Addis Ababa University

College of Health Sciences

School of Public Health

Male partner's involvement in antenatal care service use and associated

factors in selected public health centers, Bole sub city, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

By: Eskedar Girum (BSc)

Advisors: 1.Demeke Assefa (MD, MA)

2. Gebretsadik Shibre (MPH)

A thesis submitted to Addis Ababa University College of Health Science,

School of Public Health, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of master in public health

July 2019
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Addis Ababa University
College of Health Sciences
School of Public Health

Male partner's involvement in antenatal care service use and associated factors
in selected public health centers, Bole sub city, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

By: Eskedar Girum (BSc)

Advisors: 1. Demeke Assefa (MD, MA)

2. Gebretsadik Shibre (MPH)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I praise the almighty God who has never left me alone at every step of my life,
forgiving me endurance to complete my study.

Secondly, my deepest gratitude is forwarded to my advisors Dr. Demeke Assefa and Mr. Gebretsadik
Shibre for their continuous support, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Their
guidance helped me throughout the time of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank my family
who provided me their continuous support and help on working this thesis.

Finally, I extend my thanks to staff members of health centers in Bole sub city where the data
collection was taken place for their cooperation and facilitation in the process, and to the data
collectors, supervisors and study participants for their honest and kind cooperation.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................................i

LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................................iiv

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................vi

1. BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problem...................................................................................................................2

1.3. Significance and rationale of the study..............................................................................................3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................4

2.1. Magnitude of male partner involvement during ANC service utilization of wives..........................4

2.2. Factors Associated with Male Involvement in ANC service utilization.......................................5

2.3. Conceptual Framework......................................................................................................................8

3. OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................9

3.1. General Objective..............................................................................................................................9

3.2. Specific objectives.............................................................................................................................9

4. METHODS.........................................................................................................................................10

4.1. Study area....................................................................................................................................10

4.2. Study design................................................................................................................................10

4.3. Source population........................................................................................................................10

4.4. Study population..........................................................................................................................10

4.5. Inclusion Criteria.........................................................................................................................10

4.6. Exclusion criteria.........................................................................................................................10

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 4.7. Sample size determination...........................................................................................................11

4.8. Sampling procedures...................................................................................................................11

4.9. Data collection procedures..........................................................................................................12

4.10. Variables of the study..................................................................................................................13

4.11. Operational definitions................................................................................................................13

4.12. Data Analysis Procedure.............................................................................................................13

4.13. Data quality management............................................................................................................14

4.14. Ethical considerations..................................................................................................................14

4.15. Dissemination of results..............................................................................................................14

5. RESULTS...........................................................................................................................................15

5.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents....................................................................15

5.2 Male partners’ involvement in ANC service and wives obstetric history........................................16

5.3 Men's knowledge about antenatal care services...............................................................................17

5.4. Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs............................................................................................18

5.5. Health care service related influence of male partner's involvement in antenatal care service.......19

5.6. Socio- cultural factors influence on male partner's involvement in antenatal care service.............20

5.7 Result of bi-variable and Multi-variable logistic regression analysis on factors associated with
male partner involvement in ANC..........................................................................................................20

6. DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................................................23

7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................26

7.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................26

7.2. Recommendations............................................................................................................................26

8. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................27

ANNEX I: QUESTIONNAIRE (English Version)....................................................................................30

ANNEXE II: QUESTIONNAIRE (Amharic Version)..............................................................................37

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page

Figure 1: Conceptual frame work on male’s involvement in ANC service in selected public health
centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019..............................................................................................8

Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of sampling procedures in selected public health centers of Bole
Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019.....................................................................................................................12

Figure 3: Male partner’s involvement in wives accompaniment at previous pregnancy ANC visit in
selected public health centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019........................................................17

Figure 4: Male partner’s knowledge about Danger Signs of Pregnancy in selected public health centers
of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019........................................................................................................19

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondentsin selected public health centers of Bole Sub-
city, Addis Ababa, 2019.............................................................................................................................15

Table 2: Male partners' knowledge regarding antenatal care services and its importancein selected public
health centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019.................................................................................18

Table 3: Health care service related influencing factorsin selected public health centers of Bole Sub-city,
Addis Ababa, 2019.....................................................................................................................................19

Table 4: Socio- cultural factors that influence on male partner's involvement in antenatal care servicein
selected public health centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019........................................................20

Table 5: Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis of male partner involvement in ANCin
selected public health centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019........................................................22

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ANC -- Antenatal care

DHS -- Demographic and Health Survey
EDHS -- Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
EPI -- Epidemiological
FMOH – Federal Ministry of Health
HIV – Human Immune Deficiency Virus
HCT – HIV counseling and testing
ICPD -- International Conference on Population and Development
IDI -- In-depth interviews
MDG -- Millennium Development Goals
MMR -- Maternal Mortality Ratio
PMTCT -- Prevention of mother to child transmission
RH -- Reproductive Health
SDG -- Sustainable Development Goals
SPSS -- Statistical Package for Social Science
VIF -- Variance Inflation Factor
WHO -- World Health Organization
UN -- United Nations
UNDP -- United Nations Development Program

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ABSTRACT
Background: Antenatal care (ANC) service utilization is an important strategy for improved maternal
and child healthcare. Evidence show that male partner’s involvement in ANC has helped the
improvement of women’s and children`s wellbeing. However, there is limited evidence about male
partner’s involvement in ANC service in Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa.

Objective: The survey aimed to assess male partner’s involvement in the utilization of ANC and
associated factors in selected public health centers of Bole sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Methods: Facility based cross sectional study design was conducted among 383 male partner
participants who accompanied their pregnant wives in ANC visit in selected public health centers, Bole
sub city. Study participants were selected by using convenience sampling method. The purpose and
significance of the study was explained to each participant ahead of their interview. Interviewers
administered structured questionnaires, which was pre-tested on five percent of the total sample size, to
gather data. The consistency and completeness of the data was checked throughout the data collection
process. The collected data were entered into Epi data v 3.1 Software and were analyzed by using SPSS
v 22 software. Binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors that predict the response
variable. The findings are presented in texts, tables and charts. Odds Ratio (OR) was used as a measure
of association. The 95% uncertainty interval was constructed around each point estimate of the OR. In
addition to the confidence interval (CI), p-value <0.05 was used as a measure of statistical significance.

Results: More than 60% of the respondents (N= 205) accompanied their spouse at least on one ANC
visit in the previous pregnancy. The largest percentage of participants, 93.7% (N=310), were also
involved in shared decision making. Besides, almost all respondents, 97.9% (N=324), supported their
wives financially for their previous pregnancy ANC service. Respondents who were employee of private
sector [AOR=3.54, 95% CI (1, 12.9)], self- employed [AOR=3.7, 95% CI (1, 13.9)] and those who got
positive attitude from health professionals [AOR=3.19, 95% CI (1.90, 5.36)].had significant association
with male partners involvement in previous pregnancy ANC visit.

Conclusion: The study has revealed that male partner involvement in wife’s ANC service was high in
the studied setting. In complement to this, further study is recommended to verify the positive outcome
achieved from the involvement of male partners, on maternal and child health.
Key Words: Antenatal care, Male involvement, Bole sub city, Addis Ababa

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 1. BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction

Antenatal care (ANC) or 'pregnancy care' is the healthcare and support given for a pregnant woman. It is
a type of preventative care with the goal of providing regular check-ups that allow healthcare providers
to treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy and during
childbirth(1). For many women around the world, an ANC visit is serving as a gateway to health
services both during and beyond maternity care. In addition to diagnosing and managing pregnancy-
related complications, ANC provides an opportunity to screen for and treat other chronic conditions and
non-communicable diseases. It is the proportion of women attended at least four times during pregnancy
by trained health personnel for reasons related to their pregnancy (1, 2).

Globally, while 86 % of pregnant women access ANC with skilled health personnel at least once, only
62 % receive at least four antenatal visits (2). In regions with the highest rates of maternal mortality such
as sub-Saharan Africa, even fewer women received at least four antenatal visits (52 %). In Ethiopian,
the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey(DHS)shows that the first ANC coverage has reached
62%(2).Maternal and child health (MCH) were a focus of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
(2000–2015), and continued to be part of Sustainable Development Goal(SDG) five (2016–2030) as
agreed upon by the United Nations and co-operating countries(3). Complications during pregnancy,
childbirth and the postpartum period present a significant and complex public health problem in low
income countries such as Ethiopia(4). One strategy endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
to improve the MCH outcomes is to encourage male partner involvement in ANC(5). Male partner
involvement in women's sexual and reproductive health as well as maternal and child health care has
attracted considerable attention since the International Conference was held on Population and
Development (ICPD) in Cairo, 1994 (6) and the 4th World Conference on Women in Beijing(7), which
were on women’s health and the need to have men more involved in the promotion of maternal health.
Although the WHO has recognized the role of male partner involvement in MCH, the proportion of
ANC attendees who do benefit from their husbands is rather low. Engaging male partner early in
pregnancy healthcare is viewed as an opportunity to educate them about the importance of perinatal
healthcare and to help male partners support their spouses effectively during pregnancy, birth
preparation, during delivery and in the postnatal period(8).

