Energy Source

(Such as Furnace)

Qin System
Boundary
Difficulty
Level Boiler

Win Wout Wnet,out

Pump
Turbine
Condenser

Qout
Energy Sink
(Such as the Atmosphere
 Introduction to Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Thermal Energy Reservoir

Heat Engine

Refrigerator & Heat Pump

CONTENTS
Perpetual-Motion Machine

Reversible & Irreversible Processes

Carnot Cycle

Carnot Principle
Introduction to Second Law of
Thermodynamics
 THERMODYNAMIC’S LAW YUSMADY 2015Ó

THERMODYNAMICS

Conversion of Energy

ZEROTH LAW FIRST LAW SECOND THIRD

LAW LAW
If two bodies are in Energy can be neither ???? Not
thermal equilibrium created nor destroyed covered
with a third body, they during a process, it can in this
are also in thermal only change form Subject !!
equilibrium with each KELVIN-
𝐸!" − 𝐸#$% = ∆𝐸&'&%() PLANCK
other STATEMENT
CLAUSIUS
STATEMENT
 INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A PROCESS MUST FULFILL THE FIRST THERMODYNAMICS LAW
ENERGY LOSS FROM
Cooling THE COFFEE

50°C 25°C ENERGY GAINED BY

THE SURROUNDING
5 kJ
5 kJ AIR

AIR Fulfill the First

Thermodynamics Law

ENERGY LOSS FROM

THE SURROUNDINGS
AIR Heating

ENERGY GAINED BY 25°C

THE COFFEE 50°C
5 kJ 5 kJ
Fulfill the First AIR
Thermodynamics Law In nature, this process can’t
occur
PROCESSES OCCUR IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION & NOT IN THE REVERSE
DIRECTION !!!
 INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A PROCESS MUST FULFILL THE FIRST THERMODYNAMICS LAW
AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC
ENERGY SUPPLIED TO
THE HEATER

AMOUNT OF HEAT
Q ENERGY TRANSFERRED
Electric t TO THE ROOM AIR
Hea
Current
Fulfill the First
We Thermodynamics Law

AMOUNT OF HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFERRED
TO THE HEATER

Q
AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC
Electric t
ENERGY GENERATED Hea
Current
Fulfill the First
Thermodynamics Law We In nature, this process
can’t occur
PROCESSES OCCUR IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION & NOT IN THE REVERSE
DIRECTION !!!
 INTRODUCTION TO SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS LAWS

FIRST LAW SECOND LAW

Energy can be neither Process Direction

created nor destroyed Quality of Energy
during a process, it can
only change form NO RESTRICTION Theoretical Limits of
ON DIRECTION OF A Performance
𝐸!" − 𝐸#$% = ∆𝐸&'&%()
PROCESS

Cooling

50°C 25°C

AIR
FULFILL THE FIRST A PROCESS MUST
THERMODYNAMICS FULFILL BOTH THE
LAW DOES NOT FIRST & THE
Heating
ENSURE THAT THE SECOND
25°C 50°C
PROCESS CAN THERMODYNAMICS
OCCUR LAWS
AIR
In nature, this process can’t
occur
Thermal Energy Reservoir
 THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIR @ HEAT RESERVOIR
THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIR
A Hypothetical Body with a Relatively Large Any Physical Body Whose Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy Capacity That Can Supply @ Capacity is Large Relative to The Amount of
Absorb Finite Amount of Heat without Energy It Supplies or Absorb
Undergoing Any Change in Temperature
Atmosphere TAtmosphere » Constant TRoom Air » Constant
(Reservoir)

House
Factory Heat Heat
Heat
TV

Heat
Ocean
(Reservoir) Room Air
TOcean » Constant (Reservoir) Room

TYPE OF RESERVOIR

Thermal Thermal Energy Thermal Energy Sink Heat

Energy Source
Source
A Reservoir That A Reservoir That Thermal
Heat Supplies Heat Energy Absorb Heat Energy Energy Sink
Heat Engine
 HEAT ENGINES
PROCESSES OCCUR IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION & NOT IN THE REVERSE
DIRECTION !!!
Work
To make HEAT Þ SPECIAL DEVICE Þ WORK
HEAT Þ WORK it happen

HEAT ENGINE
Heat A System or Device That Used Heat
Energy to Produce Work

Water In nature, this process

can’t occur CHARACTERISTICS

Work
WORK Þ HEAT
Receive Heat Convert Reject Waste Operate
From A Part of Heat to A on A
High- Heat Low- Cycle
Temperature Received Temperature
Source to Work Sink

