A project submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

bachelor’s degree in electrical power

Off Grid Wind Turbine
Supervised by:
Dr. Emad Abdel Aziz Awada

Prepared by
1-abdallah sallah aldeen abdallah masoud
2- Osama kamal omar haymoor
3- Mohammad mofed mohammad alfruokh
4- Anas jalal alasmar
5- sammy ali saleh qtaish

1
ABSTRACT
The objective of the project is to design a wind turbine to capture wind energy from vehicles on the highway. Wind energy is considered the fastest growing
clean energy source; however, it is limited by variable natural wind Highways can provide a required considerable amount of wind to drive a turbine due to
high vehicle traffic. This energy is unused. Extensive research on wind patterns is required to determine the average velocity of the wind created by oncoming
vehicles. The wind turbines will be placed on the medians therefore, fluid flow from both sides of the highway will be considered in the design. Using all the
collected data, existing streetlights on the medians can be fitted with these wind turbines Additionally, since the wind source will fluctuate, a storage system for
the power generated will be designed to distribute and maintain a constant source of power. [1]
Ideally, the turbine can be used globally as an unlimited power source for streetlights and other public amenities. The design of the wind turbine must include
storage of power and a system to distribute the generated power effectively. Operational noise level and space are other important design considerations. The
design of the other parts like Shaft. Flange Bearings etc. is also same important. [1]

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Contents
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 Types of wind turbines ................................................................................................... 6
Horizontal wind turbine ............................................................................................................... 7
Wind traffic turbine ...................................................................................................................... 8
Rotor Blades: ............................................................................................................................. 11
Rotor Hub: ................................................................................................................................ 12
Main Shaft:................................................................................................................................. 14
Generator: .................................................................................................................................. 14
Wind Turbine Generator ............................................................................................................ 14
Gearbox or Direct Drive System:............................................................................................... 16
Nacelle: ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Yaw System:............................................................................................................................... 16
Tower:. ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Anemometer and Wind Vane: .................................................................................................... 16
Controller and Power Electronics: ............................................................................................. 17
Brakes and Safety Systems: ....................................................................................................... 17
Foundation: ................................................................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER 2: System equipment................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 3: Wind energy calculation ......................................................................................... 25
References ...................................................................................................................................... 50

4
Introduction
Wind energy is the fastest growing source of clean energy worldwide. A major issue with the technology is fluctuation in the source of wind. There is a near
constant source of wind power on the highways due to rapidly moving vehicles. The motivation for this project is to contribute to the global trend towards clean
energy in a feasible way. Most wind turbines in use today are conventional windmills with three airfoil shaped blades arranged around a horizontal axis. These
turbines must be turned to face into the wind and in general require significant air velocities to operate. Another style of turbine is one where the blades are
positioned vertically or transverse to the axis of rotation. These turbines will always rotate in the same direction regardless of the fluid flow. Due to the
independence from the direction of the fluid flow, these turbines have found applications in tidal, and surface current flows turbine would be in air, a helical
turbine based on the designs. [1]

But first what is a wind traffic turbine??

It is all about producing electricity which generates energy from the traffic of passing vehicles. along with natural wind, moves the blades of the turbines and
transforms it into electric energy. In this way, they say, highways become "sources to generate renewable energy also has a panel. [1]

to capture the sun's energy.

Generating electric energy through the movement of cars also has economic advantages. "The fact that each streetlight, traffic light, sign or SOS point has its
own generator on the motorway. And, that this generator is activated and fed by the cars that drive by, criminates a large part of energy production cost, and
reduces installation and maintenance costs and favors the environment. [1]

The global wind power capacity increases at least 40% every year. For example, the European Union targets to meet 25 per cent of their demand from
renewable energy by 2012.
Spain also celebrates on Nov. 10, 2010, when the wind energy resources contribute 53% of the total generation of the electricity.
Over 80 percent of the global installations are in Europe. [1]

Figure 1 installed capacity from the wind [1]

5
Chapter 1:
Types of wind
turbines

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Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
Types of Wind Turbine Generators (WT)
1- Horizontal wind turbine.
2- Vertical wind turbine.
We will spotlight the second type.
Horizontal wind turbine:

Figure 2 some forms of horizontal wind turbines

. Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower.
• Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines
• Proven, viable technology

Sizes and Applications

1- Small (10 kW)

Figure 3 Small horizontal wind turbine.

• Homes
• Farms
• Remote Applications (e.g., water pumping, telecom sites, ice making)
2- Intermediate from (10-250kw)

Figure 4 Intermediate horizontal wind turbine (10-250 kW).

• Village Power
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 • Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power

3- large (250kW - 2+MW)

Figure 5 Large horizontal wind turbine.

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind

Large and Small Wind Turbines

Large Turbines (600-2000 kW)
• Installed in “Windfarm” arrays totaling 1 - 100 MW
• $1,300/kW
• Designed for low cost of energy (COE)
• Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) average wind speed
• Value of Energy: $0.02 - $0.06 per kWh

Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)

• Installed in “rural residential” on-grid and off-grid applications

• $2,500-$8,000/kW
• Designed for reliability / low maintenance
• Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) average wind speed
• Value of energy: $0.06 - $0.26 per kWh

Wind traffic turbine

this type Is the main goal to our project.

Figure 6 wind traffic turbine

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 Figure 7 vertical wind turbine

The environmental impact of these turbines is rather low. They don't need a lot of space because they are installed in already-existing median strips.
They produce hardly any noise, especially when compared to that from traffic, and animals, especially birds, would not be in danger because the blades
turn slowly. Finally, they could even replace medium-voltage electric cables. The air stirred by these passing vehicles, along with natural wind, moves
the blades of the turbines and transforms it into electric energy. In this way, they say, highways become sources to generate renewable energy" Wind
turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller like blades around a rotor. [1]

The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity.
The generator in a wind turbine produces alternating current (AC) electricity. Some turbines drive an AC/AC converter which converts the AC to direct
current (DC) with a rectifier and then back to AC with an inverter to match the frequency and phase of the grid. [1]

24V 400W Permanent Magnet Electric Motor 3-Phase Synchronous Alternator NE-400 Permanent Magnet Electric Motor Generator DIY for Wind

Turbine (Motor) is used Depending on wind conditions, the blades turn at rates between 10 and 20 revolutions per minute. Considering the length of the
blades with average wind speeds of 13 to 15 mph, the tips are traveling at 120 mph. At maximum wind speeds, the blade tips are spinning at an
estimated 180 mph.

