MEE 22625 Unit -1 Safety and prevention of accidents 6 Hour Mark 10

Maintain different types of electrical equipment following safe practices.

Course Outcome
a) Follow safe practices to prevent accidents while using electrical equipment.
b) Prepare maintenance schedules for electrical equipment.
c) Maintain rotating electrical machines.
d) Maintain single phase and three phase transformers.
e) Maintain insulation systems of electrical equipment.

Unit -1 Safety and prevention of accidents 6 Hour Mark 10

1.1 Safety practices: safety, hazards, accidents, dos and don‟ts for electrical supervisors.
1.2 Electric shock: factors influencing severity of shock, rescuing persons, procedures for artificial
respiration.
1.3 Precautions against electric fires, use of fire extinguishers, actions in case of such fires, types
and operation of fire extinguishers.
1.4 Earthing of electrical equipment {refer IS code IS 3043- 1987):Objectives, classification of
electrical equipment with regard to protection against electric shock: class 0 to III.

• Everyday, in the newspaper, there are news in connection with accidents due to electric
shock. The accidents are occurring due to ignorance, not using electrical safety and lastly
due to short circuits. But using safety measures, the electrical accidents can be avoided.

• Safety- Any method or technique or process which can minimize unwanted events or
accidents is called safety.

• Hazard- Hazard is a potential condition awaking to be converted into an unwanted event

or accident.

• When the insulation on live conductor is worn out, or becomes weak, then short circuit
takes place. Heat is produced, fire takes place, resulting into electric hazard.

• Accident- An unwanted event which can‟t be anticipated in advance may be termed as an

accident. It is always a sudden process and not a gradual one.

• As per factories act 1948, an industrial accident has been defined as „an occurrence in an
industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person which make him unfit to resume
his duties in the next 48 hours.

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• Electrical accidents are caused due to lack of earthling, negligence during work, no use of
safety devices, overconfidence, working on live wires, etc.

• Major Accident Hazard- The major accident hazard is one, in which person coming in
contact with machinery, equipment, gets severe shock may result into death of the person in
contact. Such mishap occurs. While ironing cloths, with steam iron, the water may come in
contact with heating element and leakage current may enter into a person body who operates
the iron. And if earthing is not provided properly, the person receives electric shock. Most
of the major accident hazards are due to no earthling connection , faulty earth, working on
live mains.

• Electrical Accidents- Unknowingly or by mistake a person may touch a live part and
current passes through his body and get a shock can be termed as electric accident which
may result body injury burning a part of body or or a death of a person is termed as electric
accident.

• Accident can also be to the system such as short circuit, leakage current, breaking of live
conductors on the other conductor or earth wire, on animals, human beings.

• Accidents may be due to negligence in maintenance operation, over voltage, over loading,
water leakage, etc.

• Accidents may be due to inferior materials used by the manufacturer and without getting
certificate of Indian Standard Institute. (I.S.I.)

• Accidents my also happen due to one or more of the reasons given below:
 Improper tools,
 Protective devices not used or provided,
 Lack of proper instructions or supervision,
 Instructions not been observed faithfully,
 Over confidence,
 Mental and physical condition of employee,
 Poor judgement,
 Mechanical inability of doing things and failure to think,
 Negligence and carelessness of other persons.
How Electrical Accidents can be Avoided ?
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1. The equipment installed should be used properly.

2. The instructions of sequence of operation shall be followed properly.
3. Machines shall never be mishandled or a person who don‟t know machines shall not be
allwoed to start/operate the machines.
4. Installation of the machines shall be as per the guidelines provided by the manufacturer and
rate contract for maintenance shall be given to the competent agency.
5. Periodical inspection shall be carried out by qualified and experienced engineer and skilled
technicians.
6. Repairs/ Replacement suggested by the expert engineer shall be done immediately without
delay.
7. For overhead electric lines, periodic patrolling must be done to inspect the lines. Faulty
parts must be replaced.