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In most sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia, pregnancy and childbirth have long been
regarded as exclusively women’s affairs. Evidences suggest that in positive benefits of male partner's
involvement in antenatal care is associated with improved maternal health outcomes(8) .Despite the
potential benefits, male partner involvement in antenatal care service in Ethiopia is low and vary across
regions (9, 10).Despite the Ethiopian government’s focus on maternal health and the WHO
recommendations regarding male involvement, there is limited evidence about male partner’s
involvement in antenatal care service in Ethiopia in general and Addis Ababa in particular.

1.2. Statement of the problem

ANC is a critical element for reducing maternal mortality through prevention, early detection and
treatment of problems and complications(11).In 2015, 303,000 women died of pregnancy and child birth
related complications worldwide, among which 99% were in developing world and 1% in developed
countries(1). Besides, the maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births in developing to developed
countries was 239 to 12.(1). According to 2016 DHS, the MMR in Ethiopia was 412 per 100,000 live
births. However, this figure is far from the millennium development goal (MDG) target of 267maternal
deaths per 100,000 live births by 2015(3).

Utilization of ANC depends not only the availability of services but also on different factors such as
husbands’ involvement in seeking institutional ANC service(12).The role of men as household heads
and chief decision-makers, as indicated in majority of studies in Ethiopia, determines women’s access to
maternal health services and influences their health outcomes (8). Some researchers suggest that male
partners’ involvement is a very significant factor to consider in finding a solution for the main factors
that are responsible for many of the maternal death. These factors include delay one (delay in decision
making to seek healthcare) and delay two (delay in reaching to health facility) which are directly related
to the issues in the family and need the involvement of the husbands(13, 14).

In majority of Sub-Sahara African countries including Ethiopia, male partner’s participation at ANC is
low(4). Predictably, men thought that antenatal clinic activities fell outside their area of responsibility.
Consequently, men perceived that attending the antenatal clinic would be “unmanly”(15). Studies
conducted in Harari and Tigray regions showed that male involvements in ANC visits was only 19.7%
and 18% respectively(16, 17). Another study in Addis Ababa conducted on male involvement in
prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV showed that 39% of male partners had

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attended ANC service with their partners(18). Some studies have shown that socio-demographic,
cultural and health facility factors hinder the participation of male at antenatal care(16). The sources of
information for these studies were pregnant woman who attended ANC visits in health facilities
reflecting their feelings about their husbands. However, studying the actual factors that hinder male
partner’s involvement in the ANC service by involving the male partner themselves as respondents is
very worthwhile to produce unbiased evidence.

Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (EFMOH), as part of reproductive health (RH) has a strategies to
reduce MMR. Those strategies did not consider and were not focused on the roles of men in maternal
health services including ANC, except limiting their participation only for HIV screening(19). Similarly,
male partner involvement in wives’ ANC service has not been well assessed and there is no clear
evidence that shows the level of male partner‘s involvement in the uptake of ANC service in Ethiopia as
well as in Addis Ababa. Hence, this study is intended to know the status of male partner’s involvement
in wives ANC service and to assess associated factors which facilitate or inhibit the involvement in the
uptake of ANC services in study area.

1.3. Significance and rationale of the study

Husband and wife as a couple bear all the responsibility of their present and future life. To ensure good
health of the family they need better understanding and Cooperation between each other. At the time of
pregnancy, demand for cooperation is more to ensure the safety of mother and child. So it is important to
check the husbands’ presence at the time of wives ANC visit for better maternal health outcome(12).
Male partners who attended their wives’ ANC visits are benefited from getting first-hand information
about the health of their wives and the unborn babies, so that they will contribute in identifying and
preventing danger signs of pregnancy(4). Most studies did not focus exclusively on the role of men,
instead examined factors related to maternal healthcare overall and included some information on male
partner involvement(4). It is believed that improved ANC service coverage and utilization doesn’t
guarantee the full prevention, treatment, care and support for the pregnant mother unless male partners
are involved in wide ranges of ANC activities (18). Therefore, this study is useful to show the status of
male partner involvement in ANC and to identify factors that affect this involvement. The information
that is delivered by this study provides directions for stakeholders to implement successful strategies that
are effective in promoting male involvement in ANC service, which eventually leads to improvement in
health service utilization and the health of the women and (20).

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Magnitude of male partner involvement during ANC service utilization of wives
2.1.1 Accompanying woman for ANC visit
Institutional based cross-sectional study on male partners’ involvement in maternal ANC was conducted
in Harari regional State (16). It was made among ANC attendees in the health institutions and
385womens were interviewed. This study was intended to investigate the level of male involvement in
maternal ANC care and to identify the factors associated with ANC follow up. As a result 52.6% of the
women were answered that were never accompanied to any of their ANC visit during their recent
pregnancy, only 19.7% were accompanied by their male partners during their current visit. The Possible
reasons why the women were not accompanied by their male partners were asked and majority of the
participants (54.6%) reported that their partners were occupied with routine jobs. In addition, 13.6% of
the respondents replied that males consider the ANC is the sole responsibility of the wife/women(16).

Another Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar city to assess the prevalence
and associated factors of male involvement in HCT among partners of pregnant women(14).422 partners
of pregnant women were participated .In this study, about 40.1% of the partners accompany their wives
to ANC and received HIV counseling and testing together. The study result showed that male partners of
pregnant women who were living with their wives were significant more likely to attend the ANC
service than those partners of pregnant women living in separated place. On the other hand the level of
male involvement in ANC /HCT visits was found to be higher among younger male partners. In this
study, male involvement in ANC visit/ HCT was significantly associated with wife’s number of
pregnancies(21). A Community-based cross-sectional study which is conducted in Chencha district
Gamogofa zone southern Ethiopia, among 836 participants showed that the magnitude of pregnant
women that are accompanied by their partner in ANC service in the district was 9.4% (14).
2.1.2. Shared decision making
A cross-sectional study done in Central Tanzania on factors influencing men's involvement in antenatal
care service mentioned that 89% of male partner respondents made joint decisions on seeking antenatal
care(22).The study carried out in Kassena-Nankana Districts of Ghana using qualitative approaches
showed women who participated in the focus groups confirmed that health seeking decisions,
particularly relating to pregnancy and childbirth, are made by husbands and traditional soothsayer(23).
On the other hand a study done in Ambo on involvement of male in antenatal care, birth preparedness

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and complication readiness and associated factors showed that about 60.7% of decision to seek wife's
healthcare service was made by male partners alone and 34% of shared decision was made jointly
(24).Similarly in India male involvement and utilization of maternal health services were assessed and
the result showed that 27 percent of health care decision taken jointly and the rest was made by
husbands only (12). Another cross sectional survey conducted in Vietnam among 907 mothers with
children younger than one year showed that two- third of women (66.5%) were not equal to their
husbands in decision making regarding to their health(25).

2.1.3. Financial support

A cross sectional study conducted in Uganda on determinants of male involvement in PMTCT of HIV
program showed that only 4.7% of the 387 men participants had attended ANC with their partners, but
most of them(97%) provided financial support to their spouses to attend ANC(26).Another community
based cross sectional study in male involvement in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in
Addis Ababa showed that 87.5% male partners provided financial support to their spouses to attend
ANC(18).Similarly a study on women's attitudes toward their partners' involvement in antenatal care
and prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Cameroon showed that 98.2% of
respondents stated that male partners primary role was payment for obstetric care (27).

Another community-based cross sectional study in Debremarkos which assessed the level of male
partner involvement and associated factors in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS
services stated 88.3% of husbands had supported ANC follow up for their partners by covering medical
expenses (28). In contrast to the above studies, a cross sectional survey done in Vietnam among 907
mothers showed only one third of husbands provided financial support to their wives during
pregnancy(25)

2.2. Factors Associated with Male Involvement in ANC service utilization

2.2.1. Socio-Demographic factors

An educational level, marital status and age as a socio demographic factor could have an impact on male
involvement in ANC service. A study carried out in Makindye sub country Central Uganda, which is a
community-based descriptive cross sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches
between August and October 2015. The number of participants recruited was 405 (384 males and 21 key
informants). The study showed that 6% of male partners were found to be consistently involved while

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94.0% were not consistently involved in ANC. The results showed that education, Monthly income
earnings, marital status and age had a significant relationship with the male partner involvement in
antenatal care. Occupation has no association with male involvement to ANC. Therefore, higher
attainment of education improved involvement in ANC among male partners (10).

A Secondary analysis of 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data was done on Male partner
attendance at antenatal care and adherence to antenatal care guidelines. Complete data were used for
1204 couples who met inclusion criteria. As the study showed that, Compared to men who did not attend
ANC visits, men who attended at least one antenatal care appointment with their partner were younger,
had fewer children, were more educated, were wealthier, were more likely to live in an urban area,
report partner or shared healthcare decision making and follow Ethiopian Orthodox religion. Higher
rates of screening tests (urine and blood samples) and counseling about potential pregnancy
complications were significantly associated with male partner attendance at antenatal care. These
associations remained significant after controlling for socio-economic factors, women’s decision making
power and location of antenatal care (4).