Water Heat
 HEAT ENGINES
HEAT ENGINE
A System or Device That Used
Heat Energy to Produce Work
CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE OF HEAT
OF HEAT ENGINE ENGINE
Receive Heat From A
High-Temperature STEAM POWER PLANT
High-Temperature Source
Source
Convert Part of Heat Energy Source
Received to Work (Such as Furnace)
Qin
Reject Waste Heat to Qin System
Boundary
A Low-Temperature
HE Sink

Operate on A Cycle Boiler

Wnet,out Wout Wnet,out
Win
Qout
Pump
Wnet,out Turbine
HE
Low-Temperature Wout Condenser
Source

Win
Qout
Wnet,out = Wout - Win (kJ)
Energy Sink
(Such as the Atmosphere
Wnet,out = Qin - Qout (kJ)
 HEAT ENGINES: THERMAL EFFICIENCY (hth)
High-Temperature Heat Engine Performance
Source at TH
The Fraction of Heat Input
QH Qin That is Converted to Net Work
Output

HE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Wnet,out (hth)
QL Qout 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝜂%* =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Low-Temperature
Source at TL (0 ≤ 𝜂%* ≤ 1)
How Efficiently A Heat
Engine Converts The Received
Heat To Work

𝑊"(%,#$% 𝑊!"#,%&# = 𝑊%&# − 𝑊'! 𝑄#$%

𝜂%* = 𝜂%* = 1 −
𝑄!" 𝑊!"#,%&# = 𝑄'! − 𝑄%&# 𝑄!"
𝑊!"#,%&# = 𝑄( − 𝑄)
𝑄,
𝜂%* = 1 −
𝑄-
 HEAT ENGINES: THERMAL EFFICIENCY (hth)
HOW TO INCREASE THE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY (hth) ???

𝑊"(%,#$% 𝑊!"#,%&# = 𝑊%&# − 𝑊'! 𝑄#$%

𝜂%* = 𝜂%* = 1 −
𝑄!" 𝑊!"#,%&# = 𝑄'! − 𝑄%&# 𝑄!"

Energy Source
(Such as Furnace)

Qin System
Win? Boundary Qin?
Boiler

Wout? Win Wout Wnet,out Qout?

Pump
Turbine

Condenser

Qout
Energy Sink
(Such as the Atmosphere
EXAMPLE 5.1:
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80
MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 50
MW, determine the net power output and the thermal efficiency
for this heat engine.

𝑊̇ "(%,#$% 𝑊̇ "(%,#$%
Furnace 𝜂%* = = 𝑊̇ "(%,#$% = 𝑄̇ - − 𝑄̇ ,
̇
𝑄!" 𝑄̇ -

𝑸̇ 𝑯 = 𝟖𝟎 𝑴𝑾

𝑊̇ "(%,#$% = 80 − 50 𝑀𝑊 = 30 𝑀𝑊
Wnet,out

HE
𝑊̇ "(%,#$% 30 𝑀𝑊
𝜂%* = = = 0.375 @ 37.5%
̇
𝑄- 80 𝑀𝑊
𝑸̇ 𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑾

River
EXAMPLE 5.2:
A car engine with a power output of 50 kW has a thermal
efficiency of 24%. Determine the fuel consumption rate of this
car if the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 kJ/kg (that is, 44,000
kJ energy is released for each kg of fuel burned).

𝐻𝑉 = 𝑞 = 44,000 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝜂%* = 24%

Combustion
𝒎̇ 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 =? ? ?
Chamber
𝑊̇ "(%,#$% 𝑊̇ "(%,#$%
𝜂%* = 𝑄̇ - =
𝑄̇ - 𝜂%*
𝑸̇ 𝑯
50 𝑘𝑊
𝑄̇ - = = 208.3 𝑘𝑊
Wnet,out= 50 kW 0.24
Car
HE
Engine
𝑄̇ -
𝑄̇ - = 𝑚𝑞
̇ 𝑚̇ =
𝑸̇ 𝑳
𝑞
208.3 𝑘𝑊
𝑚̇ = = 0.00473 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
44000 𝑘𝐽
Atmosphere
 HEAT ENGINES:
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
KELVIN-PLANCK
Thermal
STATEMENT
Energy
It Is Impossible for No Heat A Heat Engine Must
Reservoir
Any Device that Engine Exchange Heat with
100 kJ a Low-Temperature
QH Operates on a Cycle to Can Have
A Sink as well as a
Receive Heat from a High-Temperature
Single Reservoir and Thermal
HE
Efficiency Source to keep
Produce a Net Amount operating in order to
of Work Of 100%
Wnet,out complete the cycle
QL=0 100 kJ

A Complete
Violates the Kelvin-Planck Cycle
Statement Work High-Temperature
Source at TH
Load
QH
Load Load
Hot
Gas
Gas Gas HE
30°C 90°C 30°C Wnet,out

