BITS Pilani Drag and lift:

Pilani Campus

Fluid exerts a viscous tangential shear stress and a

normal pressure on the surface :

 Fdrag    wdA cos   pdAsin

 Flift    wdAsin   pdAcos

Pressure and shear stress

on a surface 1. Flow can create two types of drag on an object
 Tangential viscous friction drag caused by
the boundary layer
Potential flows  Normal pressure drag caused by the
momentum change of the fluid stream
Chapter 8 2. Combined effect of these forces is represented
by drag coefficient (determined experimentally)

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Inviscid flows: Inviscid flow conditions:   2  0

Elementary planar irrotational flows – Uniform stream 1. Uniform stream flow
which can be superimposed to create more – Line source/sink
complex flows 2. Line source/sink flow
– Line vortex 3. Line vortex flow
– Doublet 4. Doublet flow

Lift − Flow around a cylinder

 (r , ) psurface Fdrag and Flift − Uniform flow + cylinder with circulation
− Rankine half body
   wdA cos Lift

  pdAsin

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Inviscid flow conditions: Angular deformation & Rotation
Cross derivatives are responsible for angular deformation and rotation
1   y  x   x
 ω z       x 
2  x y  x 
y
δy  δy δt
A  y 
  2  0

  y 
 δx δt
B
y  y 
  2  0 y  δx  x 
x
x

  : Velocity potential function Angular deformation

Angular
deformation Rotation
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Rotation Rotation vector of fluid element

Cross derivatives are responsible for angular deformation and rotation

  x  1   y  x   ω  ω x iˆ  ω y ˆj  ω z kˆ
 δy δt ω z    
 y  2  x y 
 iˆ ˆj kˆ 
1    y  
 1   
  y  ω x   z   ω  
 δx δt 2  y z  2  x y z 
 x   x  y  z 
1   x  z 
ωy    
2  z x   1   1 
 ω  (  )  curl 
2 2

ωz 
ωOA  ωOB 1  δ δ  1   y  x      
 lim           2ω  (  )  curl 
y 
Vorticity
2 δt 0 2  δt δt  2  x
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Velocity potential function: 2D flow: Stream function
   
Irrotational flow
 2ω  (  )  curl   
   .  0
 (  )  0 ----- (1) 
  x 
x  r   x  y y
  x r
   ----- (2)   0
x y 
 1  y  
Potential flow region y    x
y r         
      0
  x  y  y  x 
z  z 
z z

Continuity equation 1   y  x 
ω z      2ω z   2
  2  x y 
 .  0   2  0

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2D irrotational flow: Basic two-dimensional flows:

Elementary planar irrotational flows which can be superimposed to create more
complex flows
  2  0  2  0
– Uniform stream
 
x  x  – Line source/sink
x y
– Line vortex
 
y  y   – Doublet (combination of equal strength source and sink)
y x

 1 
r  r 
r r 
1  
    
r  r
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 Source at the origin
Uniform stream flow:
 Simplest plane flow for which 3
streamlines remain straight and parallel   x  V ; y  0
2

  0 y
x  
x y   V ( y)
 -1
    V ( x)
y   -2
y x
-3

-4

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x 14
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Source/sink flow: Source/sink flow:

 Flow pattern in xy plane in which flow is radial outward from z-axis
and symmetrical in all direction Q  1  Q
 r      
 Stream lines are radial spokes and the potential lines are circles 2 r r r  2
Q
1. Flow is purely radial    0 1     ln r
   0   2
2. Volume flow rate per unit depth r  r
 c (strength of the source)
 Q  (2 b r )r
Q
  constant  r 
2 r

3. Origin of source/sink flow is a singular point

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Free vortex flow: Free vortex flow:
 Flow pattern in which streamlines are  Flow pattern in which streamlines are
concentric circles concentric circles
 No external torque i.e. rate of change of  No external torque i.e. rate of change of
angular momentum of flow must be zero. angular momentum of flow must be zero.
 (m r )  (m r )
  0  r  constant   0  r  constant
t t

 1  K
 r  0     
ln r
r r  2
K 1 1   K
       
2 r r  r 2

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Ex 1: Ex 1:
The two dimensional flow of a nonviscous, incompressible fluid in the vicinity of the 1 
90° corner (Fig) is described by the stream function  ψ  2r 2 sin 2 r   4r cos 2
r 
 ψ  2r sin 2
2

Where ψ has units of m2/s when r is in meters.     4r sin 2
(a) Determine the corresponding velocity potential. r
(b) If the pressure at point (1) on the wall is 30 kpa, what is the pressure at point (2) ?

Assume the fluid density is 103 kg/m3 and the x-y plane is horizontal. r   4r cos 2    2r 2 cos 2  f1 ( )
r
1   1 
r      4r sin 2    2r 2 cos 2  f 2 (r )
r  r r 
 1 
   
r r 

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Ex 1: Doublet:
 Flow pattern in which equal strength source and sink approach each
 ψ  2r 2 sin 2 other

   2r 2 cos 2     source  sink

r2 r r1
Q Q
   2  1
2 2 θ2 θ1
2
  (1   2 ) a a
Q
  2  tan 1  tan  2 r sin 
r   4r cos 2  V 2  r2  2  16r 2  tan      tan 1 
r  Q  1  tan 1 tan  2 r cos  a
ρ 2 r sin 
1   p2  p1  (V12  V22 )  2ar sin    tan  2 
   4r sin 2   tan 1  2 2 
r 
2 Q  r a  r cos  a
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Doublet: Doublet:
 Flow pattern in which equal strength source and sink approach each
other