2.2.2. Socio cultural factors

A study carried out in the East and West Kassena-Nankana Districts of Ghana was used a qualitative
research approach to gain an understanding of men’s perception of their role in maternal health (23).
One hundred twenty individuals participated in the focus groups discussion. This was in addition to the
16 in-depth interviews (IDIs) with the health workers. ANC services in Ghana are dominated by females
and men in the district do not accompany their partners for antenatal care due to many barriers like
tradition, lack of knowledge on the importance of accompanying their partners to the ANC, Men will
have risk social disrespect and stigma if seen accompanying their partners to the ANC(23). Women with
complications were more likely to have their husbands attend antenatal care with them. This was due to
two reasons; first, because the woman cannot walk due to the illness and therefore has to be transported
and second, because they want to have first-hand information on her recovery(23). Male involvement
and utilization in maternal health was also assessed in India using data from National Family Health
Survey. The analysis was done on 42,183 match couples, those who are married. Those women’s
husband has knowledge regarding maternal health and present at the time of ANC visit more likely to
utilize safe delivery service. The study shows that husband can significantly influence the women’s
health care utilization by restricting women into the house hold and leads non institutional delivery.

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Presence of violence decreases the husbands’ presence at the time of wives ANC visit but increase the
institutional delivery. A result showed that among Hindus 75% male partners are present in antenatal
care visit (12).

2.2.3. Knowledge towards ANC service

Institutional based cross-sectional study which was conducted in Harari regional State on male partners’
involvement in ANC service was showed that the reason why pregnant mothers were not accompanied
by their partners to the visit were identified as being husbands are preoccupied with work, lack of
knowledge that pregnancy could result in different complications, a belief that the ANC is the issue of
women’s only, male’s feeling shame to accompany and lack of responsibility (16). A study conducted in
India showed that husband ´s knowledge about pregnancy related care increases its utilization and
suggested that male partner's presence during antenatal visits might increase the likelihood of
institutional delivery(29).Another study conducted in Ambo Town, Ethiopia shows that 53.7% had
good knowledge of general danger signs of pregnancy in the study area(24).

2.2.4. Health Care Delivery System

In 2017 a community based cross sectional study was carried out in Kenya on male partner involvement
in antenatal care services among 424 Participants(15). Both qualitative and quantitative data was
collected through the questionnaires, interview schedules, Focus Group Discussion, and observation
(15). The study showed that the health care facility environment influenced husband's to accompany
wivesin attending antenatal clinic. Antenatal clinic’s environment influence comprises 62% on male
participation in antenatal care service(15). On the other hand a study conducted in Uganda as reflected
from husband’s qualitative data response, the first major factor consistently identified by the focus
groups was rudeness and rough handling of the pregnant women in the ANC clinics (26).A similar study
which is conducted in Uganda showed that long waiting times at health facilities (14.7%) and concerns
over limited privacy with most ANC health education and other activities being conducted in an open
space, making it difficult for males to express themselves(30).

This portion of the thesis has reviewed existing literatures based on conceptual and a methodological
approach that are applicable in male partner involvement in antenatal care service utilization. The level
of male partner involvement in antenatal care service is found to be different for different countries as
well as study methods. From the literatures reviewed male partner’s involvement in ANC of their wives

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ranges from (4.7%- 40%) in Uganda and Gondar town, Ethiopia respectively. Men partner involvement
in ANC services is low and most studies were based on pregnant woman's who attend ANC/PMTCT
clinics which reflect their feelings about their male partners; hence exploring the male partner actual
factors from husband’s perspective is worthwhile.

2.3. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1: Conceptual frame work on male’s involvement in ANC service use in selected public health
centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019(20).

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3. OBJECTIVES

3.1. General Objective

To assess the magnitude of male partner’s involvement in antenatal care service use and
identify factors that influence the involvement in selected public health centers in Bole sub
city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

3.2. Specific objectives

To determine the magnitude of male partner involvement in the ANC service use
To identify factors associated with male partner’s involvement in ANC service use

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4. METHODS

4.1. Study area

The study was conducted in a randomly selected public health centers in Bole sub city Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. Bole sub city is the largest among the ten administrative sub cities that are found in Addis
Ababa city. It is located in the south-eastern part of Addis Ababa with a total population of 406,059.
Under the sub city health office there are ten public health centers and other private health facilities
which offer maternal health services including ANC service. There are fifteen woreda administrations in
the sub-city; and the public health facilities are allocated based on the woreda’s distribution and
according to the geographical locations. One health center addresses one to two woreda’s catchment
population. A team of health professionals (Doctor, Nurses, Midwife, Pharmacists, Laboratory
Technicians and Health officers) provide the health care service at each public health facilities(31).

4.2. Study design

Facility based cross sectional study was conducted.

4.3. Source population

All husbands who accompanied their wives for ANC visit in public health facilities of Bole sub city,
Addis Ababa.

4.4. Study population

All husbands who accompanied their wives for ANC attendance in selected public health facilities in
Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa were the study population.

4.5. Inclusion Criteria

All husbands who accompanied their wives for ANC visit at the time of data collection and whose wives
had previous ANC follow up at least once.

4.6. Exclusion criteria

Those husbands whose wives are primigravid (those with no history of previous pregnancy) and null
para (those women with no history of delivery) were excluded from the study.

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 4.7. Sample size determination
The sample size required for this study was calculated based on a single population proportions formula
as follows; where n is sample size, Z is standard normal distribution corresponding to significance level
at α = 0.05, d is margin of error assumed to be 5%,
4.7.1. When P is Prevalence of male partner’s involvement in accompanying woman for ANC
= 19.7% ( taken from a study done at Harari region, Ethiopia 2014)(16).

n= (Z a/2)2p (1-P) / d2
n= (1.96)20.197 (0.803) / (0.05)2
n= 243
By considering non-response rate of 10 %, the final sample size is 270.
4.7.2. When P is Prevalence of male partner’s involvement in financial support for ANC =
87.5% ( taken from a study done at Addis Ababa region, Ethiopia 2014)(18)

n= (Z a/2)2p (1-P) / d2
n= (1.96)20.125 (0.875) / (0.05)2
n= 168
By considering non-response rate of 10%, the sample size is 187.
4.7.3. When P is Prevalence of male partner’s involvement in Shared decision making for ANC
= 34% ( taken from a study done at Ambo city Oromia region, Ethiopia 2016(24))

n= (Z a/2)2p (1-P) / d2
n= (1.96)20.34 (0.66) / (0.05)2
n= 345
By considering non-response rate of 10%, the sample size is 383.
Among the above selected samples of male partner’s involvement in ANC the largest sample size is the
final sample size of the study. For this reason the sample size is 383, which was taken from a study done
at Ambo city Oromia region, Ethiopia 2016(24).

4.8. Sampling procedures

Bole sub-city was selected for the study because it has diversified and largest population size among ten
sub cities that could represent that of Addis Ababa city. Among ten public health centers that are found
in Bole sub city five health centers were selected by using simple random sampling technique and the
calculated sample size was allocated proportionally to each health centers.

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Proportional allocation = Annual ANC follow-up plan of a given health facility Sample size
Sum of the annual ANC follow-up plan of each health facility

The study subjects (husbands of pregnant women) from each facility were selected by using systematic
random sampling techniques.

Figure 2:- Diagrammatic representation of sampling procedures in selected public health centers of
Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2019

4.9. Data collection procedures

The data collection process was supervised by the principal investigator using a structured questioner to
gather information from the study participants. A questionnaire was developed in English language first

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and translated into Amharic. The data was collected by six health professionals (Midwives and Nurses)
working at different public health facilities.

4.10. Variables of the study

4.10.1. Outcome/Dependent variable: Male partner’s involvement during ANC service of their
wife (accompanying woman for visit, shared decision making or financial support).
4.10.2. Explanatory variables:
 Socio-demographic variables: - Age of husbands(20-29, 30-39and 40-59 years),
educational status of wives and husbands(No formal education, Primary, Secondary,
Technical/Vocational and Higher),occupation of husbands and wives(Government,
private, self-employee, daily laborer, house wife and other)

 Socio cultural factors:- Cultural beliefs and social values

 Health care service related factors:-Friendly care service, Waiting time of service
provision (standard/not standard )&accessibility of the services
 Knowledge of husbands towards ANC service

4.11. Operational definitions

4.11.1. Male partner: male who is in marital unions with the women (legal, religious
and traditional)
4.11.2. Male partner’s involvement in ANC service: is measured by considering components,
which include accompanying woman for ANC visit, shared decision making about the
ANC service with his wife and financial support for pregnancy related expenses (6),
where any of them constitutes male partner’s involvement. As indicated on the
questionnaire, questions number 202, 208 and 211 measured the outcome variable.
4.11.3. Antenatal care service waiting time: is measured by considering the standard service
waiting time which is 55 minute (32).

4.12. Data Analysis Procedure

The collected data were entered into EPI data v3.1 software and transferred to SPSSv22software for
analysis. The data were cleaned and new variables deemed necessary for the study were computed ahead
of the final analysis. Owing to the binary nature of the outcome variable, binary logistic regression was
used to determine association between the dependent and explanatory variables. The outcome variable

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was measured by using the three components of male partner involvement in ANC service and each
variable was coded in to yes and no (1 and 0 respectively).Odds Ratio (OR) was used as a measure of
association. Statistical significance was measured by using 95% confidence interval (CI) of the reported
OR and p-value <0.05. Findings were presented in texts, tables and graphs by using frequencies,
percentages, mean and standard deviation. Variables that were significant at P-value less than 0.2at bi-
variable analysis were taken to the multivariable regression. Multi-co linearity was checked using the
Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) diagnostic statistical procedure before running the multivariable
regression analysis and VIF less than five. Concerning to model fitness, it was checked by Hosmer and
Leme show test.