8. As per the maintenance schedule the maintenance work must be attended.

9. In emergency cases/ prior to likely fault, the system should be break down and maintenance
works shall be carried.
10. Earthing must be checked periodically.
11. Insulation resistance must be measured as per the maintenance schedule.
12. Electrician, line man shall use earth rods, rubber glows, insulated handle pliers, wooden stair,
etc.
13. Instead of a work to be allotted to a single person on electric lines outside, two persons to be
deputed for the work.
14. Shut down and line charging procedure shall be done by written warrants.
List out dos and don‟ts for electrical supervisors

Dos for Electrical Supervisors:

1. Work on low & medium voltage mains and apparatus should be carried only by authorized
person(s) and all mains and apparatus to be worked upon shall be isolated from all sources of
supply before starting the work.

2. Warning boards shall be attached to or kept adjacent to the line apparatus and the limit of the
zone, in which work may be carried out, should be specifically indicated.

3. Ensure that all the safety apparatus such as rubber mats, stool, platforms or other safety devices
to be used, should be in good condition.

4. When any live mains are to be earthed, the procedure prescribed should be scrupulously
followed.

5. Maintenance on H.T. Breaker should be attempted only when it is fully isolated and withdrawn.

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6. No work should be done on the transformers unless, it is disconnected from all external electrical
circuits and all windings have been solidly earthed.

7. De - energize incoming power before removing top and side access or cover plates of any bus
cover. Lock out the incoming power source. Earth the main horizontal bus before working on the
bus.

8. Check voltage, if any, by multi meter / test lamp so as to be sure that circuit breaker / switches
are open or that the bus is de - energized.

9. Isolate all remote-control voltage sources when working on the board.

10. Pad - lock the breakers with isolated position and test before working on a branch circuit.

11. Follow proper Electrical Isolation procedures to avoid in - advertent activation of any Electrical
equipment i.e., put "Men at Work" tally on the isolated circuit. Remove the fuses etc. before
working.

12. Obey warnings to stay away from electrical circuits and locked - out equipment.

13. Wear rubber gloves and any other assigned protective clothing and safety equipment while
working.

14. Inspect electrical tools before each use.

15. Keep all electrical circuit contact points enclosed.

16. Do use a quality surge suppresser with enough sockets for every component.

17. Do look out for overhead power lines every time you use an insulated ladder or pole. Stay at
least 10 feet away from any electrical lines.

18. When in doubt, seek help from experts and advice to the juniors.

19. Keep away any chemicals which are compatible from electrical panels etc.

20. Follow manufacturers‟ recommendations and requirements while working on that machine /
equipment.

21. Eliminate all potential tripping hazards in the work area.

22. If any device / machine emits an unusual odor, turn it off and unplug it immediately. Do not use
the device / machine until it is repaired.

23. Wear safety glasses while working.

24. If you see that cables of electrical device are worn or frayed, make sure you replace it as soon as
possible.

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25. Ensure every rotating / static machine has been installed properly and is stable.

26. Employers should control any remaining risk by providing the worker / operator with the
necessary information, instruction, training, supervision and appropriate safety equipment.

27. Ensure control switches are clearly marked to show what they do.

28. Have emergency stop controls where necessary.

29. If machines are controlled by programmable electronic systems, changes Made in any
programme should be carried out by a competent person to all the concern persons.

30. Know the work content and work sequentially.

31. Place sign “Men are working” or other warning boards on the Main Switch before working.

32. Cultivate the habit of turning your face away whenever an electric arc or flash may occur.

33. Guard against arcs as well as high voltages, remember that burns from arcs may be very serious.

34. Take extreme care when breaking an inductive circuit as dangerously high voltage is likely to
result.

35. Thoroughly discharge to earth all the cables before working on their cores.

36. Always treat the circuit alive until you have proved them to be dead.

37. Test insulating rubber glows periodically.

38. Place rubber mats in front of electrical switching panels.

Dont’s for Electrical Supervisors Working in Supply Control Rooms:

1. Do not touch a person who is in direct contact with live electrical conductors. By this, you can
receive serious shock too.

2. In hazardous area, avoid direct contact between explosive mixture and means of ignition.

3. Do not inadvertently activate any electrical equipment. Follow standard electrical isolating
procedure to avoid inadvertent activation on any electrical equipment.

4. Do not panic in case of power failure. Emergency lighting have been provided in all working
areas in company through Diesel Generating Sets which start automatically within 10 - 15 seconds
of the power failure. Stay calm until then.

5. Do not work alone in main switch or feeder panel enclosure.

6. Never leave electrical equipment without properly earthed.

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7. Do not put in use any piece of electrical equipment that gives a tingling sensation when touched.
This is defective. Inform about it to your supervisor immediately.