2  2ar sin  

  tan 1  2 2 
Q  r a  r2 r r1 r2 r r1
For smaller values of a
θ2 θ1 θ2 θ1
Qa  r 
     sin  a a a a
  r 2  a2 
 sin 
When source and sink approaches each other
  
Qa r
a 0  Q     constant

 cos
 
r
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Flow around a cylinder: uniform flow + doublet Flow around a cylinder: uniform flow + doublet

    uniform flow  doublet     uniform flow  doublet

 sin   sin 
   Uy     Uy 
r r
 sin   sin 
   Ur sin      Ur sin  
P(r,θ) r P(r,θ) r

   
   Ur   sin     Ur   sin 
r=a  r r=a  r

 1  1    1  1  
 r        r      
r r  r  r r r  r  r
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Flow around a cylinder: Flow around a cylinder:

  a2 
    Ur 1   sin
P(r,θ)    Ur   sin  - - - (1)
P(r,θ)  r2 
 r  
1      a2 
 r   U   cos    Ur 1  2  cos
r=a r   r2  r=a
 r 

r 
 a2 
 r  U 1  2  cos
  0  r 
 a2 
 a2     U 1  2  sin 
   Ur 1   sin  0  r 
 r2 
 
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Flow around a cylinder: Flow around a cylinder:
 a2  r 
 r  U 1  2  cos Irrotational flow approximation
 r  2
 a 2   Fx    ps cos (ad )
   U 1  2  sin 

0

 r  2
 Fy    ps sin (ad )
0

1 2 1
 p  ρ  ps  ρ2S
2 2  Aerodynamic drag  0
1 2 1. No net pressure drag
 ps  p  ρ (1  4 sin 2  ) 2
2  Fx    ps cos (ad )  0 2. pressure fully recovers at the rear
0 stagnation point
 (r , ) psurface Fdrag and Flift 3. No viscous drag (cannot satisfy the
No-slip boundary condition)
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p  p
 s  (1  4 sin 2  )
1 2
Inviscid flow around a cylinder: No drag ρ
2

French mathematician d’Alembert Comparison of theoretical

first showed that the drag on bodies (inviscid) pressure distribution
immersed in inviscid fluids is zero. on the surface of a cylinder
(d’Alembert’s paradox) with typical experimental
A
Zero pressure
distribution
point
Aerodynamic
B shoulder

A
Stagnation
point
B

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Flow around a cylinder: Exercise:
Water flows around a 1.8 m diameter bridge pier with a velocity of 4 m/s. Estimate A 2m diameter horizontal cylinder is formed by bolting two semi-cylindrical
the force (per unit length) that the water exerts on the pier. Assume that the flow can channels together. There are 12 bolts per meter of width holding the top and bottom
be approximated as an ideal fluid flow around the front half of the cylinder, but due together. The inside pressure is 60 kPa (gauge). Using potential theory for the
to flow separation, the average pressure on the rear half is constant and outside pressure, compute the tension force in each bolt if the free steam fluid is sea
approximately equal to ½ the pressure at point A. level air and the free stream wind speed is 25 m/s.

1 2
 ps  p  ρ (1  4 sin 2  )
2
V  U  4 m/s 1.8 m
3 2
 p A  p  ρ
2
3 / 2 p
 Fx   ps cos (ad )  A (2a 1)  0
 /2 2
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Flow around cylinder with circulation: Magnus effect:

Lift
According to Kutta–Joukowski theorem, when circulation is imposed upon a
cylinder or a ball placed in uniform flow, lift is generated.
A B
 Typically referred as MAGNUS EFFECT in honor of German scientist
Heinrich Magnus (1802-1870), who described the effect in 1852.
 Trajectory of flying balls such as golf, baseball, soccer, cricket, tennis etc is
significantly altered by the lift (Magnus effect).

    uniform flow  doublet  vortex  Flift    ps sin  (ad )

A

 a 2  K
   Ur 1  2  sin  
 ln r
 r  2  Flift  ρ U K a

Kutta (1902) – Joukowski (1906) theorem

 (r , ) psurface Fdrag and Flift

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 Source in uniform flow
Source in a uniform stream: Half body
Rankine half body ψ = πaU

πa

πa

a
a
  uniform  Uy  Ur sin
Stagnation point :
Q Q
 U  r x  a    source  
2a 2
Q
    uniform flow  source- - - (1)    Ur sin   
2
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Rankine half body: Velocity at any point Rankine half body: stream function at stagnation point
Stagnation point :
ψ = πaU
ψ = πaU
Q Q
πa U  a
πa 2 a 2 U
πa
πa

a Streamline passing through stagnation point:

a   2  r2  2
  
Q
1     Ur sin    Q
UQ cos  Q 
Q 2
 r   U cos  2   stag  Ur sin  
2 r
U  2
  2
r  r  2 r 
 stagnation   (a,  )   aU  Ur sin  aU
  2a cos  a  2 
     U sin 2
 U 1    Q (   )a
r    stag     aU  r sin   (   )a  y  r 
 r  r   2 sin 
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Ex 8.1 Sink + vortex flow:
The bottom of a river has a 4-m high bump that approximates a Rankine half body as shown
in Fig. The pressure at point B on the bottom is 130 kPa, and the river velocity is 2.5 m/sec.
Use inviscid theory to estimate:
1. The water pressure at point A on the bump, which is 2 m above the point B.
2. The maximum velocity along the bump surface and its location (x, y).

= πa

 2a cos  a  2 
2
   U 1
2
   (   )a
 r  r   r
 sin 

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