4.13. Data quality management

The data quality was ensured through various procedures such as orienting data collectors, and pre-
testing the data collection instrument for its clarity to make it address the research problems
appropriately. Necessary adjustment to the tool was done prior to the actual data collection period. Also,
the questionnaire being structured has helped to minimize inter-data collector bias. Moreover, the
collected data were checked for its consistency, completeness and entered to Epi data version 3.1 and
exported to SPSS 22 for analysis.

4.14. Ethical considerations

Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethical Committee of the Addis Ababa university
school of public health. The proposal was also approved by Addis Ababa health bureau research ethical
committee and written permission was obtained. For each study participant verbal informed and written
consent was offered after the data collectors was explained the nature, purpose and procedures of the
study. Reassuring participants about anonymity and confidentiality of the data they provided was strictly
maintained.

4.15. Dissemination of results

The result of this study will be presented and submitted to Addis Ababa University College of Health
Science School of public health t and will also be disseminated to Bole sub City Health office and
Addis Ababa health bureau. The result will be accessed to other researchers to use as source of
information for further research and even to critique the findings.

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 5. RESULTS

5.1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents

During the data collection process, the response rate was 100%. More than 60% of the respondents were
between the age of 30-39 years, and the mean age (+SD) of the respondents was 34.07 (+5.29) years.
Concerning the educational status, 16 respondents (4.2%) had no formal education, 112 (29.2%) had
attended primary education, 99 (28.8%) had attended secondary education, and 94 (24.5%) had also
attended higher education. Besides, higher proportion (N=152, 39.7%) of respondents were private
sector employee. Regarding respondents' spouse educational and employment status, 138 (36%) wives
had attended secondary education and the majority 174 (45%) were housewives (Table 1).

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and their wives at selected health centers of
Bole sub city, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2019. (n= 383)
Variables N (%)
20-29 93 (24.3)
Age category 30-39 234 (61.1)
40-59 56 (14.6)
Government employee 72 (18.8)
Occupational status Private sector 152 (39.7)
of respondents employee Self- 103 (26.9)
employee 56 (14.6)
Daily Laborer 112 (29.2)
Educational status of Primary 99 (25.8)
respondents Secondary 62 (16.2)
Technical/Vocational 94 (24.5)
Higher 16 (4.2)
No education 174 (45.4)
Respondents' spouse House wife 74 (19.3)
occupational status Private sector employee 56 (14.6)
Self employed 51 (13.3)
Government employ 28 (7.3)
Daily laborer

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 Primary 105 (27.4)
Respondents' spouse Secondary 138 (36)
educational status Technical/Vocational 58 (15.1)
Higher 43 (11.2)
No education 39 (10.2)

5.2 Male partners’ involvement in ANC service and wives obstetric history
5.2.1 Men involvement in previous pregnancy ANC service
With respect to previous pregnancy, 324 (84.6 %) husbands mentioned that their wives had skilled ANC
follow up. Majority of the respondents, 205 (63.3%) were accompanied their wives during their previous
pregnancy at least once, and of which 146 (70.5 %) had accompanied two and above visits. Moreover,
324 respondents (97.9%) were involved in financial support for expense related to pregnancy and ANC
service, and 310 (93.7%) were also involved in decision making to seek skilled ANC service in previous
pregnancy.

Regarding respondents' main reason for not attending wives at ANC visit, 75 husbands (64.1%) stated
that they were preoccupied with routine work, 36 (30.8%) thought that their attendance at the visit was
not useful, and only five (4.3%) husbands mentioned that their wives didn't want them to go for the visit.
About 307 (80%) of respondents also stated that their wives did not face any pregnancy complications in
previous pregnancy. The number of wives attending the current ANC visit for their second pregnancy
(N= 295, 77 %) exceeds those wives who were attending for their third and above pregnancy status (88,
23 %) more than three times (figure 3).

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 97.9
100 93.7

80

63.3
Percentage of 60

40

20

0
Accompanying wives Financial support Decision making

Involvement in previous ANC service

Figure 3: Male partners’ involvement in previous pregnancy ANC visits at selected health centers of
Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019
5.3 Men's knowledge about antenatal care services
Knowledge of male partners about ANC services that are provided at the health center level was
assessed on the basis of twenty three questions. Each respondent answered six questions in average.
Accordingly, 61.6% of respondents knew at least one ANC service, of which 18 respondents (4.7%)
had knowledge related to blood and urinalysis investigation, 194 (50.7%) related to fetal health
monitoring , 94 (24.5%) to provider initiated HIV testing and counseling , 40 (10.4%) to iron
supplementation , six (1.6%) to tetanus toxin (TT) vaccine, 61(15.9%) to advice on danger signs, five
(1.3%) to PMTCT , and three (0.8) to advice on skilled delivery.

The importance of ANC service to the mother as well as the unborn baby was acknowledged by 382
respondents (99.7%). This was related to getting skilled care services from health professionals as
perceived by 319 respondents (83.3%), to preventing pregnancy complications by 172 respondents
(44.9%), to promoting health of the mother and the fetus by 171 respondents (44.6%), and to HIV
testing and counseling by 33 respondents (8.6%). Majority of the respondents (n=363, 94.8 %) believed
in staring ANC follow up before sixteen weeks of gestational age; however, with regard to the
knowledge of ANC visit frequency, only 61 respondents (5.9 %) knew the recommended number of

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visits. Concerning the responsibilities who should accompany pregnant women for ANC visits, the
majority (n=315, 82%) mentioned it to be that of the husband (Table 2).

Table 2: Knowledge of male partner’s regarding antenatal care services and its importance at Bole sub
city selected public health centers, Addis Ababa, April 2019.

Variables Yes No
N (%) N (%)
Know about ANC services 147 (38.4)
236 (61.6)
Blood & Urine Analysis 365 (95.3)
18 (4.7)
Fetal Health Monitoring 189 (49.3)
194 (50.7)
HIV Testing & Counseling 290 (75.5)
94 (24.5)
Iron Supplementation 345 (89.6)
40 (10.4)
TT Vaccine 369 (98.4)
6 (1.6)
Advice on danger signs 323 (84.1)
61 (15.9)
PMTCT 380 (98.7)
5 (1.3)
Advice on Skilled Delivery 372 (99.2)
3 (0.8)
1 (0.3)
Is ANC Service Important 382 (99.7)
64 (16.7)
Skilled Care Service 319 (83.3)
Prevent pregnancy complications 211 (55.1)
172 (44.9)
Promote Health of Mother & Fetus 212 (55.4)
171 (44.6)
HIV testing & counseling 351 (91.4)
33 (8.6)
20 (5.2)
ANC follow up should be started < 16 weeks 363 (94.8)
53 (13.8)
Male partner's should accompany their pregnant wives 330 (86.2)
Recommended ANC visit frequency is > 4 visit 322 (84.1)
61 (15.9)

5.4. Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs

As shown in figure 4 below, husbands' knowledge on pregnancy danger signs was very low. Most
respondents (n=210, 54.8 %) did not know danger signs that occurred during pregnancy. From those
respondents who mentioned at least one danger sign of pregnancy (n=173, 45.2 %), only 34 respondents
(8.9%) knew two and above danger signs. Vaginal bleeding was the most recognized danger sign of
pregnancy, whereas loss of consciousness and edema were the least recognized. (Figure 4)

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 40
35.5
35
30
25
20
15
10
Percentage

9.1
5
5 2.1 2.1
0
Vaginal bleedingSevere headache Unable to hear fetalSwollen hands/ faceLoss of
movementconsciousness or convulsion
Danger Signs

Figure 4: Knowledge of male partners about danger Signs of pregnancy in Bole sub-city selected health
centers, Addis Ababa, April 2019.

5.5. Health care service related influence of male partner's involvement in antenatal care service

According to the respondents’ feedback, it took not more than 30 minutes to reach to the health facility
from their home for 270 respondents (70.5%). Most of the respondents (n=201, 52.5%) believed that
health providers had positive or encouraging attitude for husband’s participation in ANC visit. However,
only 83 respondents (21.7 %) had waiting time, at the health facilities, of less than or equal to 55
minutes to receive the ANC service. Besides, the waiting areas were found to be inadequate and with
lack of chairs to most of the respondents (n=231, 60.3%). (Table 3)

Table 3: Health care service related influence on male partner's involvement in antenatal care service in
Bole sub-city selected health centers, Addis Ababa, April 2019.

Variables Yes No
N (%) N (%)
Possible to reach the nearest public health center within 30 minute 270 (70.5) 113 (29.5)
Health care providers have positive attitude towards male partners of
201 (52.5) 182 (47.5)
pregnant women at ANC visit
Suitability of the ANC provision area for males 231(60.3)
152 (39.7)

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5.6. Socio- cultural factors influence on male partner's involvement in antenatal care
service
This study established socio-cultural influences on male partner’s involvement in supporting their
spouse in ANC service use. ANC service room is perceived, by almost half of the respondents (n=188,
49.1%), as a place where service is given only for women. Some of the respondents also believed that
pregnancy is only women affair that does not require husbands participation (n=16, 4.2%), and they had
no couple discussion culture on a healthy pregnancy (n=43, 11.2%). Besides, significant number of
respondents (n=222, 58%) stated that the community that they lived in did not have participation on
issues associated with ANC service. On the other hand, 75 respondents (19.6%) thought that pregnancy
is a natural phenomenon that does not need much attention. (Table 4)

Table 4: Socio- cultural factors influence on male partners’ involvement in wives antenatal care service
use, Bole sub city selected health centers, Addis Ababa, April 2019.

