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ENHANCING STORM SURGE ENERGY DISSIPATION IN COASTAL 1

ZONES THROUGH SUBMERGED BREAKWATERS: UTILIZING
SHOREFACE ROUGHNESS MODIFICATION STRATEGIES

An Undergraduate Thesis
presented to the faculty of the Department of College of Engineering
University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA Calamba Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Structural Engineering)

Presented by:
BUERA, LESLIE T.
CALINGASAN, JAY M.
FERNANDEZ, JANE RIO F.

August 2023
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND 2

INTRODUCTION

The Philippines, due to its broad coastline spanning 36,289 km, is

particularly susceptible to the adverse impacts associated with weather

hazards, including storm surges (Yumul Jr. et al., 2011). According to

Nicholls et al. (1999), the country is also in one of the regions more prone

to coastal flooding due to the rise in sea levels. The country's geographical

setting further amplifies its propensity for storm surge risk. It is situated in

the southwestern region of the Northwest Pacific basin and is renowned for

its prominent level of activity, as it produces an average of 26 tropical

cyclones annually (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 2000). On a yearly

basis, the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) typically experiences

approximately 20 typhoons, with nine of them making landfall as they

traverse the southern region of Luzon Island and the eastern part of the

Visayan Island.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration defines

“storm surge” as an unusual rise in seawater level that occurs during a

storm,
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determined by the depth of the water above the typical expected high tide.

The surge is mostly generated by storm winds forcing water to the coast,

resulting in the loss of millions of lives and inflicting billions of dollars in

damages. The coastal area is commonly characterized as a border or

transitional zone where land and sea connect. These areas facilitate the

transfer of energy and living organisms between land and sea systems,

while also influencing short-term weather patterns, long-term climate

cycles, tides, and sea level fluctuations (Scialabba, 1998). Although coasts

vary naturally because of the environment, sea level change, or sediment

loss, coastal erosion can be disastrous for those who live nearby. Coastal

damage can be mitigated through the implementation of both structural and

natural measures. Artificial structures are designed and built with the

purpose of withstanding the forces of waves and currents, thereby providing

protection to the shoreline. On the other hand, natural approaches employ

strategies that harness and manipulate these forces in order to establish a

harmonious coexistence with the surrounding natural environment.

The development of breakwaters has witnessed significant

transformations, ranging from rubble mound breakwaters to hemispherical-

shaped artificial reefs, and transitions from emergent to submerged

breakwaters. Most of the modifications are made to accommodate specific

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requirements or to align with environmentally sustainable practices.

Breakwaters are widely used globally due to their ability to disperse wave

energy, offer shoreline protection, and serve as habitats for marine

organisms. Over time, there has been an increasing preference for

submerged breakwaters in comparison to traditional breakwaters (also

known as emerged breakwaters) due to their greater aesthetic appeal.

Nevertheless, there are assertions that submerged breakwaters are not as

effective as previous versions. The perception of whether this assertion

holds true or not is contingent upon the specific design characteristics under

consideration.

This paper presents a thorough analysis of the submerged

breakwater design and its application in the coastal municipality of Lian,

located in the province of Batangas. The structures are demonstrated to

exhibit distinct aspects and characteristics. Subsequently, this analysis

delves into the investigation of submerged breakwater, relying upon prior

research and case studies to ascertain the respective merits and drawbacks

associated with this structure. This topic was deemed necessary to study not

only because it was relevant nowadays but also there was a need of

acquiring broad knowledge on the effectiveness of submerged breakwaters

in decreasing the hazardous effects of storm surges along coastal areas.

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As stated in the preceding chapter, a limited number of studies have

been conducted to examine the impact of bottom friction on tidal energy.

Studies related to this topic have also been conducted, however most of

them focus on constructing the structure using common breakwater

materials and setting it above the ocean floor. The primary goal of this

research is to evaluate the effectiveness of Shoreface Roughness

Modification and Designing Submerged Breakwater in mitigating wave

energy generated by stormwater surges in Lian, Batangas.

1. Historical Background

The Lian River Basin, alternatively referred to as the Lian-Palico

River, extends from Cavite to Nasugbu Bay, encompassing sections of the

towns of Nasugbu, Lian, Tuy, Magallanes, and Alfonso in the northern

region of Batangas. More precisely, its geographical location is situated in

the southwestern region of Manila and the northwestern region of Batangas.

The province of Batangas, which encompasses the Lian River Basin,

experiences regular occurrences of typhoons and significant precipitation on

an annual basis. This phenomenon leads to the inundation of surrounding

settlements located in close proximity to the river or in low-lying regions.

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2. Demographic Feature

The population of Lian experienced a notable growth during a

period of 117 years, with an increase of 53,728 individuals. Specifically, the

population risen from 2,552 in the year 1903 to 56,280 in the year 2020.

Based on the data obtained from the initial population count of 52,660

individuals in 2015, the most current census conducted in 2020 reveals a

notable increase in population, with a growth rate of 1.41%. This growth

corresponds to a statistical gain of 3,620 residents. This was equivalent to

0.35 percent of the population of the CALABARZON area or 1.94% of the

whole Batangas province.