If there is too little wind and the blades are moving too slowly, the wind turbine no longer produces electricity. The turbine starts to create power at what
is known as the cut-in speed. Power output continues to grow as the wind speed increases, but at a slower rate than the wind rate it does trigger the
power point. [1]

Figure 8 explanation for wind traffic turbine [1]

The turbine must be able to store energy for use when there is low tactic, bumper to bumper or stop and go traffic. The design must be sustainable and
environmentally friendly. The motivation for designing a highway wind turbine is to contribute towards the global trend in wind energy production in a feasible
way. [1]
Flat blades are the oldest blade design and have been used for thousands of years on windmills shape is becoming less common than other types of blade
design.

Principals of wind turbines:

Wind turbines operate on a simple principle, they capture the kinetic energy in the wind and convert it into electricity. The wind direction determines the design
of the turbine Upwind turbines face into the wind while downwind turbines face away from the wind.

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COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS
1- The turbine blades are made of durable lightweight material

2-A mold is created and used to produce all 3 blades

3-The shaft is made from PVC pipe.
4-The generator, alternator, batteries, and other components are bought.

There are 8 parts of wind turbine

1-Nacelle

2-Generator
3-Anemometer
4-Electric or Mechanical Brake
5-Gearbox
6-Rotor blade
7-Blade pitch control
8-Rotor hub

MATERIALS USED IN:

1-wind turbines are predominantly made of steel (71-79% of total turbine mass)

2-Fiberglass
3-resin or plastic (11-16%)
4-iron or cast iron (5 17%)
5-copper (1%) and aluminum (0-2%).

Figure 9 component of wind turbine [1]

Wind turbine configurations

important terms:
1-Impact Wind Energy

2-Anemometer

Impact pressure thrust depends on different factors as follows:

a) The intensity/frequency of the vehicles traffic.

b) The size of the automobiles.

c) The speed of the automobiles.

d) Distance between the harnessing system &vehicles.

e) Angle of Impact

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f) Velocity of natural wind.

ADVANTAGES
1) It’s a clean fuel source, Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, which emit
particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide causing human health problems and economic damages. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric
emissions that cause acid rain, smog, or greenhouse gases. [1]

2) Wind is a domestic source of energy. The nation's wind supply is abundant and inexhaustible. Over the past 10 years, U.S. wind power capacity has grown
15% per year, and wind is now the largest source of renewable power in the United States.
3) It's sustainable, Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's
surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid. Wind turbines can
be built on existing farms or ranches. This greatly benefits the economy in rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can
continue to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for
the use of the land. providing landowners with additional income. [1]

Comparison between HA-WTs and VA-WTs.

Items HA-WTs VA-WTs

Output power Wide range Narrow range
Starting Self-starting Need starting means
Efficiency Higher Lower
Cost Lower Higher
Wind direction Need redirected when Does not needs
the Wind change its redirected into the
direction wind direction
Generator and gear At the top of the At the ground level
box tower
Maintenance Difficult Easy

A wind turbine is a complex mechanical and electrical system designed to convert the kinetic energy of wind into usable electricity. It consists of several key
components that work together to achieve this conversion. The main components of a wind turbine include:
Rotor Blades:
These are aerodynamically designed blades that capture the kinetic energy from the wind. The blades are connected to the rotor hub, and as the wind flows over
them, they start to rotate.

Wind turbine rotor blades are the most highly stressed and vital component of any wind turbine. Their job is to absorb the kinetic power of the wind and convert
this energy into a rotary motion around a central hub. While the central hub of the blades may be rotating at a gently speed relative to the wind, the tips of the
blades are rotating much faster and the longer the blade is, the faster the tip rotates especially for propeller type blade designs.
When dealing with a wind turbine generator and different wind turbine rotor blade designs, the term “tip-speed ratio” (TSR) is often used instead of blade rpm.
Wind turbine rotor blades can potentially rotate at very high speeds. The tip-speed ratio is the speed of the rotors tip as it rotates around its circular path divided
by wind speed. So for a given wind speed, the higher the TSR the faster it rotates. [2]

Gyroscopic forces are the worst threat to the blades of small wind turbine as their rotational movement causes them to alternately flap the blades back and forth
once per revolution as they pass the support column and unless the rotor blades are firmly secured this movement may even fly off. If a blade breaks due to a
poor design or construction, and this has been known to happen, it could fly some distance through the air causing serious damage and injury to anything it hits.
[2]

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 Figure 10 types of wind turbine [2]

Wind turbines using the lift force are distinct by the fact that the lifting blade is moving with a much higher velocity than the wind itself. The blades in such wind
turbines (Figure 7a) are slim. In the case of wind turbines using the drag force (Figure 7b), the blades move slower than the wind, to be propelled. The only way
to increase the forces on the rotor is to use a larger size of the blade area. Therefore, one can notice (Figure 7b) that such wind turbines cover nearly the whole
rotor projection area. A typical structure for this wind turbine type is the Savonius rotor (Figure 7b, right side). [2]
Very high winds induce negative effects for both types of wind turbines, but of a different nature:
Lift force wind turbines are endangered by over-spinning at high winds which may lead to the destruction of the rotor by centrifugal forces. They need a brake to
stop the rotor, it follows that no energy is produced at strong winds.
Drag driven turbines produce strong aerodynamic forces at extreme wind conditions. This requires a very strong turbine and a support structure, leading to heavy
weight.
The above feature is the reason why drag driven turbines have not found their way to application at large turbine sizes.
There is no danger however, of over-spinning and turbine destruction. Drag driven wind turbines are much safer than lift driven turbines.
At small winds there are also characteristic features, different for both turbine types:
Lift force driven turbines, due to the small area of blades, startup with difficulty with small torque on rotors (Figure 1a).
Drag driven turbines, due to the large active area of the rotors start at small winds with a high torque (Figure 7b).

Rotor Hub:
The rotor hub is the central part of the turbine where the blades are attached. It transfers the rotational motion of the blades to the main shaft.
Rotor Hubs
The rotor hub is the component that usually holds the blades and connects them to the main shaft of the wind machine. It is a key component not only because
it holds the blades in their proper position for maximum aerodynamic efficiency, it also rotates to drive the generator.
Hubs come in many different shapes and configurations, mostly dependent on the type of generator used and the design of the rotor blades. This discussion
covers the five most common general types of hubs found on small wind turbines. The first type of hub incorporates a hub with the housing containing the
magnets for the permanent magnet alternator. [3]
For smaller machines, the rotor blades are bolted directly to a plate welded to the housing or can that holds the magnets (Figure 8.a). This hub also includes
a bearing that slips on a fixed shaft. The only rotating part of this wind machine is the hub with blades and magnets all attached. The bearing needs to be large
enough in diameter to add stiffness to the system so that wind loading on the rotor will not affect the gap spacing between the magnets and the stator. Blades
may be bolted flat to the hub plate or there could be brackets for the blades to slip into and securely fastened. Machines up to about seven meters’ rotor
diameter have been operated successfully with this hub configuration. The second type of hub is attached rigidly to a rotating main shaft that connects to a
gearbox to increase the rotational speed up to the operating speed of the generator. This hub is often constructed of cast material to get the right alignment of
the rotor blades (Figure 9.b). This hub construction accommodates blades up to several meters in length, well beyond the largest machines classified as small
wind systems. Once the blades are attached to this type of hub, they remain at the same pitch and twist throughout all operating conditions. These two types
of hubs are found on the majority of small wind machines because of cost and reliable operation. [3]

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 Figure 11 rotor hub ab [3]

Figure 12 rotor hub b [3\

Figure 11(a) Rotor blades are bolted directly to the magnet can of the permanent magnet alternator. (b) Rotor blades are bolted to a plate welded to the
magnet can of the permanent magnet alternator.

Figure 13 gearbox [3]

Cast hub for turbines with fixed pitch blades and a main shaft. These designs usually have a gearbox.

Some small wind machines include a full blade pitch assembly. This requires a special hub with the capability of changing the pitch of each blade. The more
common type includes a motor/gear drive on each blade that moves a cantilever arm that makes the rotor blade twist. It is extremely important that the entire
system of blades move at the same time and the same amount. If one blade has a different pitch, it may either be carrying most of the load or not carrying any
of the load. Uneven pitching of rotor blades is a major cause of rotor failure on machines, small and large, causing a rotor imbalance resulting in a tower strike
with a blade. Typically, only larger machines have rotors with a fully controlled pitch. However, several small machines use heavy springs to hold the blades
at a fixed pitch until an over speed occurs. In an over speed condition, the springs will stretch and allow the rotor blades to turn to a lower pitch setting that
causes the rotor to lose its lift capacity, thus causing the rotor to slow down. This concept is discussed more in the section on over speed control issues. [3]
Springs attached to a hub allow blades to pitch if rotor speeds become excessive. This is an over speed device.
The fourth type of hub on horizontal axis wind machines is a teetering hub, which is used when the machine has two blades. The hub has a flex in it that
allows the blade passing by the tower to flex because it has less load on it for that instant it is by the tower. Teetering hubs are especially useful on downwind
machines because of the changes in load when the blades pass behind the tower. The larger the rotor, the more important it is to have a teetering hub when
two blades are used. Keeping the teetering point lubricated has been a problem with many small machines using teetering hubs. Maintenance issues with
teetering hubs have caused many designers to change to the three-bladed fixed hub designs. [3]

Hubs for vertical axis machines look very different and are usually not called hubs, but a similar device is used to support the rotating structure. This may
look like a bearing housing with mounting brackets attached to hold the support arms for vertical airfoils. In almost all cases these brackets are supporting
structures that are in tension because of the centrifugal forces pulling the blades from the center of rotation. On the Darrius vertical axis design, the lower
mounting bracket carries the most centrifugal forces; many blade failures occur at this mounting fixture. The same problem occurs with gyro mill-type wind
machines. [3]

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Main Shaft: The main shaft is a long, cylindrical component that runs vertically through the nacelle. It transfers the rotational energy from the rotor to the generator.

Figure 14 Main shaft [4]

The main shaft: it is a piece of metal in the form of a tube which constitutes the most
important spinning constituent since it conveys the energy from the wind turbine
blades to the other parts of the wind turbine. Therefore, it is exposed to its own weight,
the load of the rotor (blades and hub), and forces exerted by the other components. Its
essential purposes are to transfer the energy of the rotational movement from the rotor
to the generator and transmit the loads applied on it to the immobile organism of the
nacelle. For this reason, the main shaft should be designed appropriately to tolerate all [4]
these loads

Generator:
The generator is responsible for converting the mechanical energy from the rotating shaft into electrical energy. It uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction to generate electricity as the shaft turns.
Wind Turbine Generator:
Types of Wind Turbine Generator

A wind turbine is made up of two major components and having looked at one of them, the rotor blade design in the previous tutorial, we can now look
at the other, the Wind Turbine Generator or WTG’s which is the electrical machine used to generate the electricity. A low rpm electrical generator is
used for converting the mechanical rotational power produced by the winds energy into usable electricity to supply our homes and is at the heart of any
wind power system. [5]

The conversion of the rotational mechanical power generated by the rotor blades (known as the prime mover) into useful electrical power for use in
domestic power and lighting applications or to charge batteries can be accomplished by any one of the following major types of rotational electrical
machines commonly used in a wind power generating systems: [5]

1. The Direct Current (DC) machine, also known as a Dynamo

2. The Alternating Current (AC) Synchronous machine, also known as an AC Generator
3. The Alternating Current (AC) Induction machine, also known as an Alternator
All these electrical machines are electromechanical devices that work on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. That is, they operate through the
interaction of a magnetic flux and an electric current, or flow of charge. As this process is reversible, the same machine can be used as a conventional
electrical motor for converting the electrical power into mechanical power, or as a generator converting the mechanical power back into the electrical
power.

wind turbine generator

Wind Turbine Induction Generator
The electrical machine most commonly used for wind turbines applications are those acting as generators, with the synchronous generator and the induction
generator (as shown) being commonly used in larger wind turbine generator systems. Usually the smaller or homemade wind turbines tend to use a low
speed permanent magnet DC generator or Dynamo as they are small, cheap and a lot easier to connect up. [5]

Figure 15 Wind Turbine Induction Generator [5]

So does it make a difference what type of electrical generator we can use to produce wind power. Well, the simple answer is both Yes and No, as it all
depends upon the type of system and application you want. The low voltage DC output from a generator or older style dynamo can be used to charge
batteries while the higher AC sinusoidal output from an alternator can be connected directly to the local grid.

14
Also, the output voltage and power demand depends entirely upon the appliances you have and how you wish to use them. In addition, the location of the
wind turbine generator, would the wind resource keep it constantly rotating for long periods of time or would the generator speed and therefore its output
vary up and down with variations in the available wind. [5]

Electricity Generation
Wind Turbine Generator is what makes your electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Let’s be clear here, they do not create
energy or produce more electrical energy than the amount of mechanical energy being used to spin the rotor blades. The greater the “load”, or electrical
demand placed on the generator, the more mechanical force is required to turn the rotor. This is why generators come in different sizes and produce
differing amounts of electricity [5].

In the case of a “wind turbine generator”, the wind pushes directly against the blades of the turbine, which converts the linear motion of the wind into the
rotary motion necessary to spin the generators rotor and the harder the wind pushes, the more electrical energy can be generated. Then it is important to
have a good wind turbine blade design to extract as much energy out of the wind as possible.

All electrical turbine generators work because of the effects of moving a magnetic field past an electrical coil. When electrons flow through an electrical
coil, a magnetic field is created around it. Likewise, when a magnetic field moves past a coil of wire, a voltage is induced in the coil as defined by Faraday’s
law of magnetic induction causing electrons to flow. [5]

Simple Generator using Magnetic Induction

Then we can see that by moving a magnet past a single loop of wire, a voltage known as and EMF (electro-motive force) is induced within the wire loop
due to the magnetic field of the magnet.

Figure 16 induced EMF [6]

As a voltage is induced across the wire loop, an electrical current in the form of an electron flow starts to flow around the loop generating electricity.

But what if instead of a single individual loop of wire as shown, we had many loops wound together on the same former to form a coil of wire, much more
voltage and therefore current could be generated for the same amount of magnetic flux.

This is because the magnetic flux cuts across more wire producing a greater EMF and this is the basic principal of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and an AC generator uses this principal to convert a mechanical energy such as the rotation from a wind turbine or hydro turbine, into electrical
energy producing a sinusoidal waveform. [6]

So we can see that there are three main requirements for electrical generation and these are:

• A coil or set of conductors

• A magnetic field system
• Relative motion between the conductors and field
Then the faster the coil of wire rotates, the greater the rate of change by which the magnetic flux is cut by the coil and the greater is the induced EMF
within the coil. Similarly, if the magnetic field is made stronger, the induced EMF will increase for the same rotational speed. Thus: Induced EMF ∝ Φ*n.
Where: “Φ” is the magnetic-field flux and “n” is the speed of rotation. Also, the polarity of the generated voltage depends on the direction of the magnetic
lines of flux and the direction of movement of the conductor.
there are two basic types of electrical generator and alternator for that matter: the permanent-magnet generator and the wound-field generator with both
types consisting of two main parts: The Stator and the Rotor. [6]

The stator is the “stationary” (hence its name) part of the machine and can have either a set of electrical windings producing an electromagnet or a set of
permanent magnets within its design. The rotor is the part of the machine that “rotates”. Again, the rotor can have output coils that rotate or permanent
magnets. Generally, generators and alternators used for wind turbine generators are defined by how they make generate their magnetism, either
electromagnets or permanent magnets. [6]
There are no real advantages and disadvantages of both types. Most residential wind turbine generators on the market use permanent magnets within their
turbine generator design, and which creates the required magnetic field with the rotation of the machine, although some do use electromagnetic coils.
These high strength magnets are usually made from rare earth materials such as neodymium iron (NDFE), or samarium cobalt (SMCO) eliminating the
need for the field windings to provide a constant magnetic field, leading to a simpler, more rugged construction. [6]
15
Wound field windings have the advantage of matching their magnetism (and therefore power) with the varying wind speed but require an external energy
source to generate the required magnetic field.

We now know that the electrical generator provides a means of energy conversion between the mechanical torque generated by the rotor blades, called the
prime mover, and some electrical load whether its charging batteries or dissipating power in a dump load.
The mechanical connection of the wind turbine generator to the rotor blades is made through a main shaft which can be either a simple direct drive, or
by using a gearbox to increase or decrease the generator speed relative to the rotational speed of the blades [6].

The use of a gearbox allows for better matching of the generator speed to that of the turbine but the disadvantage of using a gearbox is that as a mechanical
component it is subjected to wear and tear reducing the efficiency of the system. Direct drive however may be more simple and efficient, but the generators
rotor shaft and bearings are subjected to the full weight and rotational force of the rotor blades.

Figure 17 Wind Turbine Generator Output Curve [6]

So the type of wind turbine generator required for a particular location depends upon the energy contained in the wind and the characteristics of the
electrical machine itself. All wind turbines have certain characteristics related to wind speed.

The generator (or alternator) will not produce output power until its rotational speed is above its cut-in wind speed where the force of the wind on the
rotor blades is enough to overcome friction and the rotor blades accelerate enough for the generator to begin producing usable power. [6]

Above this cut-in speed, the generator should generate power proportional to the wind speed cubed (K. V3) until it reaches its maximum rated power
output as shown.

Above this rated speed, the wind loads on the rotor blades will be approaching the maximum strength of the electrical machine, and the generator will be
producing its maximum or rated power output as the rated wind speed window will have been reached.

If the wind speed continues to increase, the wind turbine generator would stop at its cut-out point to prevent mechanical and electrical damage, resulting
in zero electrical generation. The application of a brake to stop the generator for damaging itself can be either a mechanical governor or electrical speed
sensor. [6]

Gearbox or Direct Drive System:

In many wind turbine designs, there's a gearbox that increases the rotational speed of the slower-moving rotor shaft to match the optimal rotational speed
of the generator. In some newer designs, a direct drive system is used, which eliminates the need for a gearbox.

Nacelle:
The nacelle is a housing that contains the generator, gearbox (if present), and other essential components. It's usually located atop the tower and rotates to
face the wind direction, allowing the blades to capture maximum wind energy.

Yaw System:
The yaw system consists of motors and sensors that adjust the orientation of the nacelle to face the wind direction. This ensures that the blades are always
aligned with the incoming wind, maximizing energy capture.

Tower:
The tower supports the entire wind turbine above ground level. It provides the necessary height to position the rotor blades at an optimal height for
capturing stronger and more consistent winds.

Anemometer and Wind Vane:

These instruments are often installed on the wind turbine to measure wind speed and direction. This data helps the turbine's control system adjust the yaw
angle and blade pitch for optimal performance.

16
Controller and Power Electronics:
These components manage the operation of the wind turbine. They monitor wind conditions, control the yaw and blade pitch mechanisms, regulate the
generator's output, and handle safety features.

Brakes and Safety Systems:

Wind turbines are equipped with brakes to stop the rotor in cases of excessive wind speeds or maintenance. Additionally, safety systems are integrated to
protect the turbine from potential damage due to extreme weather conditions.

Foundation:
The foundation is the base structure upon which the tower and other components are built. It needs to be strong and well-engineered to support the weight
and forces of the wind turbine.
These components work in tandem to efficiently harness wind energy and convert it into electricity that can be fed into the power grid or used for various
applications.

17
Chapter 2:
System equipment

18
An AC/DC converter, often referred to as a rectifier, is a fundamental electronic device that facilitates the transformation of alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). This conversion is crucial in numerous applications, ranging from powering everyday household electronics to enabling the operation of complex
industrial machinery. In this exploration, we'll delve into the workings, types, and applications of AC/DC converters.

Working Principle:
The primary function of an AC/DC converter is to rectify alternating current, which periodically changes direction, into direct current that flows consistently in
one direction. The basic components of a rectifier include diodes, which are semiconductor devices allowing current flow in one direction only.

During the positive half-cycle of the AC input, the diodes conduct and permit the flow of current in the forward direction. Conversely, during the negative half-
cycle, the diodes block the current, ensuring that it only flows in one direction. This process effectively transforms AC into pulsating DC. To smooth out these
pulsations, additional components such as capacitors are often employed in a circuit.

Types of AC/DC Converters:

*Half-Wave Rectifier: *
- Simplest form of rectifier.
- Utilizes a single diode to allow current flow during one half-cycle.
- Inefficient due to its limited use of the AC waveform.

2. *Full-Wave Rectifier: *
- More efficient than half-wave rectifiers.
- Employs two diodes to conduct during both half-cycles.
- Can be further categorized into bridge and center-tap rectifiers.

3. *Bridge Rectifier: *
- Commonly used in practical applications.
- Utilizes four diodes configured in a bridge arrangement.
- Provides full-wave rectification without the need for a center-tapped transformer.

4. *Center-Tap Rectifier: *
- Employs a center-tapped transformer.
- Two diodes conduct during alternate half-cycles.
- Requires a larger transformer and is less efficient compared to bridge rectifiers.
Applications:
1. *Power Supplies: *
- Most electronic devices require DC power for operation.
- AC/DC converters are integral components in the power supplies of computers, TVs, smartphones, and various household appliances.
2. *Industrial Machinery: *
- Many industrial machines and equipment are powered by DC motors.
- AC/DC converters are used to convert the AC supply into the required DC voltage for efficient motor operation.
3. *Battery Charging: *
- Charging circuits for batteries often incorporate AC/DC converters.
- These converters ensure a stable and controlled DC voltage for optimal charging.
4. *Renewable Energy Systems: *
- Solar panels and wind turbines generate DC power.
- AC/DC converters are employed to convert this DC power into usable AC power for integration into the electrical grid.
5. *Telecommunications: *
- Communication equipment, such as routers and switches, often relies on DC power.
- AC/DC converters are utilized to convert the AC supply to the required DC voltage for these devices.

19
it's important to note that charge controllers are typically associated with renewable energy systems, such as solar panels or wind turbines, and not specifically
with highway turbines.

2-A charge controller: in the context of a wind turbine, is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from the wind turbine to ensure that the
batteries connected to the system are not overcharged or over-discharged. It plays a crucial role in managing the energy flow and protecting the battery bank.
[14]
Here are some key points about the role of a charge controller in a wind turbine system:
Voltage Regulation:
The wind turbine generates variable voltage depending on wind speed. The charge controller helps regulate this voltage to ensure it remains within safe levels
for the connected batteries.
Overcharge Protection:
Charge controllers prevent overcharging of batteries by disconnecting the turbine from the battery bank when the batteries are fully charged. This is important
for the longevity and safety of the battery system.
Battery Management:
Charge controllers may include features such as temperature compensation and equalization to optimize the charging process and extend the life of the batteries.
Load Control: Some advanced charge controllers can manage the power distribution to loads, prioritizing critical loads or disconnecting non-essential loads
during low wind conditions.
Monitoring and Data Logging:
Many charge controllers provide monitoring capabilities, allowing users to track the performance of the wind turbine system. Some controllers may also have
data logging features for analysis and optimization. [14]

Type of charge controller

There are different types of charge controllers designed for various renewable energy systems, including wind turbines. The two main types of charge
controllers are:
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Charge Controllers:
How it works: PWM controllers work by rapidly switching the power from the solar panels (or wind turbine) on and off during charging. This modulation
regulates the voltage sent to the battery.
Advantages:
PWM controllers are generally more affordable than MPPT controllers and are suitable for smaller systems with less variable input.
Limitations:
They are less efficient than MPPT controllers, especially in situations where the solar panel or wind turbine voltage is much higher than the battery voltage.
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) Charge Controllers:
How it works: MPPT controllers use advanced algorithms to continuously adjust the electrical operating point of the solar panels (or wind turbine) to extract the
maximum power available under the current environmental conditions. [14]
Advantages:
MPPT controllers are more efficient than PWM controllers, especially when the solar panel or wind turbine voltage is significantly higher than the battery
voltage. They are capable of extracting more power from the renewable energy source.
Limitations:
MPPT controllers are generally more expensive than PWM controllers.
When it comes to wind turbines, the choice between PWM and MPPT charge controllers depends on the specific characteristics of the wind turbine and the
energy system requirements. MPPT controllers are often preferred for larger and more complex systems where maximizing power extraction is crucial.
It's essential to select a charge controller that is compatible with the specifications of your wind turbine and the battery bank. Always refer to the manufacturer's
recommendations and specifications to ensure proper functioning and efficiency of your renewable energy system.

20
Type of charge controller connection:
There are two types of controllers: shunt and series.
Shunt Controller.

-The shunt (parallel) regulator:

has a switch that is open when the battery is charging and closes when the battery is fully charged. These controllers require a large heat sink to
dissipate the excess current. The connection is shown in Figure 25a.

-Series Controller:
Series controllers disconnect the array when the battery voltage reaches the high voltage level. These are small and inexpensive and have a greater load-
handling capacity than shunt-type controllers. These can be single PMW. The connection is shown in Figure 26b.

Figure 3 Shunt controller

Figure 18 Series controller

Specification of solar charge:

• Type (PMW or MPPT)
• Ampere
• Input Voltage
• Output Voltage

3-Batteries
One of the fundamental parts of an off-grid energy system, batteries are utilized to power loads when the Wind is non-existent. [12]

Batteries type: (Lead acid batteries)

• Wet
• AGM
• Gel
Wet: Since it is a liquid battery, which allows for side reactions that produce gases, it contains an electrolyte, which is ions in a liquid state. As a result, it
requires a good site for ventilation.
AGM: The electrolyte is covered with a layer of fiberglass, making it superior than a wet battery in that it can be charged quickly, has a low internal
resistance, and comes in a variety of capacities. However, one of its drawbacks is that the battery's efficiency and capacity degrade over time.
Gel: Because the electrolyte is made of a gel substance, which prevents the electrolyte from maintaining itself in the form of ions without any undesirable
interactions, making it one of the best and most efficient batteries, which makes its cost high.
State of charge (SOC) & Depth of discharge (DOD)
SOC (%) - It is the charging state of the battery, i.e. if the battery is discharged, the SOC will be 0% until it reaches 100%.
DOD (%) - It is the amount of discharge for the battery, i.e. if the battery is 100% charged, the DOD is 0%. [12]

Figure 19 State of charge (SOC) & Depth of discharge (DOD).

21
 Figure 20. SOC and DOD of Batteries

- DOD is one of the key areas to consider when designing battery systems since a fully depleted battery, or a DOD of 100%, is a very negative thing. The
battery's life shortens and eventually expires as DOD rises. There must be some portion of the battery charge that must remain intact. DOD should range
between 60 to 70%. [12]

Figure 21.. DOD Riser

The overall link between DOD and Number of cycles is depicted in the above figure. Cycle, or the number of charges and discharges, is a measurement
of battery life. The number of cycles and DOD have an inverse relationship, meaning that the number of cycles decreases as DOD increases. [12]

Figure 22 Temperature effect on Batteries

All batteries are impacted by temperature, and the curve illustrates how battery capacity is affected by temperature variations. 25 to 30 degrees Celsius
are considered to be the best range. The battery can drain some of its charge if it is not connected to any loads (self-discharge rate). The rate of self-
discharge varies from battery to battery and is influenced by local temperature. [12]

Capacity of Batteries:
− Why is the capacity measured as (AH)?
Q
It is known that I = t , since the battery is a place where electric charges (Q ) are stored, then Q = I ⋅ t Where I is measured in amperes (A) and t is

measured in hours (H) and during battery storage of charges, it stores energy E = V ⋅ I ⋅ t , So the stored energy is equal to E = V ⋅ Q , where:
E: The energy stored in the battery (WH)
V: The voltage of the battery (volts)
Q: The electric charge in the battery (AH)
Example: If there is a 100 AH battery and its voltage is 12 volts, then:
Energy = (100 AH) *(12V) = 1200 WH. [13]

22
 Batteries connection:
When the batteries are connected in parallel, the positive terminals are connected to each other and the negative terminals to each other, and then the
voltage difference must be equal for all batteries, but AH TOTAL is equal to the sum of AH for the batteries, as shown in figure 29.

Figure 23 Parallel connection of Batteries

When connecting the batteries in series. AH is constant for all batteries, but V TOTAL is equal to the total voltages of the batteries, as shown in figure 30.

Figure 24 Series connection of Batteries 1

Connection in series and in parallel, is used to design batteries at V and AH.

Figure 25 Connection in series and in parallel.

4-Converter
As it converts the Alternating current from AC current to the batteries, the coverter's primary job is to change the current flowing from AC to DC to drive the
loads. The converter varies depending on the type of Wind turbine system, so an off-grid converter is quite different from an on-grid converter.

Specification for Converters:

1. Type of converter: (On-grid converter, Off-grid converter, Hybrid Converter).
2. Square, Modified, sine wave form
3. Frequency intput 50 or 60 Hz
4. Input AC Voltage Output DC Voltage
23
For 275-12, 350-24, 400-48, 700-48, 1000-12, 2100-12 and 2400-24 Models
System Voltage - The amount of battery voltage that is connected to the converter output.
Continuous power - The amount of output power from the converter.
Power 30 min - It is the amount of power that the converter can give within 30 minutes.
Power 5 sec - the amount of power that the converter can give within 5 seconds.
Max. Efficiency - The efficiency of the converter in ratio output power to input power.
Battery Voltage - The actual amount of voltage taken from the battery.
Output Voltage - The output voltage from the converter.
Output Frequency – The output frequency from converter.

24
Chapter 3: Wind
energy calculation

25
Concern over renewable energy technology is rising in the modern day. One renewable energy source that has been used extensively for the production of
energy is wind energy. This field has seen significant financial investment in order to harness energy and power dwellings. Because of the enormous volume of
traffic and the high speeds of the cars, wind energy from highways is typically wasted yet can be very sufficient to power a turbine. Determining the average
velocity of the wind generated by approaching cars requires a thorough investigation of wind patterns. The aim of this project is to develop and examine a
vertical axis wind turbine with the purpose of harnessing wind energy from passing cars on the highway.
Our chosen wind turbine is the Hi-VAWT model DS700.

Figure 26 Hi-VAWT model DS700

Figure 27. Converter

26
 Technical Definitions
• Cut-in speed is the minimum wind speed at which a rotating wind turbine will begin to generate electricity. This
speed will vary based on the size of the turbine and generator, number and design of the blades, and the type of
turbine (axial or vertical).
• The rated wind speed is the speed at which the wind turbine will produce its rated output power. This is also a
function of the size and type of generator, in the same fashion as the cut-in speed.
• Maximum Speed is the highest wind speed the wind turbine will generate power at before shutting off to protect
itself from excessive forces due to extreme wind speeds.
• Cut-out speed is the speed at which a wind turbine’s over speed protection features will engage to prevent damage to
the wind turbine and attached generator. There are several ways this can be implemented, including mechanical
brakes, electrical shunt trips, or blade feathering. By design, there is usually a range at which these protective devices
will begin engaging depending upon specific conditions and wind turbine configuration.
• Rated Output is the design power available at the rated wind speed of the turbine. This is also referred to as
nameplate rating and does not necessarily represent the maximum potential output of the unit
• Rotor Diameter is the distance across the circle traced by the blade tips of the turbine.
• System Height is measured overall height of the wind turbine assembly, from ground level of the mounting system to
the top of the turbine hub, in meters.

For VAWT:

A=D×H

where:

• D — Diameter; and
• H — Turbine height.

2. Calculate the available wind power.

Once you know the swept area, you can find the available wind power according to this formula:

P wind =0.5×ρ×v3×A

where:

• A — Sweep area.
• ρ — Air density, assumed to be 1.225 kg/m³ by default (you can change it in advanced mode).
• v — Wind speed — the typical usable range is approximately 3-25 m/s.
• P wind — Available wind power.

It is possible to calculate the density of dry air using the law of ideal gases by placing it as a mathematical function of heat and pressure
𝑝
𝜌= 𝑇. 𝑅𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐

Where:
ρ: air density.
P: pressure.
R: specific nature for air gases.
T: temperature.
27
 Figure 28. temperature effect on air density.

Figure 29. temperature effect on air density.

Finding the efficiency of the turbine.

You can find the total efficiency of the turbine as follows:

μ =(1−km) ×(1−ke) × (1−ket) ×(1−kt) × (1−kw ) ×Cp

where:

• Cp — Turbine efficiency (it must be lower than the Betz limit (59.3%), and is typically between 30-40%);
• kw — Wake losses due to neighboring turbines and the terrain topography, typically 3-10%;
• km — Mechanical losses of the blades and gearbox, typically 0%-0.3%;
• ke — Electrical losses of the turbine, typically 1%-1.5%;
• ke, t — Electrical losses of transmission to the grid, typically 3%-10%;
• kt — Percentage of time out of order due to failure or maintenance, typically 2%-3%; and
• μ — Real efficiency.

Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage, but you input it into the formula as a fraction (for example, 30% = 0.3).

Calculating the output power.

To find the wind turbine power, simply multiply the efficiency by the wind power available:

P output=μ ×P wind

28
 Figure 4

Figure 30. Data of wind in Jordan_alkarak

On this location the speed on this street is 70km/h

On this speed the car will produce 4.5 m/s wind velocity.

So now for this data if we use turbine with diameter 1.93 m and height 4.66 m

And taken for example the wind velocity in February is 3.57 m/s

And the wind generate from car is 6.42 the total wind velocity on average is 8 m/s

A=D×H= 1.93*4.66= 8.9938

P wind=0.5×ρ×v3×A = 0 .5*1.225*997* 8.9938=5492.17 watt

μ =(1−km) ×(1−ke) × (1−ke, t) ×(1−kt) × (1−kw ) ×Cp

= (1-.002) *(1-.013) *(1-0.04) *(1-.02) *(1-.04) *.4= 0.355

P output = μ* P wind = 0.355*5492.17=1949.72 watt

The output in one day if the turbine operation 8 hours is 1949.72*8=15597.76 watt
This output power after losses

From this data we put tolerance ±15%

Vertical type
%power generated by wind
turbine height=4.66;
rotor diameter=1.93;
A =turbine height*rotor diameter; %sweep area=Turbine height*Diameter (1.93*4.66)
Vw= [3.48 3.57 3.44 3.35 3.21 3.26 3.04 2.95 2.77 2.68 3.39 3.52];
d = [1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pw= 0.5*A.*Vw. ^3. *d;

%power generated by car (when the car moves at 100km/h)

Vcar=6.42;
d= [1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pcar=0.5*A*Vcar^3. *d;

%power generated by car and wind camping

Vt=Vcar+Vw;
d = [1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pt=0.5*A.*Vt.^3. *d;

km =0.002 %Mechanical losses of the blades and gearbox

ke =0.013 %Electrical losses of the turbine
ket=0.04 %Electrical losses of transmission to the grid
kt =0.02 %Percentage of time out of order due to failure or maintenance
kw =0.04 %Wake losses due to neighbouring turbines and the terrain topography
Cp =0.4 %Turbine efficiency

Efficiency =(1-km) *(1-ke) *(1-ket) *(1-kt) *(1-kw) *Cp

Pwout=Pw. *Efficiency;
Pcarout=Pcar. *Efficiency;
Ptout=Pt*Efficiency;
%for 8 operation hours
cost= (8/1000). *Ptout. *0.050*30

subplot (3,3,1);
29
 plot(Pw)
title('Pw')
subplot (3,3,2);
plot(Pcar)
title('Pcar')
subplot (3,3,3);
plot(Pt)
title('Pt')
subplot (3,3,4);
plot(Pwout)
title('Pwout')
subplot (3,3,5);
plot(Pcarout)
title('Pcarout')
subplot (3,3,6);
plot(Ptout)
title('Ptout')
subplot (3,3,8);
plot(cost)
title('cost')

Readings for Vertical Wind turbine

Month Vwind Vwcar Vwind+car Pwind Pcar Pt Efficiency Pwout Pcarout Ptout cost Pt
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (w) (w) (w) (w) (w) (w) (Per month)
1 3.48 6.42 9.9 233.2969 1464.8 5371.3 0.3522 83.0205 521.2578 1911.4 22.9369
2 3.57 6.42 9.99 251.2559 1461.2 5505.6 0.3522 89.4113 519.9875 1959.2 23.5107
3 3.44 6.42 9.86 222.0493 1443.4 5228.8 0.3522 79.0179 513.6359 1860.7 22.3286
4 3.35 6.42 9.77 199.4939 1404.1 4948.6 0.3522 70.9914 499.6623 1761 21.1318
5 3.21 6.42 9.63 176.7033 1413.6 4771 0.3522 62.8812 503.0498 1697.8 20.3735
6 3.26 6.42 9.68 181.9738 1389.8 4764.1 0.3522 64.7568 494.5809 1695.3 20.3442
7 3.04 6.42 9.46 147.0574 1385.1 4431.4 0.3522 52.3315 492.8872 1576.9 18.9233
8 2.95 6.42 9.37 133.9175 1380.3 4291.3 0.3522 47.6556 491.1934 1527.1 18.3251
9 2.77 6.42 9.19 111.0603 1382.7 4055.7 0.3522 39.5216 492.0403 1443.3 17.319
10 2.68 6.42 9.1 102.314 1406.5 4005.5 0.3522 36.4092 500.5091 1425.4 17.1046
11 3.39 6.42 9.81 210.9302 1432.7 5111.5 0.3522 75.0611 509.8249 1819 21.8275
12 3.52 6.42 9.94 240.2577 1457.7 5410.1 0.3522 85.4975 518.7172 1925.2 23.1029

Figure 31. Data of wind.

30
 Figure 32 Power of wind and Car for vertical wind type.

It is also possible to take advantage of the generated energy in street sidewalk lighting

Figure 33. Pavement lighting from the generated energy.

Horizontal Wind type:

%power generated by wind
A =16.6;
Vw=[3.48 3.57 3.44 3.35 3.21 3.26 3.04 2.95 2.77 2.68 3.39 3.52];
d =[1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pw= 0.5*A.*Vw.^3.*d;
V=Vw/12
%power generated by car (when the car moves at 100km/h)
Vcar=6.42;
d=[1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pcar=0.5*A*Vcar^3.*d;

%power generated by car and wind compind

Vt=Vcar+Vw;
d =[1.231 1.228 1.213 1.18 1.188 1.168 1.164 1.16 1.162 1.182 1.204 1.225];
Pt=0.5*A.*Vt.^3.*d;

km =0.002 %Mechanical losses of the blades and gearbox

ke =0.013 %Electrical losses of the turbine
ket=0.04 %Electrical losses of transmission to the grid
kt =0.02 %Percentage of time out of order due to failure or maintenance
kw =0.04 %Wake losses due to neighboring turbines and the terrain topography
Cp =0.4 %Turbine efficiency

Efficiency =(1-km)*(1-ke)*(1-ket)*(1-kt)*(1-kw )*Cp

Pwout=Pw.*Efficiency;
Pcarout=Pcar.*Efficiency;
Ptout=Pt.*Efficiency;
%for 8 opration hours
31
cost =(8/1000).*Ptout.*0.050*30

subplot(3,3,1);
plot(Pw)
title('Pw')
subplot(3,3,2);
plot(Pcar)
title('Pcar')
subplot(3,3,3);
plot(Pt)
title('Pt')
subplot(3,3,4);
plot(Pwout)
title('Pwout')
subplot(3,3,5);
plot(Pcarout)
title('Pcarout')
subplot(3,3,6);
plot(Ptout)
title('Ptout')
subplot(3,3,8);
plot(cost)
title('cost')

Figure 34 Power of wind and Car for horizontal wind type.

Readings for Horizontal Wind turbine

cost Pt(per
Vwind+car Pwind(w) Pcar(w) Pt(w) Efficiency Pwout(w) Pcarout(w) Ptout(w)
mounth)
9.9 430.5999 2703.6 9914 0.3522 153.2322 962.0939 3527.9 42.335
9.99 463.747 2697 10162 0.3522 165.0279 959.7492 3616.2 43.3941
9.86 409.8399 2664.1 9651 0.3522 145.8446 948.0259 3434.4 41.2123
9.77 368.2091 2591.6 9134 0.3522 131.03 922.2346 3250.3 39.0033
9.63 326.1442 2609.2 8806 0.3522 116.0609 928.487 3133.6 37.6037
9.68 335.8719 2565.2 8793 0.3522 119.5226 912.8559 3129.1 37.5495
9.46 271.4262 2556.4 8179 0.3522 96.5891 909.7297 2910.6 34.9271
9.37 247.1736 2547.7 7921 0.3522 87.9586 906.6035 2818.6 33.823
9.19 204.9857 2552.1 7486 0.3522 72.9457 908.1666 2663.8 31.966
9.1 188.8426 2596 7393 0.3522 67.2011 923.7977 2630.8 31.5702
9.81 389.3173 2644.3 9434 0.3522 138.5415 940.9919 3357.3 40.2874
9.94 443.4475 2690.4 9986 0.3522 157.8041 957.4046 3553.4 42.6413

32
Figure 35. wind circuit off grid (Vertical type).

Figure 36. Mechanical Energy.

Figure 37. Initial State of Charge.

33
 Figure 37. V, I of Wind Turbine.

Figure 39. Power of Wind Turbine.

34
Figure 40. wind circuit off grid (Horizontal type).

Figure 41. Mechanical Energy.

35
Figure 42. Initial State of Charge.

Figure 43. V, I of Wind Turbine.

36
 Figure 44. Power of Wind Turbine.

Simulation of light senor of lighting pole in Wind turbine system:

Figure 45. Light pole sensor in Wind Turbine.

37
 Figure 46. Data sheet of Light pole.

If we have 2056W from Wind turbine we can connect 20 Light poles (2056w/100w=20.56 lighting poles).

38
Code of light senor of lighting pole in Wind turbine system:
// C++ code
//
int pir = 2; //pir pin initialization
int Relay = 4; //Relay pin initialization
int ph = A0; //photo resistance pin initialization
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //serial monitor begin
pinMode(Relay,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ph,INPUT);
pinMode(pir,INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
//digitalWrite(Relay,HIGH);
//delay(500);
//digitalWrite(Relay,LOW);
int agValue=0,ssValue=0; //analog and sensor value initialization
agValue=analogRead(ph); //analog value is assigned to agValue
ssValue=digitalRead(pir); //digital value is assigned to ssvalue
if(agValue<=500) //night
{
digitalWrite(Relay,HIGH); //light blow low
Serial.println("night"); //serial monitor display
delay(100);
if(ssValue == 1) //sensor value 1(object detected)
{
Serial.println("object detected");
for(int i=0;i<30;i++)
{
digitalWrite(Relay,HIGH); //light blow high
delay(i);
digitalWrite(Relay,LOW);
//digitalWrite(Relay,HIGH);
delay(50);
}
}
}
else //day
{
Serial.println("day");
digitalWrite(Relay,LOW);
//delay(500);

if(ssValue == 1)
{
Serial.println("object movement detected");
digitalWrite(Relay,HIGH);
delay(3000);

}
//delay(1000);
}
Name Quantity Component
U1 1 Arduino Uno R3
PIR1 1 -155.24538546310282 , -267.1913826898903 , -210.9445838301466 PIR Sensor
K1 1 Relay DPDT
L1 1 Light bulb
BAT1 1 9V Battery
R1 1 Photoresistor
R2 1 1 kΩ Resistor

Figure 47. Light pole sensor in Street.

39
References
[1] https://www.slideshare.net/FarhanAhmade/highway-wind-turbine-electricity-generation-ppthttps

[2] https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/13/2543

[3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotor-hub

[4] 12th Deep Sea Offshore Wind R&D Conference, EERA DeepWind'2015

[5] https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/wind-energy/induction-generator.html

[6] https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/wind-energy/wind-turbine-generator.html

[7] https://weatherspark.com/y/98917/Average-Weather-in-Karak-City-Jordan-Year-Round

[8]://www.omnicalculator.com/ecology/wind-turbine

[9] ‫( كثافة الهواء – ويكيبيديا‬wikipedia.org)

[10]‫ محاكاة بيانات المناخ والطقس التاريخية ل الكرك‬- meteoblue

[11] Hegde, Shreyas & Palash, Shah & Ahmed, Arham & Upadhyay, Meet & M, Arun. (2016). Highway Mounted Horizontal Axial Flow Turbines for Wind Energy Harvesting
from Cruising Vehicles.

[12] https://deals1.promo/why-soc-and-dod-so-important-for-battery-life/

[13] https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/battery-characteristics/battery-capacity

[14] https://midsummerenergy.co.uk/choosing-correct-regulator-off-grid-systems

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