8. No live part should be within unsafe distance of a person working on live low and medium
voltage mains, so that he does not come in contact with it unless he is properly protected.

9. Do not touch or temper with any electrical gear or conductor, unless you have made sure that it is
dead and earthed. High voltage apparatus may give leakage shock or flash over even without
touching.

10. Do not disconnect earthing connections.

11. Do not expose your eyes to an electric arc. Painful injury may result even with short exposure.

12. Do not close or open a switch or fuse slowly or hesitatingly, do it quickly and positively.

13. Do not use metal case flash light around apparatus which is energized.

14. Do not get closer than 10 feet to a power line (if you‟re an unqualified employee).

15. Do not reach blindly into a space that may contain energized equipment.

16. Do not use a power tool that smokes, sparks, smells, or shocks.

17. Do not store liquids of any sort near electrical equipment.

18. Do not assume the black coating on wires is insulation – it could be just plastic weatherproofing
that provides no protection from contact injuries.

19. Do not use damaged or brittle electrical cords, even if bare wires aren‟t visible.

20. Do not allow untrained, unqualified staff to handle key maintenance or inspection tasks.

21. Do not undertake maintenance tasks in an arbitrary order. You need a way to rank electrical
components in order of how critical they are and then follow that order logically.

22. Do not take a run - to - failure attitude to electrical parts. You should replace them before they
become inefficient and potentially dangerous.

23. Do not renew a blown fuse until you are satisfied as to the cause and you have rectified the
irregularity.

24. Do not close any Switch / GOS / Breaker unless you are familiar with the circuit, which it
controls and know the reason for its being kept open.

25. Do not work on energized circuits without taking extra precautions as use of rubber gloves and
gauntlets.

26. Do not touch or tamper with any electrical equipment or conductor, unless you have made sure
that it is dead and earthed.

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27. Do not work on the live circuit without the specific orders of the supervisor and make certain
that all safety precautions have been taken.

28. Do not disconnect earthing connection or render ineffective safety gadgets installed on mains a
29. DO not use fire extinguisher on electrical equipment unless it is clearly marked for that purpose.

30. DO not throw water on live electrical equipment in case of fire.

31. DO not remove danger notice plates or other signs or interface with safety barriers or go beyond
them.

32. DO not allow visitors and un-authorized persons to touch or handle electrical apparatus or come
within the danger zone of H.V. apparatus.

State any four Do's and Don'ts regarding safety while working on electrical Installations.

Do's:-

1. Safety training / book should be given to all persons working in plant.

2. Work allotted to only qualified & trained person (worker) to do the work
3. Know the work content, work sequence and especially all safety measuresbefore starting the
work.
4. Always use proper insulated tools & safety devices. / Always use properinsulated tools, rubber
gloves, safety devices while working.
5. Do not make safety devices inoperative
6. Provide (Do) barricading to hazards area.
7. Always take the permit to shut down the supply, from authority duringmajor maintenance work.
8. Lock Open switches / Isolator while doing maintenance work
9. Keep safe distance from HV / equipment / conductor.
10.Do not allow working on defective equipment.
11. Do not Use defective material.
12. Do not scarify safety for speed.
13. Avoid / do not allow working in unfavourable conditions such as high rainfall, fog or high
wind.
14. Avoid /do not allow working in improper illumination such as in sufficientlight or unsuitable
location producing glare or shadows.

Don'ts:-

1. Untrained person (worker) allotted to handle electrical equipment/installation.

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2. Not knowing the work content, work sequence and especially all safety measures while working
may lead to accident.
3. Not using proper insulated tools & safety devices during working.
4. Making safety devices inoperative
5. No barricading to hazards area.
6. Not taken the permit to shut down the supply, from authority, during major maintenance work.
7. Open switches / Isolator are not locked
8. Not kept safe distance from HV / equipment / conductor as per voltage level.
9. Working on defective equipment.
10.Use poor quality of electrical material May lead to accident.
11.Sacrificing safety for speed may be lead to accident.
12.Most electrical accidents result from one of the following three factors:
> Unsafe equipment or installation
> Unsafe environment or
> Unsafe work practices
13. While working there is improper illumination such as in sufficient light orunsuitable location
producing glare or shadows may cause accident.