Variables Yes No
N (%) N (%)

Pregnancy is women’s affairs 16 (4.2) 367 (95.8)

ANC clinic is a place where service is given only for women 188 (49.1) 195 (50.9)
It is our culture to discuss as a couple about the healthy pregnancy. 340 (88.8) 43 (11.2)
Pregnancy is a natural phenomenon, it should be given much
attention 308 (80.4) 75 (19.6)
Community participation regarding with wives ANC service 161 (42) 222 (58)

5.7 Result of bi-variable and Multi-variable logistic regression analysis on factors associated with
male partner involvement in ANC

Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association of each independent variable with
male partners’ involvement in their wives ANC visit. The multi-variable logistic regression analysis was
confined to one of the three response variables, accompanying wives at ANC service, since almost all
respondents have responded “yes” to the other measurements of male partner’s involvement (table 5).

Twenty selected variables were separately assessed in the binary regression model and variables that
showed a p-value of 0.2 and less at bi-variable analysis were taken to multivariable logistic regression
model. Eight factors were found significantly associated with the response variable during bivariate
regression and all of them were entered in to multi-variable logistic regression

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The result showed that occupational status of the respondents was found to be associated with male
partners who accompanied their wives at ANC visit. The odds of being involved in wives ANC visit
among private sector employees [AOR=3.54, 95% CI (1, 12.9)] and self-employed [AOR=3.7, 95% CI
(1, 13.9)] are higher than that of daily laborers.

Under healthcare delivery system influencing variable professionals’ attitude towards male partner
attendance during their wives at ANC visit also significantly influenced male involvement. Respondents
who had exposure for health professionals positive attitude were three times more likely to be involved
in wife' antenatal care visit [AOR=3.19, 95% CI ( 1.90,5.36)].

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 Table 5: Factors associated with male partner’s involvement in ANC service utilization.

Variables Males involved in previous COR (95% CI) AOR (95%)

pregnancy ANC visit
Yes No
Husbands Occupation
Governmental employee 47 (14.7%) 18 (5.6%) 3.92 (1.58, 9.7) 3.93 (0.94,16)
Private organization 82 (25.3%) 50 (15.4%) 2.46 (1, 5.5) 3.54(1, 12.9)*
Self-employed 64 (19.8%) 33 (10.2%) 2.9 (1.25, 6.7) 3.72 (1,13.9)*
Daily laborer 12 (3.7%) 18 (5.6%) 1 1
Husbands Education
No formal education 3 (0.9%) 3 (0.9%) 0.53(0.1, 2.73) 0.49 (0.06, 3.59)
Primary education 47 (14.5%) 38 (11.7%) 0.65 (0.38, 1.13) 0.6 (0.26, 1.36)
Secondary education 61(18.8%) 28(8.6%) 1.15(0.66, 2) 1.26(0.64, 2.47)
Technical and Higher 94 (29%) 50 (15.4%) 1 1
education
Spouse education
No formal education 13(4%) 7(2.2%) 0.71 (0.25,1.97) 1.51 (0.4,5.76)
primary education 55(77%) 32(9.9%) 0.65(0.35, 1.23) 1.48(0.63, 3.5)
Secondary education 69 (21.3%) 54 (16.7%) 0.01 (0.48, 0.27) 0.58(0.3, 1.13)
Technical and Higher 68 (21%) 26 (8%) 1 1
education
Spouse Occupation
House wife 89(27.5%) 56 (17.3%) 1.39 (0.76, 2.54) 1.27 (0.65, 2.48)
Self-employed 38 (11.7%) 15 (4.6%) 2.22 (1, 4.84) 2.24 (0.9, 5.55)
Governmental 37(11.4%) 10(3.1%) 3.25(1.37, 7.67) 2.35(0.9, 6.16)
Daily laborer 8(2.5%) 9(2.8%) 0.78(0.26, 2.28) 2(0.41, 10.45)
Private sector employee 33(10.2%) 29(9%) 1 1
Pregnancy related problems
Yes 46 (14.2%) 16 (4.9%) 1.86 (1, 3.46) 1.2 (0.6, 2.39)
No 159 (49.1%) 103 (31.8%) 1 1
Giving attention to pregnancy
Yes 164 (50.6%) 102(31.5%) 0.66 (0.36, 1.23) 0.65 (0.32, 1.33)
No 41 (12.7%) 17 (5.2%) 1 1
Community practice towards ANC
Yes 101 (31.2%) 47 (14.5%) 1.48 (0.94, 2.35) 1.43 (0.84, 2.43)
No 104(32.1%) 72 (22.2%) 1 1
Professional attitude for male accompanied their wife’s ANC visit
Yes 128 (39.5%) 44 (13.6%) 2.83 (1.77, 4.52) 3.19 (1.9, 5.36)*
No 77 (23.8%) 75 (23.1%) 1 1
* P value is significant at < 0.05

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 6. DISCUSSION

This study was carried out to assess factors associated with male partners’ involvement in ANC service
in selected health centers of Bole sub-city, Addis Ababa. More than 60% of the respondents
accompanied their spouse at least once in ANC visit in previous pregnancy. The largest percentage of
participants (93.7%) was also involved in shared decision making. Besides, almost all respondents,
(97.9%), supported their wives financially for their previous pregnancy ANC service. Respondents who
were employee of private sector, self- employed and those who got positive attitude from health
professionals had significant association with male partners’ involvement in previous pregnancy ANC
visit.

The study determined that among male partners who accompanied the current pregnancy, only 63.3%
had attended the previous ANC visits at least once. The prevalence of the study was similar with the
studies done at Ambo, Myanmar and Northern Uganda that showed husbands accompanied their spouses
at ANC visit at least once was 59.9%, 64.8% and 65.4% respectively (24, 33, 34) . On the other hand,
much higher male partner attendance of previous ANC visits was recorded in this study as compared to
that of studies done in Harari (19.7%) , Halaba (24.9%) and Bangladish (27%), respectively (16, 35,
36). The reason for these differences might be socio-cultural factors, professional attitude and low ANC
service coverage in study areas.

Better communication between spouses and shared decision making have been identified as enabling
mechanism for males to involve in accompany and financial support during ANC service use. This study
showed that 93.7% of respondents were involved in decision making related to wives healthcare service
use, from this only 11.7% of decision was made by males and the rest 82% decision was made by both
husband and wife jointly. This result is similar to a study done in Addis Ababa which reported 12%
decision made by husbands only(9). Against to this study findings, a survey done in Ambo showed that
about 60.7% of decision to seek healthcare service was made by male partners alone and 34% of shared
decision made jointly (24), and in India, 27% of decision was made jointly by husband and wife(12).
The difference could be due to socio-cultural factors across countries as well as urban and rural
residence setting.

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With regard to financial support, most of the respondents (n=324, 97.9%) covered the cost for
transportation and pregnancy related expenses. Similar result was also reported in other studies done at
Halaba (95.1%), Cameroon (98.2%), and Myanmar (95.8%) (33, 35, 37). This is because most husbands
consider that the provision of finance for pregnancy related expenses is their most important role in
supporting wives’ pregnancy.

The involvement of male partners in ANC service was found to vary among different categories of the
respondents’ occupation. Private sector employee and self-employed male partners were more likely
involved in ANC service as compared to those who were daily laborers. Regarding to the respondents’
wives, 174 (45.4%) were unemployed, and 144 (37.6%) included both those who had attended primary
education and those who had no formal education. This is in-line with other studies conducted at Addis
Ababa and south Ethiopia; majority of wives of respondents were house wives by occupation (48% and
74.2%, respectively) and had attended lower educational level (15% and 54.1%, respectively) (9, 14).
Moreover, according to the united nations development program (UNDP), sub-Saharan Africa has the
highest gender inequity in the world(38). Regarding with the reason why husbands were not
accompanying their wives previously, more than half (64.1%) of respondents mentioned that their main
reason was their routine jobs did not allow them to attend wife's ANC visit. This finding is concurrent
with other studies done at Harari in 2014, Halaba in 2017, and Mozambique in 2016 (16, 35).

Even if there was high male partner involvement in ANC service, the assessment of husbands’
knowledge about pregnancy, ANC service and pregnancy danger signs showed low score, that is six out
of twenty three knowledge indexes on average. This implies that only few male partners shared ANC
packages provided by the healthcare professionals with active participation, which may be because of
that the healthcare system was focused on HIV screening only with regard to male partners. Similar
studies also reported that there was limited knowledge of husbands on ANC service and pregnancy
danger signs(13, 35).

Under health care delivery system, the last variable that was significantly associated with male partner
involvement in wives’ ANC service was health professionals’ attitude towards male involvement.
According to this study, husbands who were exposed for professionals’ positive attitude were four times
more likely to be involved in ANC service than those who were not exposed. Similarly other studies
done in Tanzania and Kenya showed that most male partners tended to have a passive attitude regarding

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the role during pregnancy; they stated that pregnancy is women burden unless there was a clinical
complication (39, 40).