3. Geographic Feature

The municipality comprises a land area of approximately 76.80

square kilometers, or 29.65 square miles, which makes up 2.47% of the

overall land area of Batangas. Lian is mostly an agrarian community. The

agricultural land assets in Lian, Batangas can be classified into two distinct

categories: highland and lowland. Meanwhile, the chances of Lian

transforming into an industrial zone are quite low.

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Figure 1. Map of Lian, Batangas (Source: Batangas History, Culture and

Folklore)

3.1. Location

The geographical coordinates for Lian are 14°02′N 120°39′E. It is

situated on Batangas' western coast, facing the West Philippine Sea. It is

approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) from Batangas City and 100

kilometers (62 miles) from Manila.

3.2. Boundaries

 North: Municipality of Nasubgu

 East: Municipalities of Tuy and Balayan
 West: West Philippine Sea
 South: Municipality of Calatagan

3.3. Topography

The elevation at these locations has been estimated to be 14.7 meters

(48.3 feet) above mean sea level.

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 Highest elevation: 275 m (902 ft)
 Lowest elevation: 0 m (0 ft)

Lian is expected to experience water levels reaching up to 6 meters,

while the town center will be affected by slightly lower levels of flooding,

ranging from 4.9 meters (about 16 feet) in certain areas to 3.9 meters

(almost 13 feet) in others. The water will initiate a downward movement as

it passes through the población. The following excerpt displays a portion of

the flood danger map for Lian, Batangas.

Figure 2. Lian, Batangas Flood hazard map (Source: 2023 DOST-UP

DREAM and Phil-LiDAR Program)
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RELATED LITERATURE

1. Submerge Breakwater

Submerged breakwaters pertain to offshore constructions that are

constructed in shallow water, run identically to the shoreline, and are

characterized by low crests that are either at or below the water level. The

types of submerged breakwaters include vertical breakwaters, rubble mound

breakwaters, semi-circular breakwaters, and geosynthetic breakwaters

(Na’im et al., 2018; Young and Testik, 2011). According to Eryani (2019),

the use of these structures can enhance port maneuverability and mitigate

sedimentation issues through the regulation of water currents and the

establishment of wave-interference zones.

The geometric characteristics, such as the crest, front slope, and

back slope, of these structures have important aspects in determining their

efficacy. In recent times, there has been an increase in the application of

submerged breakwaters as compared to emergent breakwaters, as noted by

Na'im et al. (2018). Both emerged and submerged breakwaters clearly harm

aquatic organism’s communities during construction (Anton et al., 2019),

but alter aquatic ecosystems in the long run. The following article

accumulates, assesses, and highlights various publications in accordance

with their impacts on the coastal environment.

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1.1 Influence on Hydrodynamics

Submerge breakwaters alter the hydrodynamic conditions in their

vicinity, including wave and water current patterns. The implementation of

submerged breakwaters has been found to have a substantial impact on the

reduction of incoming wave heights, resulting in the alteration of wave

behavior to induce breaking at their crests (Martin et al., 2021; Vona et al.,

2020).

In regards to the research of Sulaiman and Hidayat (2020), the

implementation of low-crested structures led to the formation of a rotational

water current pattern. This pattern had the effect of reducing the velocity of

the longshore current and therefore resulting in an immediate deposition of

silt in the area located behind the submerged breakwater. The breakwater

performed as a sedimentary trap, enabling the transport of material by the

external water circulation through the gaps during periods of high tide and

subsequent outflow during periods of low tide. However, the presence of a

submerged breakwater might have adverse effects on hydrodynamics,

leading to unintended outcomes. According to the findings of Gallerano et

al. (2020) and Vona et al. (2020), submerged breakwaters have been

identified as an obstruction to sediment movement, hence exerting a

negative effect on nourishing processes.

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1.2 Impact on Ecology

There is a pressing need for further advancements in the field of

ecologically sustainable breakwaters. There is no doubting the continued

necessity of breakwaters in specific circumstances, yet effectively

reconciling their role in supporting coastal development with the imperative

of protecting the natural world remains a formidable challenge. It is of

utmost importance to establish a connection between coastal structures and

nature conservation since this relationship yields advantages and contributes

to the overall welfare of the environment (Jordan and Fröhle, 2022). The

process of designing coastal constructions is generally considered

manageable due to the abundance of existing methods and

recommendations (Saengsupavanich, 2017; Saengsupavanich and Pranzini,

2023). However, simultaneously improving environmental conditions poses

a significant challenge.

Numerous researchers have undertaken recent endeavors to enhance

the environmental benefits of breakwaters. In an effort to counteract the

adverse impacts of manmade substrates on marine biodiversity, Ostalé-

Valriberas et al. (2018) constructed tidepools on artificial substrates. These

tidepools serve as distinctive intertidal habitats that promote breeding,

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feeding, and refuge for specific species. In their research, Kim et al. (2020)
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employed a combination of a submerged breakwater and an artificial reef

construction as a means to address the stability issue arising from local

scour. Artificial barrier reefs have been observed to enhance marine

biodiversity, exhibiting substantial potential for stabilizing breakwaters and

fostering environmental conservation (Nguyen et al., 2022).