Precaution to be taken by every house holder using electricity for domestic purpose and domestic
appliances

1. Get checked the house wiring, fitting by qualified electrician periodically once in a year.
2. From the electrician get checked.
(i) Soundness of insulation of wiring work.
(ii) Soundness of earthing.
(iii) Correct of sizes of fuses, MCBs.
(iv) If additional points are to be incorporated get it done by authority.
(v) Switches in phase wire and not in neutral wire.
3. The equipment purchased should have preferably Bakelite or other insulating body. If you must
purchase one with aa metallic body, see to it that is connected to a 3 pin plug through a 3 core cable.
The third wire i.e. The earth wire is most essential to drain away faulty or leakage current to earth.

Never handle any electrical appliance with wet hands or standing wetfloor. (Not even to replace the
fuse) . Do not have any electrical devices within reach of wet situations.

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5. Put the switch off and then pull out the plug when you have finished work on portable
appliances. Make it a general habit of using an electrical appliance, standing on wooden
plank or rubber mat. Let every one knows about the location of main switch so that it can be
switched off by any one at once in any emergency.
6. Educate your children about the danger of electricity and inform them for not play with
switches and sockets. Tell them not play around electric posts and stay wires in the street.
7. Inspect the flexible cords of portable appliances every now and then especially at the cable
ends and don‟t hesitate to renew the cords before it is exposed to the moisture. If possible,
use flexible CTS or PVC insulated and sheathed cable in preference to flexible rubber
insulated silk cords for feeding portable appliances.
State the factors on which severity of electric shock depends.

The severity of shock depends on following factors.

1. Magnitude voltage of the system.

2. The period or duration for which the area of contact with lives part.
3. It is also depends on supply system i.e. A.C or D.C.
4. Frequency of supply
5. Body resistance (If wet resistance of body reduces)
6. General health of human contact with lives part.
7. Path of current through body.
8. The phase of the heart cycle when the shock occurs
9. The presence of moisture in the environment.
10. The magnitude of current passing through the body :-
If magnitude of current is above 25 milli ampere it gives painful shock it may stop breathing/ there
is loss of muscular control.

Reasons for Getting Electric Shocks

• The human failure for handling electrical components or repairing the distribution system
without switching off the supply, the ultimate effect of electric shock on human body may
be death. Electric shock on human body may be fatal but it may be due to :
• Electric shocks may result in:
I ) Fibrillation of heart i.e. damaging the heart to small pieces causing the stopping of breathing.
II) Stopping of breathing action caused by blockage in the nervous system causing respiration
difficulties.
III) Local overheating or burning of the body due to sparking.
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IV ) Death of a person.
First cause is more dangerous and may put to death of a person.
Due to cause (ii) and (iii) there is a possibility of rescuing a person.
When a electric shock is received, the current passes through the body.
Current (mA) Shock effect.

1 mA Perceptible, No pains.

1-4 mA Tolerable,Not painful, Can be sensed.

4-15 mA Medium but painful, but no loss on muscular control.

15-20 mA Painful, muscular control of adjacent muscle lost.

20-50 mA Severe muscular contraction, Breathing becomes difficult.

50 mA-100 mA May result in ventricular fibrillation, May result in death.

100 mA to 200 mA Heart stops, Instant death.

Above 200 mA Severe burns, severe chest muscles clamp-down, Heart stops,
sudden death.

N Note: Current between 1mA to 4mA is just bearable.

State the factors on which severity of electric shock depends. Also state the effect of currenton
human system.
The severity of shock depends on following factors.
1. Whether supply is A.C or D.C.
2. Magnitude of voltage of the system.
3. Magnitude of frequency of supply 4. Magnitude of current passing through the body
5. The period or duration of electric shock.
6. Human body resistance (If wet resistance of body reduces)
7. General health of human who gets shock.

