THE LEARNING KPR Exercise 1.

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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available AT THE LEARNING SCIENCE ACADEMY PH #03347383290

Function and Limits

Concept of Functions:
Historically, the term function was first used by German
mathematician Leibnitz (1646-1716) in 1673 to denote the dependence of one quantity on
another e.g. x

1) The area “A” of a square of side “x” is given by the formula A=x2.
As area depends on its side x, so we say that A is a function of x. x x

2) The area “A” of a circular disc of radius “r” is given by the formula
A= π r2 As area depends on its radius r, so we say that A is a function of r.
r

3) The volume “V” of a sphere of radius “r” is given by the formula

4
V= π r 3 . As volume V of a sphere depends on its radius r, so we say that
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V is a function of r.

The Swiss mathematician, Leonard Euler conceived the idea of denoting function
written as y=f(x) and read as y is equal to f of x. f(x) is called the value of f at x or image
of x under f .
The variable x is called independent variable and the variable y is called
dependent variable of f.
If x and y are real numbers then f is called real valued function of real numbers.

Domain of the function:

If the independent variable of a function is restricted to lie
in some set, then this set is called the domain of the function e.g.
Dom of f = {0 ≤ x ≤ 5}

Range of the function:

The set of all possible values of f(x) as x varies over the
domain of f is called the range of f e.g. y = 100 – 4x2.
As x varies over the domain [0,5] the values of y = 100 – 4x2 vary between y=0 (when
x=5) and y = 100 (when x=0)
Range of f = {0 ≤ y ≤ 100}

Definition:
A function is a rule by which we relate two sets A and B (say) in such a
way that each element of A is assigned with one and only one element of B. For example

is a function from A to B.
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its Domain = {1,2,3} and Range = {4,5}

1
4
2
5
3

In general:
A function f from a set ‘X’ to a set ‘Y’ is a rule that assigns to each
element x in X one and only one element y in Y.(a unique element y in Y)

f
X Y

x y=f(x)

(f is function from X to Y)

If an element “y, of Y is associated with an element “x, of X, then we write y=f (x) &read
as y” is equal to f of x. Here f(x) is called image of f at x or value of f at x .

Or if a quantity y depends on a quantity x in such a way that each value of x determines

exactly one value of y. Then we say that y is a function of x.
The set x is called Domain of f . The set of corresponding elements y in y is called
Range of f . we say that y is a function of x.

Exercise 1.1
Q1. (a) Given that f(x) = x2 – x

i. f(-2) = (-2)2 – (-2) = 4 + 2 =6

ii. f(0) = (0)2 – (0) = 0
iii. f(x-1) = (x-1)2 – (x-1) = x2 – 2x + 1 – x + 1 = x2 – 3x + 2
iv. f(x2+4) = (x2+4)2 - (x2+4) = x4 + 8x2 + 16 – x2 – 4 = x4 + 7x2 + 12

(b) Given that f ( x) = x + 4

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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i ) f (−2) = −2 + 4 = 2
ii ) f (0) = 0 + 4 = 4 = 2
iii ) f ( x − 1) = x − 1 + 4 = x + 3
iv) f ( x 2 + 4) = x 2 + 4 + 4 = x 2 + 8

Q 2. Given that
i) f ( x) = 6 x − 9
f ( a + h) = 6( a + h) − 9 = 6a + 6h − 9
f ( a ) = 6a − 9
f ( a + h) − f ( a) (6a + 6h − 9) − (6a − 9)
Now =
h h
6a + 6h − 9 − 6a + 9 6h
= = =6
h h
ii ) f ( x) = sin x given
θ + ϕ  θ + ϕ 
Q sin θ − sin ϕ = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 
f ( a + h) = sin( a + h) and f ( a ) = sin a
f ( a + h) − f ( a) sin( a + h) − sin a
Now =
h h
1
= [sin(a + h) − sin a ]
h
1  a + h + a   a + h − a  1   2a + h   h 
=  2 cos   sin    =  2 cos   sin   
h  2   2  h   2   2 
1  2a h   h  2  h h
=  2 cos  +  sin    = cos  a +  sin  
h  2 2   2  h  2 2

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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iii) Given that f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 1
f (a + h ) = ( a + h)3 + 2( a + h) 2 −1 = a 3 + h 3 + 3ah(a + h ) + 2( a 2 + 2ah + h 2 ) − 1
= a 3 + h3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 − 1
f ( a ) = a 3 + 2a 2 − 1
Now f (a + h) − f ( a)
a 3 + h 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 − 1 − ( a 3 + 2a 2 − 1)
=
h
1
= a 3 + h3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 2a 2 + 4ah + 2h 2 − 1 − a 3 − 2a 2 + 1
h
1 h
= h 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + 4ah + 2h 2  =  h 2 + 3a 2 + 3ah + 4a + 2h 
h h
= h + 3a + 3ah + 4a + 2h = h + 3ah + 2h + 3a 2 + 4 a = h 2 + (3a + 2) h + 3a 2 + 4a
2 2 2

iv) Given that f ( x) = cos x

so f ( a + h) = cos(a + h)
and f ( a ) = cos a
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
Now
h
cos(a + h) − cos a 1   2 a + h   h  − 2  h h
= = − 2 sin  sin  = sin a +  sin 
h h  2   2  h  2  2

Q3. (a) If ‘x’ unit be the side of square. x

Then its perimeter P = x+ x+ x + x = 4x ……………….. (1)
2
A = Area = x . x = x …………… (2)
x
From (2) x = A putting in (1) x

P=4 A
∴ P is expressed as Area x

(b) Let x units be the radius of circle

Then Area = A = π x 2 ……………….. (1)
Circumference = C = 2 π x ……………….. (2) x
C
From (2) x= Putting in (1)
2π
 c2  c2
2
 c 
A= π  = π  2  =
 2π   4π  4π
c2
A= Q Area is a function of Circumference
4π
x
(c) Let x unit be each side of cube.
The Volume of Cube = x . x . x = x3 ……………….. (1) x x
Area of base = A = x2 ……………….. (2)
From (2) x= A Putting in (1)

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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V= ( A ) = ( A)
3 3
2

Q5. f ( x) = x 3 − ax 2 + bx + 1

If f ( 2) = −3 and f (−1) = 0
(2) − a (2) + b (2) + 1 = −3
3 2
(−1) 3 − a ( −1) 2 + ( −1) + 1 = 0
8 − 4a + 2b + 1 = −3 −1 − a − b + 1 = 0
9 − 4a + 2b = −3 −a − b = 0
12 − 4a + 2b = 0 a+b = 0 ................. (2)
Dividing by − 2
− 6 + 2a − b = 0 .......... ....... (1)
Solving (1) and ( 2)
2a − b − 6 = 0
a+ b = 0
3a − 6 = 0
a = 2 and (2) ⇒ b = −a ⇒ b = −2

Q6. h( x) = 40 − 10 x 2
(a ) x = 1sec
h(1) = 40 − 10(1) 2
= 30m

(b) x = 1.5 sec

h(1.5) = 40 − 10(1.5) 2
= 40 − 10( 2.25) = 40 − 22.5 = 17.5m

(c) x = 1.7 sec

h(1.7) = 40 − 10(1.7) 2
= 40 − 10( 2.89) = 40 − 28.9 = 11.1m
ii) Does the stone strike the ground = ?

h( x ) = 0
40 − 10 x 2 = 0
− 10 x 2 = −40 ⇒ x 2 = 4
x = ±2
Stone strike the ground after 2 sec.

Graphs of Function
Definition:
Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2
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The graph of a function f is the graph of the equation y = f(x). It consists
of the points in the Cartesian plane chose co-ordinates (x , y) are input - output pairs for f
.

Note that not every curve we draw in the graph of a function. A function f can have only
one value f(x) for each x in its domain.

Vertical Line Test

No vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once. Thus, a circle
cannot be the graph of a function. Since some vertical lines intersect the circle Twice. If
‘a’ is the domain of the function f , then the vertical line x = a will intersect the graph of f
in the single point (a , f(a)).

Types of Function

ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Those functions which are defined by algebraic expressions.
1) Polynomial Functions:
P( x) = a n x n + a n −1 x n −1 + .......... ... + a1 x + a 0 Is a
Polynomial Function for all x where a 0 , a1 , a 2 ……. a n are real numbers, and
exponents are non-negative integer . an is called leading coefft of p(x) of degree n,
Where a n ≠ 0

⇒ Degree of polynomial function is the max imum power of x in equation

P( x) = 2 x 4 − 3x 3 + 2 x − 1 deg ree = 4
2) Linear Function: if the degree of polynomial fn is ‘1, is called linear function
.i.e. p(x)=ax+b
or ⇒ Degree of polynomial function is one.
f ( x) = ax + b a≠0
Q y = 5x + b
3) Identity Function: For any set X, a function I: X → x of the form y = x or
f(x) = x. Domain and range of I is x. Note. I (x)= ax +b be a linear fn if a=1,b=0 then
I(x)=x or y=x is called identity fn
4) Constant Function: or
C:X → y defined by f : X → y If f (x)=c, (const) then f is
called constant fn
C ( x) = a ∀ x ∈ X and a ∈ y
e.g . C:R→R eg y=5
C ( x) = 2 or y = 2 ∀ x ∈ R
Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2
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5) Rational Function:
P( x)
R( x) =
Q( x )
Both P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomial and Q( x ) ≠ 0
3x 2 + 4 x + 1
e.g . R( x) = 3
5x + 2 x 2 + 1
Domain of rational function is the set of all real numbers for which Q(x) ≠ 0

6) Exponential Function:
A function in which the variable appears as
exponent (power) is called an exponential function.
i) y = ax ∴ x ∈ R a>0
ii) y = e x ∴ x ∈ R and e = 2.178
iii) y = 2 x or y = e xh
are some exp onential functions.

7) Logarithmic Function:
x = a y then y = log a x >0
x
If
Q a > 0 a ≠1
' a ' is called the base of Logarithemic function
y = log a
x
Then is Logarithmic function of base ' a '
If base = 10 then y = log10
x
i)
is called common Logarithm of x
ii) If base = e = 2.718
y = log e = ln x
x
is called natural log
8) Hyperbolic Function:
We define as
−x
e −e
x
i) y = sinh( x) = Sine hyperbolic function or hyperbolic sine function
2
Dom = {x / x ∈ R} and Range = { y / y ∈ R}
e x +e − x
ii) y = cosh( x) = is called hyperboliccos ine function ⇒ x ∈ R, y ∈ [1, ∞)
2
e x − e − x sinh x cosh x
iii) y = Tanhx = x −x
= iv) y = coth x =
e +e cosh x sinh x
1 2
v) y = sec hx = = x x∈R
cosh x e + e − x
1 2
vi ) y = cos echx = = x Dom = { x ≠ 0 : x ∈ R
sinh x e − e − x
9) Inverse Hyperbolic Function: (Study in B.Sc level)

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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i) (
y = sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 ) for ∀x ∈ R
ii) y = cosh −1 x = ln (x + x2 − 1) for ∀x ∈ R and x > 1
1 1+ x
iii) y = Tanh −1 x = ln x ≠1 and x <1
2 1− x
1 1 − x 2 
iv) y = sec h −1 x = ln + 0 < x ≤1
x x 

1 x +1
v) y = coth −1 x = Q x >1
2 x −1
1 1+ x2 
vi) y = cos ech −1 x = ln +  x≠0
x x 
 
10) Trigonometric Function:

Functions Domain(x) Range(y)

i ) y = sin x All real numbers −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
Q−∞ < x+∞
ii ) y = cos x All real numbers −1 ≤ y ≤ 1
Q −∞ < x < ∞
π
iii) y = tan x x ∈ R − (2k + 1) Q ' R ' all real numbers
2
k ∈Z
iv) y = cot x x ∈ R − kπ R
k ∈Z
π
v) y = sec x x ∈ R − (2k + 1) R − (−1,1)
2
k ∈Z or R − (−1 < y < 1)
vi) y = cos ecx x ∈ R − ( kπ ) R − (−1 < y < 1)
k ∈Z

11) Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Function Dom(x) Range(y)

π π
y = sin −1 x ⇔ x = sin y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤y≤
2 2
y = cos −1 x ⇔ x = cos y −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤ y ≤π

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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π π
y = Tan −1 x ⇔ x = Tany x∈R − ≤y≤
2 2
or − ∞ < x < ∞
π 
y = Sec −1 x ⇔ x = sec y x ∈ R − ( −1,1) y ∈ [0 , π ] −  
2
 π π
y = Co sec −1 x ⇔ x = cos ecy x ∈ R − ( −1,1) y ∈ − ,  − {0}
 2 2
y = Cot −1 x ⇔ x = cot y x∈R 0< y <π

12) Explicit Function:

If y is easily expressed in terms of x, then y is called an
explicit function of x.
⇒ y = f ( x) e.g . y = x 3 + x + 1 etc.

13) Implicit Function:

If x and y are so mixed up and y cannot be expressed in
term of the independent variable x, Then y is called an implicit function of x. It can be
written as. f(x , y) = 0
e.g. x2+ xy + y2 = 2 etc.

14) Parametric Function:

For a function y =f (x) if both x& y are expressed in
another variable say ‘t’ or θ which is called a parameter of the given curve.
Such as:
i) x = at2 Parametric parabola
y = 2at

ii) x = a cos t Parametric equation of circle y2= 4 a

y = a sin t
x2 + y 2 = a2

iii) x = a cos θ Parametric equation of Ellipse

y = b sin θ
x2 y 2
+ =1
a2 b2

vi) x = a secθ Parametric equation of hyperbola

y = b tan θ
x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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Exercise 1.1
Q7. Parabola ⇒ y = 4ax
2
...........................(1)
x = at 2 .......................(i)
y = 2at .......................(ii)
y
To e lim inating ' t ' from (ii) t = putting (i)
2a
 y2 
2
 y  y2
x = a  ⇒ x = a 2  ⇒ x=
 2a   4a  4a
⇒ y = 4ax
2
which is same as (1)
which is equation of parabola.
ii) x = a cos θ , y = b sin θ
x y
⇒ = cos θ ...........(i) and = sin θ ...............(ii) To e lim inating θ from (i) and (ii)
a b
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
 x  y 
2 2

    =1
+ represent a Ellipse
a  b 
iii) x = a secθ , y = b tan θ
x y
= sec θ ................(i) = tan θ ...................(ii )
a b
Squaring and Subtracting (i) and (ii)
2 2
 x  y x2 y 2 x2 y 2
  −   = sec θ − tan θ ⇒ − 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ − tan 2 θ ⇒ − =1
2 2

a b
2
a b a 2 b2

Which is equation of hyperbola

Q8. (i) sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x

 e x − e− x  e x + e− x   e2 x − e−2 x  e2 x − e−2 x
R.H .S = 2sinh x cosh x = 2    = 2 =
 2  2   4  2
= sinh 2 x = L.H .S
ii) sec2 hx = 1 − tan 2 hx
 e x − e− x   e 2 x + e−2 x − 2 
R.H .S . = 1 − tan 2 hx = 1 −  x −x  = 1 −  2x −2 x 
e +e  e +e + 2
e 2 x + e −2 x + 2 − e 2 x − e −2 x +2 4 1
= = =
e 2 x + e−2 x + 2 (e + e ) e + e− x
−x 2
( )
x x 2

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2

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1
= 2
= sec h 2 x = L.H .S
cosh x
iii) cos eh 2 x = coth 2 x − 1
( e x + e− x ) − ( e x − e− x ) ( e2 x + e −2 x + 2 ) − ( e2 x + e−2 x − 2 )
2 2 2
 e x + e− x 
R.H .S = coth x − 1 =  x
2
−x 
−1 = =
e −e  ( e x − e− x ) ( e x − e− x )
2 2

e 2 x + e −2 x + 2 − e 2 x − e −2 x + 2 4 1 1
= = = = = cos ech 2 x = L.H .S
(e )
−x 2
(e )
−x 2
(e )
2
x
−e x
−e x
− e− x sinh 2 x
2
Q9. f ( x) = x3 + x
replace x by − x
f ( − x ) = ( − x ) + ( − x ) = − x3 − x = −  x3 + x  = − f ( x )
3

⇒ f ( x ) = x3 + x is odd function
f ( x) = ( x + 2)
2
ii)
replace x by − x
f ( − x) = ( −x + 2) ≠ ± f ( x)
2

f ( x) = ( x + 2)
2
is neither even nor odd
iii) f ( x ) = x x2 + 5
replace x by − x
f (− x) = ( −x) (−x) + 5 = −  x x2 + 5  = − f ( x ) f ( x ) is odd function.
2

 
x −1
iv) f ( x) =
x +1
replace x by − x
− x − 1 − ( x + 1) x + 1
f (−x) = = = ≠ ± f ( x)
− x + 1 − ( x − 1) x − 1
f ( x ) is neither even nor odd function.
f ( x ) = x3 + 6
2
v)
replace x by − x
1

f ( − x ) = ( − x ) 3 + 6 = ( − x )  + 6 = x 3 + 6 = f ( x )
2 3 2
2
 
f ( x ) is an even function.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Ex # 1.1 – FSc Part 2