1.3 Effects on coastal tourism and recreation

The productive use of submerged breakwaters might be helpful for

tourism and recreational interests. There appears to be a consensus among

scholars that submerged breakwaters have the capacity to support the

tourism sector in coastal communities while also providing sufficient

protection for beaches (Kuriyama and Banno, 2018; Nyoman et al., 2019;

Vu et al., 2019). Coastal regions that include submerged breakwaters have a

certain allure as tourism attractions, considering that they offer

uninterrupted beach beauty. It was asserted that submerged breakwaters did

not result in any reduction in beach amenity or unfavorable aesthetic

impacts. According to Zahra (2018), submerged breakwaters do not have

any impact on beach morphology or obstruct the visibility of horizons.

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In the fields of tourism and recreation, there is general agreement
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that submerged breakwaters do not degrade beach aesthetics and encourage

tourism (Pradjoko et al., 2015; Pranzini et al., 2018). Nevertheless, there are

many differences about the effects of submerged breakwaters on tourism,

depending on how scholars aim to persuade readers. Because beach appeal

is a matter of personal taste, no researcher is in a position to decide whether

submerged breakwaters defend or harm it.

2. What causes Storm Surge?

The abrupt increase in sea level, often linked to cyclonic activity,

has the potential to result in substantial inundation and the loss of human

life. The severity of this phenomenon is influenced by factors such as the

depth and alignment of the bodies of water in relation to the trajectory of

the storm, as well as the period between tidal patterns. In comparison to

numerous other disasters, storm surge has a high frequency of occurrence.

The incidence rate of storm surges has significantly increased compared to

recent years, and this increasing tendency is projected to prevail in the

future due to climate change, rising global sea levels, and increasing

temperatures.
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Throughout the existence of early civilization, human populations
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have consistently driven towards coastal areas due to their inherent

suitability and demand as settling grounds. These regions offer a wide

variety of marine resources as well as opportunities for subsistence through

trade and transportation, among other benefits. This perspective on

population growth has ultimately resulted in increased population densities

and advanced levels

of development in numerous coastal regions. Currently, the worldwide

population residing in coastal regions amounts to approximately 1.2 billion

individuals. Projections indicate that this figure is expected to rise to a

range of 1.8–5.2 billion by the 2080s. This increase can be attributed to both

population growth and the migration of individuals towards coastal areas

(Rajan, 2018).

2.1 Impact of Storm Surge

The level of force of a surge is influenced by various factors,

including the strength of the wind, the forward pace of the storm, the angle

at which the storm approaches, as well as the width and slope of the land

boundary. The rise in population residing in coastal areas leads to an

increase in the likelihood of vulnerability. According to historical records,

the most lethal storm surge on record occurred during the 1970 Bhola
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cyclone, resulting in the tragic loss of life of around 500,000 individuals in
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the vicinity of the Bay of Bengal in the country of Bangladesh. The tropical

monsoon-type climate of Bangladesh is primarily influenced by its

geographical location and its close vicinity to the Bay of Bengal and the

Indian Ocean. As a result, the country experiences a range of natural

hazards including cyclones, flooding, and droughts. In the year 2013,

Typhoon Haiyan, also referred to as Yolanda, devastated the Philippines by

making landfall

(the strongest tropical cyclone on record in that country). This particular

typhoon was classified as a super typhoon owing to its sustained wind gusts

above 150 mph. Typhoon Haiyan caused significant disasters throughout a

wide geographic range, spanning from Micronesia to China and Vietnam.

However, the most severe consequences were observed in the Philippines,

particularly in Tacloban City, located on the northeastern coast of Leyte

Island. The number of casualties in the Philippines is subject to variation,

with a minimum estimate of 6,000 fatalities. Storm surge penetration

depends on coastal features. Steep slopes are associated with a higher rate

of attenuation, while low-lying topography facilitates the inland penetration

of surges. A large portion of Tacloban's occupied region is situated at an

elevation of less than 5 meters (16 feet) above sea level, and the absence of
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coastal fortifications rendered the city vulnerable to the flooding caused by
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the surge (Kinghorn, 2018).

3. Effects of bottom roughness on wave transmission

The friction that the waters experience when travelling over the

bottom modifies the tide and tidal currents in shallow water. Because of the

turbulent nature of the flow, this bottom friction effects the currents to a

significant distance from the boundary surface (The Oceans Their Physics,

Chemistry, And General Biology, p. 480). Research conducted by Dinh et

al.,

(2023) has shown that the dissipation of spectrum waves due to bottom

friction on atolls exhibits frequency-dependent changes. Typically, the

lower frequency range exhibits greater dissipation of wave energy due to

bottom friction in comparison to the higher frequency range. SS-waves, also

known as short-period waves, exhibit a greater coefficient of friction in

comparison to IG-waves, or intermediate-period waves. The coefficient of

friction for SS-waves is higher compared to that of IG-waves. Similar

behavior arises when the dissipation of energy due to the bottom friction of

SS-waves and IG-waves is compared.