This research reported the unbiased feedback of the husbands' for not being involved in previous ANC
visit(s). Besides, the use of a structured questionnaire for interview can be considered as the strength of
the study. However, it was limited in that: recall bias is possible from the cross-sectional nature of this
study which reported male partner's involvement in previous pregnancy; and as the study was facility
based, it excluded male partners who were not attended the current ANC visit in data collection period.

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 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Conclusion

This study was conducted to assess the status of male partners in their spouse ANC visit and the factors
associated with it. Accordingly, 63.3% male partners were found to accompany their wives at ANC
visit; 97.9% respondents were involved in financial support; and 93.7% respondents were involved in
decision making to seek skilled ANC service in previous pregnancy. Husband's occupational status and
under health care delivery system, professional attitude towards male involvement were among the top
influencing factors for the involvement of husbands.

7.2. Recommendations

For government and policy makers:

Policy makers should incorporate and strengthen strategies or health policy that will improve the
recognition of male partner’s involvement in ANC service as well as in maternal health service
packages. The government should also support, monitor and evaluate the strategies of promoting men’s
involvement in ANC service.

For health workers:

All health professionals should create positive attitude towards males who accompanied their wives at
ANC, and also should engage them in each ANC service packages during their visit.

For further research:

The study recommends that further research should be undertaken to verify the positive outcome
achieved from the involvement of male partners, on maternal and child health.

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southern Ethiopia 2017. Addis Ababa university college of health science school of allied science 2017.
36. Rahman Mosiur TMaMG. Men's role in women's antenatal health status: Evidence from
rural Rajshahi, Bangladish 2015. . 2015.
37. Godlove Nkuoh DM, Pius Tih and Joseph NKfusai. Barriers to men's participation in antenatal
and prevention of mother to child HIV transmissioncare in Cameroon, Africa. Journal of Midwifery
and amp:Women's health. 2010;55(4).
38. (UNDP) UNDP. Human Development Report. 2013.
39. Vermanuel Ellen SAaJJMvR. Opportunities for male involvement during pregnancy in Magu
district, rural Tanzania. BMC pregnancy and child birth. 2016.
40. Titus K Kwambai SD, Desa Meghna, Charls A Ameh, Bobbie Person, Florence Achieng, Linda ;
Mason, KaylamF Laserson and Feiko O ter Kuile. Perspectives of men on antenatal and delivery care
service utilization in rural western Kenya: a qualitative study. BMC pregnancy and child birth. 2013.

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 ANNEX I: QUESTIONNAIRE (English Version)

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTEMENT

Participant Information Sheet

Dear respondents my name is and I am working as data collector for the study being
conducted in this health center by Ms Eskedar Girum who is a health professional and studying for her
master’s degree at Addis Ababa University, College of health science school of public health department
postgraduate program. I kindly request you to lend me your attention to explain you about the study and
how you have been selected as study participant.
Study Title: Male Partner Involvement in Antenatal Care Visits in Public Health Facilities in Bole Sub
city, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2018.
Purpose/Aim of the study: is to assess the status of male partner involvement in antenatal care and
identify factors that influence male involvement in ANC service.
Procedure and duration: First of all i selected you to take part in this study randomly. There are
different questions to answer. Interview questionnaire will take 20-30 minutes averagely.
Risks: The risk of being participating in this study is very minimal. There will not be anything that
could impose harm (physical, social, emotional, mental, political, and religious) unless we take your
time for a few minutes for interview.
Benefit: At this moment you may not get any direct benefit by being involved in this study and there
would not be any direct payment for participating but the information you provide may reveal important
information for the health planners in relation of maternal and child health services.
Confidentiality: The information that you provide us will be confidential. The questioner will be coded
to exclude showing your name on questionnaire and consent form.
Rights: Participation in this study is fully voluntary. You have the right to declare not to participate in
this study and you have the right to with draw from participating at any time.
Contact address: If there is any questions or unclear idea any time about the study or the procedures, do
not hesitate to contact and speak to the principal investigator with the following address.
Cell phone number: 0913567361 or e-mail address - [email protected].

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I have read this form and I comprehend and understand all condition stated
above. Are you willing to participate in this study?
1. No (say thank you) 2. Yes (continue interviewing)

Consent Form
I have read the information sheet concerning this study (or have understood the verbal explanation) and
I understand what will be required from me and what will happen to me if I take part in it. I also
understand that any time I may withdraw from this study without giving a reason and without me or my
family’s routine service utilization being affected for my refusal.

Participants’ signature Date

Interviewer certifies that the informed consent has been given verbally for
participants. Interviewer name
Interviewer signature Date

May I continue the interview?

1. Yes Continue the interview
2. No Stop the interview and thank the respondent

Result: (to confirm for completeness)

A. Questionnaire completed
B. Questionnaire partially completed
C. Participant refused

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  Participant Code No.
 Code of the health facility:
Section I. Socio-demographic characteristics of male partners
S.No Questions Options /choices Remark
101 How old are you? (Completed year) -----------------
102 What is your occupation? 1. Government employee
2. Private employee
3. Self-employee
4. Daily Laborer
5. Other
103 What is your educational status 1. No education 2. Primary
3. Secondary 4. Technical/Vocational
5. Higher
104 What is your spouse’ occupational 1. House wife
status? 2. Self employed
3.Government employ
4.Daily laborer
5. Private employee
105 What is your spouse’ educational status? 1. No education 2. Primary
3. Secondary 4. Technical/Vocational
5. Higher
106 How much is your family income per
month? ----------Ethiopian birr

Section II. Male partners’ involvement in ANC visits and wives obstetric history
S.no Questions Options /Response Remark
201 Where was your wife attending ANC 1. No follow up
follow up for the last pregnancy? 2. Health facility
3. Other specify………
202 Have you ever gone to health facility 1. Yes
with your spouse for ANC checkup in 2.No
her previous pregnancy?

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203 If so, how many times did you go with 1.One 2.Two 3.Three
her? 4.Four 5.Above four
204 What was your reason to be there? Specify
205 If No, what was the reason of your 1. Not necessary
absence? 2. Job does not permit
3.My wife does not want to participate
4. Other reasons
206 Is the current pregnancy intended? 1. Intended 2.Unintended
207 How many ANC visits (including this) 1.one
have you attended in the current 2.Two
pregnancy? 3.Three or more
208 Have you ever financially supported your 1. Yes
wife for any one of the pervious ANC 2.No
visits?
209 Who covers costs related to the current 1. Me (husband)
ANC? 2. Her( wife)
3. Both of us
(Shared) 4.Others
210 Who make decisions about issues related 1.Wife
to the current ANC? 2.Husband
3.Both(shared)
4.Others
211 Who decided about the need to visit 1.Wife
health facilities in the previous ANCs? 2.Husband
3.Both(shared)
4.Others
212 How many times does your wife get 1. II
pregnant? (including this one) 2.III
3. IV or more
213 How many times your wife did give 1.I 2.II3.III or more
birth?

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214 Does your wife experience any health 1. Yes
problem during the last pregnancy? 2. No
215 If so, What type of obstetric problem 1. Excessive vaginal bleeding
does she face? 2. Retained placenta
3. Others

Section III. Male partners Knowledge towards ANC services

S.no Questions Options /Response Remark
301 Do you know A;NC services? 1. Yes
2. No
302 If your answer is yes to question 124, 1. Blood test
what are they? 2. Urinalysis tests
(more than one answer possible) 3. Monitoring fetal health
4. HIV Counseling and testing
5. Iron supplementation
6. Immunization against tetanus
7. Advice on danger signs
8. PMTCT
9. Advice on skilled attendance at birth
10. Others
303 Is ANC service important for mother? 1. Yes
2. No
304 If yes question number 126, When do
you think it is appropriate time to start -------------weeks
the ANC after amenorrhea?
305 Why do you think ANC service provided 1. Access to skilled care
by skilled professional is important 2. To prevent pregnancy complications.
(more than one answer possible)? 3. To promote the health of the mother
and baby throughout pregnancy
4. To screen for HIV/AIDS
5. I don’t know ……99

6.Other

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306 What is the recommended minimum 1.Once
number of visits that a pregnant woman 2.Twice
needs to attend ANC? 3. Three times
4.Four times
5. I don’t know………99
6. Other
307 What are the danger sign of 1. Vaginal bleeding
pregnancy(more than one answer 2. Swollen hands/ face
possible) 3. Unable to hear fetal movement
4. Sever headache
5. Loss of
consciousness/convulsion 6.Other
7. I don’t know..........99
308 Who should accompany women for ANC 1. Husband
visits? 2. Her Mother
3. Her Sister
4. Others

Section IV. Socio-Cultural influence on male involvement in ANC visits

S.no Questions Options /Response Remark
401 Pregnancy is the domain of women/ 1. Yes
women’s affairs? 2. No
402 ANC clinic is a place where the service is 1. Yes
given only for women? 2. No
403 As a couple did you discuss about the 1. Yes
healthy pregnancy? 2. No
404 Pregnancy is natural phenomenon that 1. Yes
should not be given much attention? 2. No
405 Does your community have any practices 1. Yes
associated with ANC follow up? 2. No

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Section V. Influence of Health Care Facility on Male Involvement in Antenatal care service
S.no Questions Options /Response Remark
501 Is there a public health care facility in your area? 1. Yes
2. No
502 How long does it take to reach the nearest public 1. Below 15 Minute
health facility from your home (one way walking 2. 15 – 30 Minute
time) 3.30 min and above
503 What is the attitude of the health care providers 1. Positive
towards partners of pregnant women in ANC 2. Negative
visits at the health facility? 3. Don’t know…..99
504 How many hours have you stayed to get the
service?
505 Do you know maternal health service provision at 1. Yes
health center is for free? 2. No
506 Is the place where ANC service given suitable for 1. Yes
male? 2. No
3. Don’t know….. 99
This is all what I want to ask you. Thank you for spending your time and valuable information you gave me.
Do you have any question that can I address for you?