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8. Path of current flowing through the body e.g. brain , heart, muscles.
9. The phase of the heart cycle when the shock occurs

10. The presence of moisture in the environment.

State the causes of fire due to electrical faults. Describe the operation of fire extinguishers.
Following are the Causes of electrical Fires:- (6 Marks)
1. Overloading on cables/wires/machine for long period, increases temperature, causespossibility of
fire.
2. The majority of fires are caused due to selection of incorrect rating of the fuses or use of
incorrect rating MCB/RCCB/MCCB or incorrect setting of safety switch.
3. Poor joints in wiring/cables may cause overheating & lead to fire.
4. Due to loose connection in the electrical installation may produces spark causes fire.
5. Stored highly flammable liquids near electric oven/furnace. 6. Kept electric heaters near
curtains/furniture.
7. If HV/equipment clearances are not maintain as per voltage level, there is possibility of sparking
leads to fire.
8. If insulation damage/deterioration, a short circuit may occur causing fire.
9. Electrical faults inside appliances are a common cause of electric fire.
10. Faulty electrical installation may cause fire.
11. Due to old wiring and unsafe appliances may cause fire.
12. Electrical installation & equipment's used in hazards area are not used as per the
specification/type of protection.

Operation of fire extinguishers: (2 Marks)

To extinguish the fire with the help of fire extinguisher, stand 6 to 8 feet away from the fire and
follow the four-step PASS procedure as below:-
> Pull the safety pin from the handle.
> Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire.
> Squeeze the handle or lever slowly to discharge the agent.
> Sweep side to side over the fire until expanded.

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State any four internal causes for the abnormal operation of electrical equipment's.

Internal causes:-
1. Open circuit
2. Short circuit
3. Earth fault
4. Inter turn fault
5. Loose connection
6. Low insulation resistance
7. Improper maintenance
8. Poor ventilation
Describe any four methods used for reducing earth resistance.

To reduce earth resistance following steps/methods are necessary:

1. Earth pit of more depth & width- breadth should be made.
2. Use of large cross section of earthing wire and earth electrode.
3. Use of copper material for earthing instead of aluminum material
4. Use chemical /charcoal in earth pit to reduce the resistance
5. Poured sufficient salt water in earth electrode pit.
6. Use earth wire without joint in between.
7. Earth resistance can be reduced by increasing number of earth electrodes inter connected in
parallel.
8. Remove Oxidation on joints.
9. Tighten the earth connections.

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Distinguish between installation earthing and system earthing.

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List the devices and tools required for loading and unloading; lifting and carrying heavyelectrical
equipment.

List the devices and tools required for loading, unloading, lifting and carrying heavyequipment

1) Stationary Cranes
2) Mobile Cranes
3) Overhead or Gantry Cranes
4) Steam Crane
5) Mini lift machine
6) Chain pulley Block
7) Chain Hoist
8) Electric Hoist
9) Screw Jacks
10) Winches
11) Hoses & tripods (For temporary supports)
12) Ceiling ropes.

State any one application of each tool : (i) Earth tester (ii) Megger (iii) Bearing puller (iv)
Growler

i) Earth Tester :-It is used to measure earth resistance.

ii) Megger :-Megger is used to find out (measure) insulation resistance of electrical
machine/equipment.
iii) Bearing Puller:-Bearing puller is used for holding and removing the parts such as bearings,
gearsor pulleys from a shaft safely.
iv) Growler:-A growler is an electrical device used to find out shorted turn faults in
armaturewinding and stator winding of motor.

Choosing fire extinguisher types for the relevant class of fire could literally be the difference between life
and death. So here‟s a useful guide on how to choose the right type and class of fire extinguisher for the
appropriate scenario, including colour codes, fire classes and uses.
No single extinguisher can be used to tackle every fire, and because each type of fire
extinguisher has different categories of fire on which it is effective, selection can be a minefield.

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The first step is to look at what materials are present in the area to be protected from fire. These
can be divided into six fire classes involving different substances:
There are five main types of fire extinguishers:

 Water, water mist or water spray

 Foam
 Carbon Dioxide
 Wet Chemical
 Dry Powder- standard or specialist
Water-Fire Extinguishers
These are suitable for Class A fire consisting of paper, wood, straw, coal, rubber, solid plastics, soft
furnishings, and more. These extinguishers cool fire by soaking it and materials with water. These
extinguish flames and absorb heat from burning objects.

You can use these in shops, offices, retail premises, schools, hotels, warehouses, and domestic
premises. These extinguishers are:

 Simplest
 Most commonly used
 Less expensive
 Easiest to Maintain
 Least Hazardous (since they only contain water)
Water Mist Extinguishers
These are the newest type of extinguisher and are very powerful but smaller in size. These are safe
and effective to use on Class A, B, C, and F fires. Also, these extinguishers can combat fire cases
caused by electrical equipment up to 1000 volts.

These devices work by cooling the fire and reducing the oxygen supply. These are recyclable and
do not contain any chemicals, and can be sometimes used on D fires also.
Water Spray Fire Extinguishers
These extinguishers are available in three and six liters water spray tanks and are suitable to fire
involving organic solid materials such as wood, cloth, paper, plastics or coal.

They use the jet at the base of the flames and move it constantly and steadily across the fire until
extinguished. It creates a fine spray courtesy of high pressure and extinguishes the fire.
Foam Extinguishers
These smoothen the fire in solids and liquids ( Class A, Class B) but not applicable for burning fats
or cooking oils. There are a few models of foam extinguishers that can be used on electrical fires.
Foam Extinguishers are easy to clean and more expensive than water extinguishers.

Dry Powder Extinguishers

For Class A, B, and C fires that are caused by burning solids, liquids and gases, these extinguishers
are the best choice. These are designed to tackle type D fires also.

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They work by the powder forming that smothers the fire and stops it from spreading. These
extinguishers are generally less expensive and powerful.

CO2 Extinguishers
These devices contain only pressurized carbon dioxide gas and suitable for use on fires involving
burning liquids (Class B), and electrical fires. They do not damage electrical items or initiate short
circuits.

However, CO2 extinguishers get very cold during discharge and are not suitable for deep fat fryers.
Wet Chemical Extinguishers
These extinguishers release water mists and are best suitable for class F fires. These are mainly
used in the kitchen both personal and professional. You can also use them on Class A and Class B
fires though they are less effective on these fires. These devices consist of a pressurized solution of
alkali salts in water and create a fine mist that can cool down flames, and prevent splashing.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher?

Though extinguishers come in a number of shapes and sizes, yet all operate in a similar manner.
You can use them in four steps named PASS:

P: Pull the Pin

A: Aim at the Base of Fire
S: Squeeze the Operating Handle
S: Sweep from Side to Side

 Class A fire caused by

combustible carbon-
based solids such as
paper, wood or textiles
 Class B fire caused by
flammable liquids eg
paraffin, petrol, diesel or
oil (but not cooking oil)
 Class C fire caused by
flammable gases, eg
butane, propane or
methane
 Class D fire caused by
burning metals, eg
aluminium, lithium or
magnesium
 Fires caused by electrical
equipment (indicated by
an electric spark symbol
and not the letter E)

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 Class F fire caused by fats and cooking oils.

List out safety precautions of be taken against electric fire.

1. Use correct rating fuse and MCB.

2. Follow IE Rules while working with every electrical installation.
3. Use ISI Mark material / equipment.
4. Provide sound and proper Earthing.
5. Use correct rating wires, cables, auxiliaries etc.
6. Carry out regular and proper maintenance.
7. Keep heat - producing appliances unplugged when not in use.
8. Don‟t ignore signs of trouble like as burn marks/discoloration around a socket, burning smell
when an item is plugged in or in use, electrical sparks each time you plug in adevice, one (or all) of
your breakers frequently trips or your fuses regularly blow etc.
9. Keep always ready and use proper firefighting equipment.
10. Avoid poor joints and loose connections.
11. Provide proper protective gears/system.
12. Replace or repair loose or frayed cords on all electrical devices.
13. Avoid running extension cords across doorways or under carpets.
14. Follow manufacturer‟s instructions for operating every electrical machine / device /
15. Consider having additional circuits or outlets added by a qualified electrician so you donot have
to use extension cords.
16. Avoid overloading outlets. Plug only one high-wattage appliance into each receptacleoutlet at a
time.

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Some commonly asked question

1. Define the following term 1) Safety 2) Hazard
2. State the factors on which severity of electric shock depends
3. List out four different fire extinguishers.
4. State the need of earthing for electrical equipment.
5. Differentiate between installation earthing and system earthing.
6. Explain the sequence followed in operating any one type of fire extinguisher.
7. State the causes of fire due to electrical reasons.
8. List any four activities that are to be carried out for rescuing a person who has
received an electric shock.
9. Enlist any four precautions to be taken while working on electrical installation
10. Explain the sequence followed in operating any one type of fire extinguisher.
11. Write the internal causes of failure of electrical equipment.
12. State the causes of fire due to electrical reasons

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