Bottom friction is extensively recognized and researched in

simulating the tidal dynamics of shallow oceans and coastal rivers (at least
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for vertically integrated models). Nonetheless, despite much theoretical,
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experimental, and numerical investigation, the description and

parameterization of frictional processes remains an unknown component of

modeling. Manning's roughness has so far been defined by a constant

friction coefficient in time that is independent of flow direction. Manning's

n, which is spatially variable, has been utilized in almost all hydrodynamic

models. These techniques assume that Manning's n is a numerical constant.

4. Simulation of floodplain inundation using FLO-2D

FLO-2D, a 2D flood routing model, integrates hydraulics and

hydrology. The hydrological section consists of a rainfall-runoff model and

an overland flow model that simulate the movement of flood volume

around the grid. The flow entering the channel is guided by the 1D Saint-

Venant wave equation. FLO-2D can be used for a variety of applications,

including flood risk reduction research, storm drain modelling, reservoir

failure investigation, interactions among surface and ground water, mud

flows, and sediment transport. The FLO-2D idea includes a graphic User

Interface (GUI), a grid developer system (GDS), and Mapping. Users can

analyze and change grid data, visualize and alter hydraulic structures, and
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generate flood risk and danger representations. FLO-2D, in conjunction
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with the independent programmer SWMM, can process several types of

topographical input.

5. Designing through the use of ANSYS

As already stated by Bapat (2023). ANSYS is a software application

utilized for conducting structural analysis with a high degree of

effectiveness, efficiency, and precision. The software aids builders in

making informed design decisions during the model preparation phase by

constructing a three-dimensional representation of the structure, applying

loads, employing

unique meshing techniques, working with an analysis solver, providing

visualization tools to display different aspects of the analysis results, and

facilitating iterative design and optimization processes. In conclusion,

ANSYS is a robust software tool for doing structural analysis, providing

engineers with comprehensive insights into the performance characteristics

of their designs. Engineers has the capability to make acquired

recommendations and enhance their designs to achieve improved

performance through the usage of simulations that replicate real-world

scenarios, allowing for the evaluation of outcomes.

RELATED STUDIES
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1. Submerge Breakwater
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1.1 Influence on Hydrodynamics

The presence of submerged breakwaters has an impact on the flow

of water and the associated sedimentation processes. Fitri et al. (2019)

conducted a study in Malaysia to investigate the hydrodynamic mechanism

of low-crested detached breakwaters situated along a muddy coastline. The

occurrence of wave overtopping resulted in the initiation of a suspended

sediment transport process on the leeward side of the submerged

breakwaters

during the spring tide. The settling of suspended sediments within a

sheltered area is influenced by turbulent features and wave-current

combinations.

In this context, certain sediments aggregate into flocks and settle in regions

with lower hydrodynamic energy, while others are transported back to the

sea. The rise in water level, as a result of wave overtopping and wave break

beyond the low-crested breakwaters, led to the accumulation of water and

the generation of vigorous backflows in the vicinity of the gap.

According to Ratnayake et al. (2018), the presence of submerged

breakwaters resulted in modifications to the longshore current, leading to

the deposition of silt behind these structures and the subsequent formation
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of a new shoreline. According to Zahra (2018), the utilization of submerged
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breakwaters was recognized as a favorable strategy for safeguarding a bay

in Egypt. This approach effectively mitigated the impact of waves while

simultaneously allowing their passage, thereby preventing any harm from

occurring in neighboring regions. Furthermore, research conducted by

Pranzini et al. (2018) revealed that the expansion of the crest of a

submerged breakwater has the potential to mitigate the formation of a scour

trough on the side of the structure facing the land.

1.2 Impact on Ecology

The study conducted by Stender et al. (2021) presented a

comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of submerged breakwaters in

promoting coral growth and safeguarding the Kahului Commercial Harbour

against substantial ocean swells. It was observed that submerged

breakwaters functioned as extensive artificial reefs, supporting diverse

marine organisms and providing more extensive hard-bottom habitats

compared to conventional artificial reefs. Additionally, it was discovered

that the construction materials employed in the building of the breakwaters

possess the potential to facilitate coral recruitment. They remarked that the

breakwater's capability to generate a stable environment on the leeward side

facilitated the establishment of a more intricate marine habitat. Further, they

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proposed that gabbro exhibits greater desirability and feasibility in
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comparison to concrete and sandstone.

1.3 Effects on coastal tourism and recreation

According to Pranzini et al. (2018), relocating submerged

breakwaters to a greater distance from the shore has the potential to

generate additional recreational areas while simultaneously mitigating risks

that concern vacationers and the structures. The researchers highlighted the

aesthetic appeal and environmental advantages associated with the

implementation of submerged breakwaters in this coastal area.

