose a solid solution is formed between two substances, one whose
particles are very large and the other whose particles are very small. What type of
solid solution is this likely to be ?
Sol: The solution likely to be formed is interstitial solid solution.

2.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the solute
to the total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number of moles of solute
dissolved in B moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of solute
(ii) Molality: It is defined as die number of moles of a solute present in 1000g (1kg)
of a solvent.

NOTE: Molality is considered better way of expressing concentration of solutions,

as compared to molarity because molality does not change with change in
temperature since the mass of solvent does not vary with temperature,

(iii) Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in one litre of
solution.

NOTE: Molarity is the most common way of expressing concentration of a solution

in laboratory. However, it has one disadvantage. It changes with temperature
because volume of a solution alters due to expansion and contraction of the liquid
with temperature.

(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100g of solution.
2.4. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass
in aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of acid if the
density of the solution is 1·504 g mL-1 ?
Sol: Mass of HNO3 in solution = 68 g
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g mol-1
Mass of solution = 100 g
Density of solution = 1·504 g mL-1

2.5. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality
and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1 .2
g m L-1, then what shall be the molarity of the solution?
Sol: 10 percent w/w solution of glucose in water means 10g glucose and 90g of
water.
Molar mass of glucose = 180g mol-1 and molar mass of water = 18g mol-1
2.6. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of
Na2C03 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
Sol: Calculation of no. of moles of components in the mixture.
 2.7. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained by
mixing 300 g of a 25% and 400 g of a 40% solution by mass.
2.1.
Sol: Define the terra solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write
briefly about each type with an example.
Sol: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting
substances. Types of solutions: There are nine types of solutions.
Types of Solution Examples
Gaseous solutions
(a) Gas in gas Air, mixture of 02 and N2, etc.
(b) Liquid in gas Water vapour
(c) Solid in gas Camphor vapours in N2 gas, smoke etc.
Liquid solutions
(a) Gas in liquid C02 dissolved in water (aerated water), and 02 dissolved in water,
etc.
(b) Liquid in liquid Ethanol dissolved in water, etc.
(c) Solid in liquid Sugar dissolved in water, saline water, etc.
Solid solutions
(a) Gas in solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
(b) Liquid in solid Amalgams, e.g., Na-Hg
(c) Solid in solid Gold ornaments (Cu/Ag with Au)
2.8. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol, (C2 H6O2 )
and200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the
solution is 1.072 ag solid
2.2. Suppose mL-1,solution
then what shall be
is formed the molarity
between of the solution?
two substances, one whose
Sol:
particles are very large and the other whose particles are very small. What type
of solid solution is this likely to be ?
Sol: The solution likely to be formed is interstitial solid solution.

2.3 Define the following terms:

(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage
Sol: (i) Mole fraction: It is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the
solute to the total number of moles in the solution. If A is the number of moles
of solute dissolved in B moles of solvent, then Mole fraction of solute
 2.9. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with
chloroform (CHCl3), supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was
15 ppm (by mass).
(i) express this in percent by mass.
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
Sol: 15 ppm means 15 parts in million (106) by mass in the solution.

2.10. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of

2.10. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol in water?
alcohol
Sol: Inincase
water?
of alcohol as well as water, the molecules are interlinked by
Sol:intermolecular
In case of alcohol
hydrogenasbonding.
well asHowever,
water, thethe molecules are interlinked
hydrogen bonding by in
is also present
intermolecular
the moleculeshydrogen bonding.
of alcohol and water inHowever, the
the solution buthydrogen bondingless
it is comparatively is than
alsoboth alcoholinand
present thewater. As a result,
molecules the magnitude
of alcohol and waterof attractive forces tends
in the solution buttoit
is comparatively less than both alcohol and water. As a result, the will lead
decrease and the solution shows positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. This
to increase in vapour pressure of the solution and also decrease in its boiling point.
magnitude of attractive forces tends to decrease and the solution
shows positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. This will lead to increase in
vapour pressure of the solution and also decrease in its boiling point.

2.11. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the

temperature is raised?
Sol: When gases are dissolved in water, it is accompanied by a release
of heat energy, i.e., process is exothermic. When the temperature is
increased, according to Lechatlier’s Principle, the equilibrium shifts in
backward direction, and thus gases becomes less soluble in liquids.
2.12. State Henry’s law and mention some of its important applications.
Sol:
Henry’s law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the
liquid at that temperature.
or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. p = KHX
where KH is Henry’s law constant.
Applications of Henry’s law :
(i) In order to increase the solubility of CO2 gas in soft drinks and soda
water, the bottles are normally sealed under high pressure. Increase in
pressure increases the solubility of a gas in a solvent according to
Henry’s Law. If the bottle is opened by removing the stopper or seal, the
pressure on the surface of the gas will suddenly decrease. This will
cause a decrease in the solubility of the gas in the liquid i.e. water. As a
result, it will rush out of the bottle producing a hissing noise or with a fiz.
(ii) As pointed above, oxygen to be used by deep sea divers is generally
diluted with helium inorder to reduce or minimise the painfril effects
during decompression.
(iii) As the partial pressure of oxygen in air is high, in lungs it combines
with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. In tissues, the partial
pressure of oxygen is comparatively low. Therefore, oxyhaemoglobin
releases oxygen in order to carry out cellular activities.

2.13. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing

6.56 × 10-3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5.00 ×
10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the
gas?
Sol: