Digital Image Processing
Introduction
Thanh-Hai Tran
Telecommunications Engineering Faculty
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
Course syllabus
Week Lecture
1 Introduction to DIP
2-3 Image Processing Fundamental
4-5 Intensity Transformation and Spatial Filtering
6 Filtering in Frequency Domain
7 Color Image processing
8 Morphological operations
9 Mid-term vacancy
10 Image Segmentation
11-12 Representation and Description
13 Object detection
14 Object classification
15 Revision
16 Project Presentation
2020 2
Outline
n What is Digital Image Procesing ?
n The origin of DIP
n Examples of Fields that uses DIP
n Fundamental Steps in DIP
n Components of a DIP system
n Image Formation
n Summary
n References
2020 3
Imaging
Albrecht Dürer, 1525
n Image: a visual representation in form of a function f (x,y)
where f is related to the brightness (or color) at point (x,y)
n Most images are defined over a rectangle
n Continuous in amplitude and space
2020 4
What is Digital Image Processing ?
n An image can be defined as a two-dimentional
function f(x,y)
u x, y are spatial coordinates
u f(x,y) is the value at (x,y), called intensity or grayscale value
n Digital Image: x, y, f(x,) are all finite and discrete
n Digital Image Processing: process image by mean of
digital computer
2020 5
Examples of Fields that uses DIP
2020 6
Gamma-ray imaging
2020
X-ray & ultraviolet imaging
2020
Applications of Digital Image Processing
n Image sharpening and restoration
n Medical field
n Remote sensing
n Transmission and encoding
n Machine/Robot vision
n Color processing
n Pattern recognition
n Video processing
n Microscopic Imaging
n Others
2020 9
Image sharpening and restoration
2020 10
Medical field
n Gamma ray imaging
n PET scan
n X Ray Imaging
n Medical CT
n Some medical datasets
by VinAI:
u https://vindr.ai/datasets/c
xr
u https://vindr.ai/datasets/ri
bcxr
u https://vindr.ai/datasets/s
pinexr
2020 11
UAV imaging
n The extraction of edges
n Analysis and enhancement of various types of edges
2020
Robot vision
2020 13
Image morphing
2020
Object recognition
2020 15
Face detection
2020 16
Style transfer
2020
Why do we process images ?
n Acquire an image:
u Correct aperture and color balance
u Reconstruct image from projections
n Prepare for display or printing
u Adjust image size
u Color mapping, gamma-correction,
halftoning
n Facilitate picture storage and
transmission
u Efficiently store an image in a digital
camera
u Send an image from space
n Enhance and restore images
u Touch up personal photos
u Color enhancement for security
screening
n Extract information from images
u Read 2-d bar codes
u Character recognition – Depth
estimation
n Many more ... image processing is
ubiquitous
18
2020
Related fields
2020 19
Human vision
2020
Fundamental steps in DIP
2020 21
Components of a DIP system
2020 22
Image formation
How an image
is created ?
2020 23
Human visual system
2020 24
Human visual system
2020 25
… and with a camera ?
2020 26
Visual human system and camera
2020
A Brief History of Images
1544
Camera Obscura
2020
A Brief History of Images
1558
1568
Lens Based Camera Obscura, 1568
2020
A Brief History of Images
1558
1568
1837
Louis-Jacques-
Mandé Daguerre
18 November 1787
Cormeilles-en-
Parisis, Val-d'Oise,
France
Still life, Louis Jaques Mande Daguerre
2020
A Brief History of Images
1558
Abraham Lincoln was the first American president to use 1568
photography for political purposes.
1840?
2020 Abraham Lincoln?
First photo taken in Vietnam - 1845
2020 32
The Camera
Cameras are very similar to eyes:
n Light sensitive area – film or
digital sensor
n Lenses – Instead of changing
shape, they move closer or
further away to the light sensor.
n Aperture in the lens controls the
amount of light reaching the light
sensor
n A shutter also opens and closes
to let the right amount of light fall
on the light sensor and get a
correctly exposed image
2020
The Camera
2020 34
Camera – pinhole model
n Pinhole camera - box with a small hole in it
n Image is upside down
35
2020
Pinhole camera
n A simple camera without a lens, with a single small
aperture
n Light from the scene passes through this single point and
projects an inverted image on the opposite size of the box
n It is completely dark on all the other sides of the box
including the side where the point is created
n The smaller the hole, the sharper the image, but the
dimmer the projected image
n Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy exposure,
its shutter may be manually operated, as with a flap made
of light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.
n Typical exposures range from 5 seconds to several hours
2020 36
Pinhole and the Perspective Projection
Is an image being formed
(x,y) on the screen?
YES! But, not a “clear” one
screen scene
image plane
r = ( x, y, z )
y
optical effective focal length, f’ z
axis
pinhole
x
r ' = ( x' , y ' , f ' )
r' r x' x y' y
= = =
f' z f' z f' z
2020
Problems with pinhole model
n How to obtain “clear images” ?
2020 38
Problems with pinhole model
n Pinhole size (aperture) must
be “very small” to obtain a
clear image
n However, as pinhole size is
made smaller, less light is
received by image plane.
n If pinhole is comparable to
wavelength of incoming light,
DIFFRACTION effects blur the
image!
n Sharpest image is obtained
when:
Pinhole diameter d =2 f 'l
Example: If f’ = 50mm,
l = 600nm (red),
d = 0.36mm
2020
The reason for lenses
n To be precise, the pinhole has to be infinitively small. Otherwise,
image will be blurred
n To allow light to reach all image points, the pinhole needs to be
large
2020
The reason for lenses
2020
Basic elements of camera
2020 42
Film
2020
Sensor
CCD optical sensor
KAF-1600 - Kodak.
2020 44
Exposure
2020 45
Exposure / Shutter Speed
n The effect of varying shutter speed while keeping a
constant aperture:
The images start underexposed (too dark) with a
short exposure, are correctly exposed around 4s,
and become overexposed (too bright) at 15s+
2020
Exposure / Shutter Speed
n A fast shutter speed
(creating a short
exposure of the
film/sensor) is required
to freeze motion
(e.g. 1/1000s)
n A slow shutter speed
(creating a long
exposure) can blur
motion for interesting
effects
(e.g. 1/15s )
2020
Shutter Speed
n Very long exposures (30 seconds+) may be required
in low light, but this can produce nice effects – look at
the sea.
Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland by Lee Frost
(www.leefrost.co.uk)
2020
Now the test
n Under or over exposure?
2020
Now the test
n Under, or over
exposed?
2020
Summary
n DIP
n Application of DIP
n Main components of DIP system
n Image formation
2020 51