2. Mitigating Storm Surge Damage

Numerous credible studies have been dedicated to investigating

storm surge threats, but the examination of storm waves and their

prospective

effects have been relatively neglected. In the study conducted by Shih et al.

(2018), the wave patterns generated by typhoons with the highest and

lowest intensities were simulated, specifically focusing on typhoons

occurring between 1977 and 2016. The researchers then proceeded to

examine the potential risks posed by these waves along the coastline of

Taiwan. The researchers produced event-based maximum and minimum

possible hazards maps for typhoon-induced waves, with a particular focus

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on coastal areas. In the research they presented, Chen et al. (2019) assessed
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the efficacy of significant wave height (SWH) modelling for typhoons

occurring along the northeastern coast of Taiwan. They employed several

wind fields and a fully coupled tide-surge-wave model in their evaluation.

Every year, storm surges and flooding hazards, including those

associated with typhoons, cause damage to Japan's coastal region. Besides,

there has been a notable advancement in the scale of harm occurring as a

consequence of the rapid changes in the global climate and environment. As

the unpredictability of storm surge disasters continues to rise, it is essential

to implement additional safeguards aimed at mitigating severe damage and

reducing mortality. In 2015, the Japanese government released a manual on

hazard mapping and implemented a requirement for the development of

hazard maps with a parametric model. This policy was introduced with the

intent of reducing the impact of large-scale storm surges.

3. Nearshore bottom roughness and wave breaking

In their recent publication, Jonathan and Magdalena (2022) discuss

the study of wave recurrence in the presence of a submerged breakwater

through the use of shallow water coefficients. The numerical solution of the

model can yield advantageous results when employing a staggered finite

volume technique without introducing any dissipation errors. The presence

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of resonance persisted even in the presence of a solitary rectangular
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submerged breakwater featuring a planar surface within the basin.

Resonance avoidance can be achieved through the implementation of a

submerged breakwater featuring a suitably rough surface, as per their

findings. Moreover, it has been observed that the implementation of larger,

more durable submerged breakwaters has proven to be more effective in

mitigating the water height associated with resonance disturbances.

Nevertheless, it is imperative to recognize that the task of increasing the

height of submerged breakwaters is not always a straightforward or

economically viable endeavor. The most effective approach to mitigate this

issue involves the incorporation of a textured surface onto the underwater

barrier. The aforementioned is beneficial as it not only reduces the

maximum water level but also effectively mitigates the oscillation concern.

Based on the findings of other studies, that the dispersion of an edge

wave travelling down an indefinitely long, straight shoreline and crashing

on a permeable coastal structure parallel to the coastline. The edge wave

interaction problem was handled using a mode matching approach with a

head loss at the structure, assuming that the structure's width is much lower

than the wavelength. They discovered that the structure's hydrodynamic

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coefficients are dependent on a friction coefficient of friction, which must
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be measured experimentally.

Wave energy dissipation rates were shown to be much higher than

on sandy beaches over coral reef platforms. Although wave breaking

accounts for the majority of wave energy dissipation, bottom friction, and

percolation both play essential roles in the dissipation process. The surfaces

of coral reefs are rough and porous. Bottom friction coefficient estimates

for coral reefs are significantly higher than those for sandy beaches.

4. Wave attenuation over coastal areas under storm surge

conditions

Many studies have conducted on wave dissipation and on

submerged breakwaters, and rocky shores in reduction of wave energy and

protection of coastal communities. To list a few, Gon, MacMahan,

Thornton, and Denny (2020) carried out a joint numerical and experimental

on wave dissipation by

bottom friction on the inner shelf of a rocky shore. Outside of wave

breaking, results from 2-month-long wave transformation experiments

conducted on the rocky shore at HMS in Monterey Bay revealed a 28% and

36% reduction in wave energy flux starting at a depth of 13 to 8.8 m over

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131 and to 7.1 m over 116 m, respectively. This was an unexpectedly huge
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quantity of wave dissipation over a relatively short distance.

5. Flooding and Debris Flow Simulation

The FLO-2D flood routing model was employed to recreate storm

tide flooding at the prioritized places along the worst-case storm path. The

use of this approach extends to many flooding scenarios, encompassing the

dissemination of storm surges over land. The findings demonstrated the

progression of flood waves resulting from storm surges in the ocean. To

simulate coastal flooding, the FLO-2D model can be employed to depict the

correlation between water surface height and time for the various grid

components along the coastline. The system generates many results, such as

the estimated depths, velocities, discharge hydrographs, dynamic and static

pressures, specific energy, and extent of inundation (Anon, 2023).

6. Structural modeling with ANSYS

The structural analysis software ANSYS AQWA has been applied

for the purpose of analyzing the impact of wave, wind, and current forces

on various types of offshore and marine structures, including but not limited
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to ships, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) platforms,
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semi-submersibles, tension leg platforms (TLPs), and breakwater design.

According to Shalakany (2017), the ANSYS AQWA software provides a

diverse array of tools that facilitate the interpretation and adjustment of

results. These tools enable users to do various processing activities, both

common and detailed, directly within the software. Consequently, users

may reliably evaluate extensive quantities of result data in an efficient way.

SYNTHESIS AND JUSTIFICATION

The primary purpose of this research is to give an in-depth analysis

of the underwater breakwater design and its use. The unique qualities and

properties of the structures are shown to exist. In addition to being relevant

this subject was deemed important to examine since it would allow

researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of how well submerged

breakwaters may reduce the dangerous consequences of storm surges

throughout coastal areas. The effect of bottom friction on tidal energy has

only been the subject of a small number of research. There have also been

studies on this subject, however the majority of them concentrate on

building the structure from materials that are typically used in breakwaters

and placing it above the ocean's surface.

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A storm surge can cause severe flooding in coastal locations, which
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can result in property damage, human casualties, coastal erosion, ecological

disruption, etc. Estuaries and coastal regions are the two places that are

most at risk from storm surge. The wind speed, forward motion, storm

angle, shelf width, and slope all have an effect on how severe a surge is.

Since the goal of this study is to improve storm surge energy dissipation in

coastal zones using submerged breakwaters by applying shoreface

roughness adjustment procedures using ANSYS and FLO-2D software.

Through the use of simulations that mimic real-world circumstances and

enable the evaluation of results, engineers have the opportunity to offer

learned recommendations and change their designs to achieve enhanced

performance.

Comprehensive research of the submerged breakwater design and its

use in the coastal municipality of Lian, which is situated in the province of

Batangas, is presented in this paper. The province has made noteworthy

progress in its efforts to improve preparedness for natural disasters,

particularly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons. However, the

current methods for disaster planning and mitigation do not take into

account the growing worries related to climate change, such as the rise in
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sea levels, increased flooding, amplified storm surges, and the occurrence
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of increasingly frequent and severe storms.

This project will take a unique approach since it will concentrate on

creating underwater breakwaters. The existence of underwater breakwaters,

according to Ratnayake et al. (2018), altered the longshore current, causing

silt to deposit behind these structures and the subsequent development of a

new coastline. The use of submerged breakwaters was acknowledged as a

successful tactic for securing a harbor in Egypt, according to Zahra (2018).

This method successfully reduced the effects of the waves while still

allowing for their passage, protecting the nearby areas from any damage.

Additionally, study by Pranzini et al. (2018) showed that the enlargement of

a submerged breakwater's crest has the potential to reduce the development

of a scour trough on the side of the barrier that faces the land.

The results of this study were useful for future research as well as to

a number of organizations and individuals who reside in flood-prone

locations, as well as to local government authorities. They may use this

study to alert people about the possible implications of their work, and it

will also assist students learn about managing and reducing flood risks. This

can help
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future researchers discover their research needs and can also be used as a
29
foundation for their methodology, both of which are valuable.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Hyogo Framework for Action was a decennial plan that was

adopted by the members of the United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). In compliance with the United Nations

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), the Hyogo

Framework for Action functioned as a global framework for disaster

reduction endeavors during the subsequent decades. In line with this study,

the Hyogo Framework for Action aimed to efficiently reduce the loss of

human lives and minimize the consequences for communities affected by

disasters, particularly in Lian Batangas, in relation to their social, economic,

and environmental assets. The province has demonstrated commendable

achievements in its initiatives to enhance readiness for natural calamities,

specifically earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons. Nevertheless,

the present disaster mitigation and preparedness techniques fail to

incorporate the rising concerns associated with climate change, such as the

rise in sea levels, increased floods, intensified storm surges, and the

occurrence of more frequent and severe storms.

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The HFA has identified key areas of focus that are relevant to the
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scope of this research. The initial action is to design an adequate legal

structure of submerged breakwater in the locality of Lian, Batangas, in

order to prioritize and effectively implement disaster risk reduction (DRR)

measures. In addition, the proposed strategy aims to ascertain, assess, and

analyze prospective hazards while enhancing the efficacy of preemptive

alert mechanisms in the midst of disasters. Utilize information, innovation,

and education strategies for building an environment marked by security

and resilience at various levels, given that the province has to resort

innovative methods to oversee and regulate development activity in coastal

areas. Mitigate the underlying risk factors. And enhance the degree of

catastrophe preparedness to facilitate efficient response at different levels.

Emergency preparedness is an essential requirement for effective

disaster response, and the execution of preparedness initiatives occurs

throughout this phase. This is supported by “Triangle theory” of public

safety.
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Figure 3. Triangle theory of public safety

The framework of the public security triangle consists of three

components, namely emergencies, carriers affected by hazards, and

emergency management. The interconnected endpoints that link the three

sides are commonly known as disaster factors, covering material, energy,

and information.

Since the 1980s, researchers from several countries have directed

their attention towards the potential dangers posed by storm surge events.

They have developed scientific and efficient evaluation theories and

methodologies, which have subsequently been implemented in numerous

coastal areas. Relying upon the "public security triangle theory”, a thorough

assessment follows, focusing on three key dimensions: the level of danger

associated with the event, the entities susceptible to the hazards, and the

capacity to respond to emergencies.

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Figure 4. Theoretical framework of Enhancing Storm Surge Energy Dissipation in Coastal

Zones through Submerged Breakwaters: Utilizing Shoreface Roughness Modification
Strategies

Before conducting a vulnerability study of the hazard cause carrier,

it is important to have a broad understanding of the links between storm

surge disaster risk and the elements that contribute to the occurrence of

disasters. Such knowledge can be obtained via an in-depth study of

historical disaster statistics in Lian, Batangas. Risk assessment standards

pertaining to disaster-prone entities were developed to facilitate the

evaluation of risks associated with various elements that contribute to the

probability of disasters.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
33

Figure 5. Conceptual framework of Enhancing Storm Surge Energy Dissipation in Coastal

Zones through Submerged Breakwaters: Utilizing Shoreface Roughness Modification
Strategies

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

The conceptual framework of the study gives information about how

the investigation will be carried out, giving the investigation a sense of

direction.
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The conceptual model illustrated above showcases the relation of
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variable under evaluation. The phases comprise the various factors that

serve

as the foundational elements of the framework. Researchers study these

characteristics in order to develop their hypotheses and draw conclusions. It

demonstrates the sequential manner in which information and resources

pertaining to the variable of interest are obtained. The course of action

measure comprises every activity required to bring about changes in the

results and findings. The presence of lines connecting the variables in the

study signifies that there is an interrelationship between each phase. The

feedback loop takes place following the completion of all requisite

procedures in this research, resulting in a desired outcome that can be

further sent back to the input phase of the study, allowing for modification

with the purpose of future improvements. Overall, this conceptual

framework indicates the pertinent objectives within each research phase and

highlights how they are linked in order to generate cohesive output.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of

modifying shoreface roughness and designing submerged breakwaters in

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mitigating the energy generated by stormwater surges. Specifically, seeks to
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respond to the following queries:

1. What expected effect can the adoption of breakwaters have on

mitigating the adverse consequences of storm surge in coastal areas?

a) Roughness factor of breakwater

b) Wave height variations on adoption of breakwaters

c) Geometric characteristics of the breakwater system

2. What is the link between the coefficient of friction and the

roughness of the shoreface, and how does it affect wave

transmission across a submerged breakwater?

a) Substrate for marine life

b) Limiting wave energy

3. What co-benefits can the adoption of submerged breakwater provide

to the coastal community?

a) Effects on Recreation and Tourism

OBJECTIVES

This study intends to appraise the efficiency of Shoreface

Roughness Modification and Designing Submerged Breakwater in reducing

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the amount of energy that is caused by stormwater surges. Accomplishing
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this aim by meeting the following objectives:

1. The present study utilized a design approach incorporating natural

components in determination of surface roughness and in

contribution to wave mitigation during storm surge.

2. This research also aims to create a subsurface water breaker that can

function as an artificial reef as well as a wave breaker, lowering

waves while allowing species to survive therein.

3. This study also aims to identify the advantageous effect of

submerged breakwater to beach aesthetics and for potential

recreation and tourism attraction.

HYPOTHESIS

Is the presence of submerged breakwaters as a shoreface roughness

modification strategy advantageous for breaking waves protecting

shorelines from the wave’s energy? Utilizing shoreface roughness

modification strategies through submerged breakwaters will result in

enhancing storm surge energy dissipation in coastal zones. The presence of

submerged breakwaters not only will serve as protection for beachside

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structures and coasts, but they will also offer great bottom habitats for
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sustaining a wide range of marine communities.

Underwater or submerged breakwaters could be an efficient

dissipation of storm surge energy and minimize the impact of flooding on

coastal communities especially to areas prone to storm surges.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study were valuable to the variety of groups or

individual that are living in the flood prone areas, to the local government

officials and for future research purposes.

Engineering Field. Construction of breakwaters provides an engineering

solution for coastal protection. The given scenario provides an exceptional

chance to take control of the consequences of coastal flooding, as the field

of engineering merges environmental preservation with the protection and

improvement of human welfare.

Science Education. This research utilized in environmental science and as a

tool for students to learn about flood risk reduction and management.

Furthermore, as part of Environmental Science, the institution’s faculty can

conduct a massive awareness campaign to this study.

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Residents in Lian, Batangas & Coastal community. This study has the
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potential to enhance awareness of the study's significance among

individuals

residing in proximity to coastal areas. Also, the study's possible results may

provide the coastal community with a greater understanding of appropriate

actions to be taken prior to, during, and subsequent to a flood catastrophe.

Barangay officials - Local Government Unit of Lian. This study can

potentially serve as a thorough guide on the response of barangays to

disasters, aiding in the effective implementation of ordinances, programs,

and other initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact or harm caused by storm

surges within the barangay.

Media Outlets. Media outlets will benefit from this research since it will

allow them to assess the efficacy of this study and give them further details

regarding the approach and methodology.