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 ANNEXE II: QUESTIONNAIRE (Amharic Version)

የመረጃገጽናየፈቃደኝነት/የስምምነትቅጽ (የአማርኛቅጂ)

የተሳታፊውመረጃገጽ
ክቡራን ተሳታፊዎች ስሜ እባላለሁ፡፡ሲ/ር
እስከዳር ግሩም የተባሉ የጤና ባለሙያ በአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የጤና ሳይንስ ኮሌጅ የማሕበረሰብ ጤና ትምህርት ክፍል የድህረ
ምረቃ ተማሪ ሲሆኑ እዚህ ጤና ጣቢያ ለሁለተኛ ዲግሪ ትምህርታቸው መመረቂያ በሚያደርጉት ጥናት ላይ መረጃ ሰብሳቢ በመሆን
እየሰራሁ እገኛለሁ:: ስለ ጥናቱ እና እርስዎ የጥናቱ ተሳታፊ ሆነው ስለ ተመረጡበት መንገድ እንድገልጽልዎት ትኩረትዎ
እንዲሰጡኝ በትሕትና እጠይቃለሁ፡፡
የጥናቱ ርዕስ፡ በቦሌ ክ/ከተማ በሚገኙ የጤና ተቋማት ላይ በእርግዝና ክትትል የወንድ አጋር ያለው ሱታፌ
የጥናቱ ዓላማ: ነፍሰ ጡር ሴት በሚኖራት የእርግዝና ክትትል አገልግሎት የወንድ አጋርዋ ያለው የተሳትፎ ሁኔታ ለመገምገም እና
በዚህ የወንዱ ተሳትፎ ላይ ተጽዕኖ የሚፈጥሩ ጉዳዮችን ለመለየት አካሄድ እና የሚፈጀው ጊዜ፡ በመጀመሪያ እርስዎን እዚህ ጥናት
ላይ እንዲካተቱ የመረጥኩዎት በአጋጣሚ ነው፡፡እንዲመልሱአቸው የተዘጋጁ የተለያዩ ጥያቄዎች አሉ፡፡ ቃለመጠይቁ በአማካይ
ከ 20-30 ደቂቃ ይፈጃል፡፡
ጉዳት: የዚህ ጥናት ተሳታፊ በመሆንዎ ምክንያት የሚደርስብዎት ጉዳት የለም፡፡ለቃለመጠይቁ ጊዜዎን ለትንሽ ደቂቃዎች
ከመውሰዳችን በስተቀር ምንም ዓይነት ጉዳት የሚፈጥሩ ነገሮች የሉም፡፡
ጥቅም: የዚህ ጥናት ተሳታፊ በመሆንዎ በዚህ ወቅት የሚያገኙት ቀጥተኛ ጥቅም ሆነ ክፍያ ባይኖርም እርስዎ የሚሰጡን
መረጃ ግን ከእናቶችና ሕፃናት ጤና አገልግሎቶች ጋር በተያያዘ ለጤና ዕቅድ አውጪዎች ጠቃሚ ግብአት ይሆናል፡፡
ሚስጢራዊነት: እርስዎ የሚሰጡን መረጃ ሚስጢራዊነቱ የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡በቃለመጠይቁ ወረቀት እና በዚህ ቅጽ ላይ የእርስዎ
ስም እንዳይኖር በማሰብ የሚስጢር ቁጥር ብቻ ይጻፍበታል፡፡
መብት: የዚህ ጥናት ተሳታፊነት በተሳታፊው ሙሉ ፈቃደኝነት ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው፡፡ ጥናቱ ላይ ተሳታፊ ያለመሆን
መብትዎ የተጠበቀ ነው፤ እንዲሁም በማንኛውም ጊዜ ከጥናቱ ተሳታፊነት ራስዎን የማግለል መብት አለዎት፡፡
የግኑኝነትአድራሻ: ጥናቱን በተመለከተ ለሚኖርዎት ጥያቄ ወይም ግልጽ ያልሆነ ሀሳብ የዚህ ጥናት ዋና ባለቤት የሆኑትን
ቀጥሎ ባለው አድራሻ ማግኘት ይችላሉ፡፡
ስም- ሲ/ር እስከዳር ግሩም ስልክ ቁጥር- 0913567361 ኢሜይል - [email protected]
በዚህ ጥናት ላይ ተሳታፊ ለመሆን ፈቃደኛ ነዎት? 1. አዎ (ቃለ መጠይቁን እንቀጥል)
2. አይ (አመሰግናለሁ)
የፈቃደኝነት/የስምምነት ቅጽ
ይህንን ጥናት የተመለከተው ከላይ የተገለጸውን መረጃ በማንበብ (ወይም የተደረገልኝን የቃል ገለጻ በመረዳት) ጥናቱ ላይ ተሳታፊ ብሆን
ከኔ ምን እንደሚጠበቅ እና በእኔ ላይ ሊደርስ የሚችለውን ነገር ምን እንደሆነ ተረድቻለሁ፡፡በተጨማሪም በማንኛውም ጊዜ

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በጥናቱ ላይ የሚኖረኝን ተሳትፎ ያለምንም ምክንያት ማቋረጥ እንደምችል፤እንዲሁም መሳተፍ ባልፈልግ የኔም ሆነ የቤተሰቦቼ መደበኛ
የአገልግሎት ተጠቃሚነት እንደማይጎዳ ተረድቻለሁ፡፡
የተሳታፊውፊርማ ቀን
ቃለመጠይቅ አድራጊው ይህ የስምምነት ሀሳብ ለተሳታፊው በቃል ማብራሪያ መሰጠቱን ያረጋግጣል፡፡
ቃለመጠይቅ አድራጊው ስም ፊርማ ቀን
ቃለመጠይቅ ማድረጉን ልቀጥል? 1. አዎ _ቃለመጠይቁ ይቀጥል 2. አይ_ ቃለመጠይቁን በማቋረጥ መልስ ሰጪውን ያመስግኑ
ውጤት: (የቃለመጠይቁ ወረቀት መሟላቱን ለማረጋገጥ) 1.በአግባቡ ተሟልቷል 2.ግማሹ ተሟልቷል 3.ተሳታፊው ፈቃደኛ
አይደለም

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 የቃለመጠይቅጥያቄዎች

የጤና ጣቢያው መለያ ቁጥር የተሳታፊ መለያ ቁጥር

ክፍል 1- የወንድ አጋር ማሕበረሰባዊና ስነ ሕዝብ ባሕሪያትን በተመለከተ

ተ.ቁ ጥያቄዎች መልስ ማብራሪያ
.
101 ዕድሜ /ይጠቀስ/
102 የስራ ሁኔታ 1. የመንግስት ሰራተኛ 2. የግል ተቀጣሪ 3. በራስ ሥራ የሚተዳደር
4. የቀን ሰራተኛ 5. ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
103 የትምህርት ሁኔታ 1. ያልተማረ 2. አንደኛደረጃ 3.ሁለተኛ ደረጃ 4.
ቴክኒክና ሙያ 5. ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ
104 የባለቤትዎ የሥራ ሁኔታ 1. የቤት እመቤት 2. በራስ ሥራ የሚተዳደሩ 3.
የመንግስት ሰራተኛ 4. የቀን ሰራተኛ 5. የግል ተቀጣሪ
105 የባለቤትዎ የትምህርት 1. ያልተማረ 2. አንደኛ ደረጃ 3.ሁለተኛ ደረጃ 4. ቴክኒክና ሙያ 5. ከፍተኛ
ደረጃ የትምህርት ደረጃ
106 የቤተሰብ የወር ገቢ ብር

ክፍል 2- ወንዶች የሴት አጋራቸው በሚኖራቸው የቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ላይ ያላቸውን ተሳትፎ በተመለከተ
ተ.ቁ ጥያቄዎች መልስ ማብራሪያ
.
201 ባለቤትዎ ከዚህ በፊት በነበራቸው የእርግዝና ጊዜ 1.ክትትል አልነበራት 2.በጤና ጣቢያ / ክሊኒክ/
የጽንስ ክትትል ያደርጉ ነበር? አዎ ከሆ ነየት? ሆስፒታል
3. ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
202 እስከዛሬ የሴት አጋርዎ (ባለቤትዎ) በነበራት 1. አዎ
የጽንስ ክትትል ላይ አብረዋት ጤና ጣቢያ / 2. አይ/ አላውቅም
ሕክምና ሄደው ያውቃሉ?
203 ለቁጥር 202 ጥያቄ መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን 1.አንድ ጊዜ 2. ሁለት ጊዜ 3. ሦስት ጊዜ 4
ያህል ጊዜ አብረው ሄደዋል? አራት ጊዜ 5.ከአራት በላይ
204 ለቁጥር 202 ጥያቄ መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ አብረው /ይጠቀስ/
ለመሄድ ምክንያትዎ ምንድን ነበር?

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205 ለቁጥር 202 ጥያቄ መልስዎ አይ ከሆነ 1. መሄዴ ጥቅምስ ለሌለው 2. ከመስሪያ ቤት ፍቃድ
ላለመሄድዎ ምክንያት ምንድን ነበር? ባለማግኘቴ 3.ባለቤቴ አብሬአት እንድሄድ ስለማትፈልግ
4. ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
206 የአሁኑ እርግዝና አስባችሁበት ነው የተረገዘው? 1.አዎ 2.አይደለም
207 በአሁኑ እርግዝና ስንት የክትትል ቀጠሮዎች ላይ 1.አንድ 2.ሁለት 3.ሶስት እና ከዛ በላይ
ተገኝተሃል?
208 ባለቤትዎ ከዚህ በፊት በነበራቸው የጽንስ 1. አዎ
ክትትል ጊዜ ላይ የገንዘብ ድጋፍ አድርገዋል? 2. አይ
209 ከአሁኑ የጽንስ ክትትል ጋር በተያያዘ 1. ሚስት 3. ሁለታችንም በጋራ
ያወጣችሁትን ወጪ የሸፈነው ማነው? 2. ባል
210 ከአሁኑ የጽንስ ክትትል ጋር የተያያዙ ጉዳዮች 1. ሚስት 2. ባል 3. ሁለታችንም በጋራ
ላይ ውሳኔ የሚሰጠው ማንነው? 4. ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
211 ከአሁን በፊት በነበራችሁ የጽንስ ክትትል ላይ 1. ሚስት 2. ባል 3. ሁለታችንምበጋራ
ጤና ጣቢያ የመምጣት 4 ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
አስፈላጊነትን በተመለከተ ውሳኔውን
የሰጠው ማን ነው?
212 ባለቤትዎ ለስንተኛ ጊዜ ነው ነፍሰጡር የሆኑት? 1. ሁለተኛ 2. ሶስትኛ 3. አራትናከዚያበላይ
213 ከዚህ በፊት ባለቤትዎ ስንት ልጆች ወልደዋል? 1. አንድ 2. ሁለት 3. ሦስትናከዚያበላይ
214 ባለቤትዎ በባለፈው የእርግዝና ጊዜያቸው ላይ 1. አዎ
ያጋጠማቸው የጤና እክል ነበር? 2. አይ
215 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን አይነት የጤና እክል 1. በማህጸን የደም መፍሰስ 3. ሌላ
ነበረባቸው? 2. የደም ግፊት መጨመር

ክፍል 3- ወንዶች የሴት አጋራቸው በሚኖራቸው የቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ላይ ያላቸውን ዕውቀት/ግንዛቤ በተመለከተ
ተ.ቁ ጥያቄዎች መልስ ማብራሪያ
.
301 በጤና ተቋም የሚሰጠው የእርግዝና ክትትል 1. አዎ 2. አይ አላውቅም
አገልግሎት ምን እንደሆነ ያውቃሉ?
302 ለቁጥር 301 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ አገልግሎቶቹ ምን 1. የደምና የሽንት ምርመራ
ምን ያካትታሉ? 2. የጽንሱን ጤና መከታተል
3. የኤች.አይ.ቪ ምርመራና ምክር አገልግሎት
4. የደም ማነስ መከላከያ መድኒት መስጠት

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 5. የቴታነስ ክትባት መስጠት
6. በአደገኛ ምልክቶች ዙርያ ምክርመስጠት
7. ከእናት ወደ ሕጻን ኤች.አይ.ቪ እንዳይተላለፍ
መከላከል
8. በጤና ተቋም ስለ መውለድ የሚሰጥ ምክር
9. ሌላ
303 የእርግዝና ክትትል አገልግሎት ለእናትየውና ለጽንሱ 1. አዎ
የሚሰጠው ጥቅም አለ? 2. የለም
304 ለቁጥር 301 መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ አንዲት ሴት
ማርገዟን ካወቀች በኋላ የቅድመ ወሊድ ክትትል ---------------ሳምንት
መጀመር ያለባት መቼ ነው?
305 በሰለጠነ የጤና ባለሙያዎች የሚደረግ የእርግዝና 1. በሰለጠነ ባለሙያ አንክብካቤ ለማግኘት
ክትትል አገልግሎት ያለው ጠቀሜታ ምንድ ነው 2. እርግዝናን ተከትለው የሚመጡ
ብለው ያስባሉ? ጉዳቶችን ለመከላከል
3. በእርግዝናው ወቅት ጽንሱ እና እናትየው
የሚኖራቸው የጤና ሁኔታን ለማበልጸግ
4.የኤችኤይቪ/ኤድስ ምርመራ ለማድረግ-
5. አላውቅም.......99
6. ሌላ /ይጠቀስ/
306 አንዲት ነፍሰጡር በአጠቃላይ በእርግዝናዋ ወቅት 1. አንድ ጊዜ 4.አራት ጊዜ
የእርግዝና ክትትል ለማድረግ ጤና ባለሙያዎች ጋር 2. ሁለት ጊዜ 5. አላውቅም.....99
መሄድ ያለባት ቢያንስ ምንያህል ጊዜ ነው? 3. ሦስት ጊዜ 6 ሌላ
307 በእርግዝና ጊዜ ሊከሰቱ የሚችሉ አደገኛ ምልክቶች 1 በማሕፀን ደም መፍሰስ
የሚባሉት ምንምን ናቸው? 2. የሰውነት ማበጥ
3. የጽንሱን እንቅስቃሴ አለመስማት/ ማቆም
4. ከባድ የራስ ምታት 5. ራስ መሳት/ ማንቀጥቀጥ
6. ሌላ 7. አላውቅም....99
308 ነፍሰጡር ሴት ለክትትል ወደ ጤና ተቋም 1. ባለቤቷ 3. የእሷ እህት
በምትሄድበት ወቅት አብሯት መሄድ ያለበት ማነው? 2. የእሷ እናት 4. ሌላ

ክፍል 4- ወንዶች የሴት አጋራቸው በሚኖራቸው የቅድመወሊድ ክትትል ላይ የማሕበረሰቡ ባህላዊ ተጽዕኖ በተመለከተ

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ተ.ቁ. ጥያቄዎች መልስ ማብራሪያ
401 እርግዝና ሴቶችን ብቻ የሚመለከት ጉዳይ ነው ብለው ያስባሉ? 1. አዎ
2. አይ አላስብም
402 የእርግዝና ክትትል ክፍል የሴቶች አገልግሎት ብቻ የሚሰጥበት ቦታ ነው ብለው 1. አዎ
ያስባሉ? 2. አላስብም
403 እንደ ባልና ሚስት ስለጤናማ እርግዝና ተወያይተው ያውቃሉ? 1. አዎ
2. አናውቅም
404 እርግዝናብዙትኩረትየማያስፈልገውተፈጥሮአዊክስተትነውብለውያስባሉ? 1.አዎ 2. አይአላስብም
405 በኖሩበትማሕበረሰብአባወራበባለቤቱየእርግዝናክትትልእናተያያዥጉዳዮችላይየመ 1. አዎ
ሳተፍባህልአለ? 2. የለም

ክፍል 5- ወንዶች የሴት አጋራቸው በሚኖራቸው የቅድመወሊድ ክትትል ላይ የጤና ተቋማት የሚኖራቸውን ተጽዕኖ በተመለከተ
ተ.ቁ. ጥያቄዎች መልስ ማብራሪያ
501 በአካባቢዎ የጤና አገልግሎት መስጫ ተቋም አለ? 1.አዎ 2.የለም
502 ከቤትዎ አቅራቢያ ወዳለው ጤና ጣቢያ ለመድረስ ምንያህል 1. ከ 15 ደቂቃ በታች
ጊዜ ይወስዳል? 2. ከ 15 – 30 ደቂቃ
3. 30 ደቂቃ እና ከዚያ በላይ
503 ከእርግዝና ክትትል ጋር በተያያዘ በጤና ተቋሙ የሚገኙ የጤና 1.አዎንታዊ 2.አሉታዊ
ባለሙያዎች ለወንድ አጋሮች ያላቸው አመለካከት ምን 3.አላውቅም.......99
ይመስላል?
504 የእርግዝና ክትትል አገልግሎቱን ለማግኘት ምንያህል ቆዩ? ሰዓት
505 በጤና ጣቢያዎች የሚሰጥ የነፍሰጡር የጤና ክትትል 1. አዎ
አገልግሎት በነፃ መሆኑን ያውቃሉ? 2. አላውቅም.......99
506 የእርግዝና ክትትል አገልግሎት የሚሰጥበት ቦታ ለወንዶች 1.አዎ 2.አይደለም
ምቹ ነው ብለው ያስባሉ? 3.አላውቅም....99

እናመሰግናለን!

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