Future Researchers. The research will benefit future researchers since it

will act as a source of information for them when studying the importance

of using organic breakwater materials to reduce stormwater surge to help

those who live close to the shore.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
39
This research aims to utilize shoreface roughness modification

strategies through submerged breakwater in enhancing storm surge energy

dissipation in Lian River Basin located in Lian, Batangas. The Lian River is

the main stem that traverses the municipality of Lian and is part of the 23

river systems in Southern Tagalog Region. In accordance to the 2010

national census of NSO, a total of 16,015 locals resides in the immediate

vicinity of the river within the jurisdiction of eight barangays. In this study,

a total of two software will be engaged; [1] ANSYS, an engineering

software, will be put-to-use for modelling of a solid-porous breakwater with

irregular interlocking shapes on top. [2] FLO-2D, a combined hydrologic

and hydraulic model for flood routing, will also be used for the simulation

of storm surges and flooding specifically in Lian River where the input or

modelled breakwater from the previous software will be pasted.

Subsequently, the effect of submerged breakwater to wave dissipation will

be viewed. Data such as topographical information will be collected

through the help of the officials of Lian coastal municipality in the province

of Batangas within 2–3-month time frame.

However, this study does not cover creating an actual breakwater to

be submerged because of the lack of cost management. Furthermore, if in

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case an actual breakwater is to be made, the materials for construction are,
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organic aggregates such as natural rocks, oyster or sea shells, sand, and

concrete as the purpose of this study does not only cover the breaking of

waves for protection of the coastal communities but as well as to serve as an

artificial habitat for the marine community.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aggregate- Generally, it is a coarse particulate rock-like material composed

of a collection or mixture of various particles or elements grouped into a

whole.

Attenuation - Attenuation is referred to the gradual diminishing of wave

energy with distance, due to scattering or absorption.

Bottom Friction - Is caused by bottom roughness and causes shear and

turbulence, which reduces current speed.

Breakwater - A breakwater is a natural or man-made emergent or

submerged defensive structure intended to protect a region from wave

attack.

Coastal tourism - It is a process involving the people end tourist, including

the recreational activities that take place in the proximity of the sea.
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Coefficient of Friction - Unitless quantity that measures the amount of
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frictional force existing between two surfaces.

Dissipation - It is the loss of energy resulting in a drop in wave height by

the actions of frictions.

Ecology - A branch of science, including the interdependence of living

organisms and their environment.

Hazard - It is a process, phenomena or human activity that has the potential

to cause serious injuries, negative health impacts, loss of life, and

destruction of properties that may lead to environmental, social, and

economic disruption.

Hydrodynamic - A branch of science that deals with fluids, especially

liquids in motion.

Inundation - Is the condition where an area is being flooded.

Shoreface - It is the transitional area between the shoreline and the

continental shelf where waves and seabed begin to interact.

Storm Surge - The abnormal rise in seawater level during tropical cyclones

or intense typhoons.
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CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

METHODS

This part of study seeks to explain the research design used by researchers,

the subject of the study, the instrument for the data, and as well as data

gathering procedures used in the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study, focuses more on quantitative research design that will provide a

collection and analysis of data. The uniqueness of this project lies in its

main focus on developing underwater breakwaters. The viability of marine

ecosystems and the protection of coastlines depend heavily on their

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development. Therefore, the use of a quantitative research approach is
43
essential for collecting and processing the data required to produce reliable

and certain results. The software employed in these research initiatives will

give researchers access to the findings and outcomes, which will serve as

the foundation for the study's analysis. Using these methods, researchers

may validate the model's accuracy and precision.

MODELLING

Define Study Define

Collect Data Boundary
Area
Conditions

Set Initial
Prepare Conditions
Topographic
and
Bathymetric Define Storm
Data Conditions

Define
Manning's
Configure
Roughness
FLO-2D
Coefficients
Model
Settings

Post- Run the

Processing Simulation
and Analysis
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Validate and
Calibrate

Figure 6. Step by Step procedure for Methodology

1. MODELLING

1.1. Create a

3D model of the structure. This involves defining the geometry,

applying appropriate material properties, and assigning boundary

conditions.

1.2.

1.3.

2. DETAILING AND DESIGN PARAMETERS

2.1. Model

Features

2.2. Properties

and Materials Assignment

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Details of Total Deformation

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Equivalent (Von-mises) Stress

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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

This research uses two software for modelling and numerical analysis of the

presented structure:

1. Ansys Workbench 2024 R1 –

This software provides an adaptive setting with a comprehensive set of

analysis capabilities, from preparing geometry for analysis to linking extra

physics for even better accuracy. The suite's finite element analysis (FEA)

solvers allow researchers to customize and automate structural mechanics

solutions, as well as parameterize them to analyses numerous design

conditions.

2. FLO-2D (Flood 2D) -

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FLO-2D simulates the storm surge generated by severe sea storms coupled
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with intense rainfalls based on the input conditions and parameters that

researchers specified.
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