Initial Final Initial QL

Heat Heat
State State State
Reservoir at Reservoir at Low-Temperature
100°C 20°C Source at TL
Refrigerator & Heat Pump
 REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP
IN NATURE, HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS OCCUR FROM HIGH-TEMPERATURE
MEDIUM TO LOW-TEMPERATURE MEDIUM

COLD MEDIUM Heat HOT MEDIUM To make it happen

Room
Air
25°C

Ice Ice In nature, this

process can’t COLD HOT
0° C Heat -10°C MEDIUM Heat
occur MEDIUM
Initial Final
SPECIAL DEVICE

HOT MEDIUM Heat COLD MEDIUM

Room REFRIGERATOR HEAT PUMP

Air
25°C

Ice Water
Heat 25°C
0° C

Initial Final
 REFRIGERATOR
REFRIGERATOR

REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF
CYCLE PERFORMANCE (COPR)
Vapor Compression 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Refrigeration Cycle 𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑂𝑃! > 1

Warm Environment
Warm environment at TH
QH
Condenser QH 𝑄"
Win
Warm environment
𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
Condenser
QH

Win
𝑊#$%,'#
Expansion
valve
R
Expansion
valve
Compressor
Wnet,in
Evaporator
𝑊!"#,'! = 𝑄( − 𝑄)
Compressor QL
Cold refrigerated space

Required
Evaporator Desired QL Input 1
QL Output 𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
𝑄(
−1
Cold refrigerated space Cold Refrigerated
Space at TL
𝑄"
 HEAT PUMP
HEAT PUMP

HEAT PUMP CYCLE COEFFICIENT OF

PERFORMANCE (COPHP)
Same Cycle With
Refrigerator But With 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Different Objective Or 𝐶𝑂𝑃() =
Function 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐶𝑂𝑃() > 1

Warm Heated
Warm Space at TH
Indoor 𝑄(
𝐶𝑂𝑃() =
QH
Desired 𝑊#$%,'#
Output QH
Condenser Warm environment
QH

Win 𝑊!"#,'! = 𝑄( − 𝑄)
Condenser
Win

HP
Expansion
valve
Compressor
Wnet,in
Expansion
1
Evaporator

valve QL

Compressor
Cold refrigerated space
𝐶𝑂𝑃() =
Required 𝑄
QL Input 1 − 𝑄"
Evaporator (
QL
Cold Environment
Cold Outdoors at TL 𝐶𝑂𝑃() = 𝐶𝑂𝑃! + 1
EXAMPLE 5.3:
The food compartment of a refrigerator, shown in Figure, is
maintained at 4°C by removing heat from it at a rate of 360
kJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2 kW,
determine (a) the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator
and (b) the rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the
refrigerator.
(𝑎) 𝑄̇ "
𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
Kitchen 𝑊̇ #$%,'#
360
60 𝑘𝐽/𝑠 3 kJ of heat remove for
𝑸̇ 𝑯 𝐶𝑂𝑃! = =3 each kJ of work
Warm environment
QH
Condenser
2 𝑘𝑊 supplied
Win

R
Expansion
valve
Compressor
𝑾̇ 𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒌𝑾
(𝑏) 𝑊̇ #$%,'# = 𝑄̇ ( − 𝑄̇ "
Evaporator
QL
Cold refrigerated space

𝑸̇ 𝑳 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑄̇ ( = 𝑊̇ #$%,'# + 𝑄̇ "

Food Compartment 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
at 4°C 𝑄̇ ( = 2×60 + 360 = 480 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
EXAMPLE 5.4:
A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a
house and maintain it at 20°C. On a day when the outdoor air
temperature drops to -2 °C, the house is estimated to lose heat at
a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat pump under these conditions
has a COP of 2.5, determine (a) the power consumed by the heat
pump and (b) the rate at which heat is absorbed from the cold
outdoor air.
Heat (𝑎) 𝑄̇ " 𝑄̇ "
Loss 𝐶𝑂𝑃! = 𝑊̇ #$%,'# =
𝑊̇ #$%,'# 𝐶𝑂𝑃!
House at
20°C 80,000 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
80,000 kJ/h 𝑊̇ #$%,'# =
2.5
Warm environment
𝑸̇ 𝑯 𝑊̇ #$%,'# = 32,000 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
QH
Condenser
Win

HP 𝑾̇ 𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒊𝒏 =?
Expansion

(𝑏) 𝑊̇ #$%,'# = 𝑄̇ ( − 𝑄̇ "

valve
Compressor

Evaporator
QL

𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑯𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟓
Cold refrigerated space

𝑸̇ 𝑳 =? 𝑄̇ " = 𝑄̇ ( − 𝑊̇ #$%,'#
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
Outdoor air at -2°C 𝑄̇ ( = 80,000 − 32,000 = 48,000 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
ℎ ℎ
 REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP:
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
It Is Impossible To Construct a A Refrigerator or A Heat Pump
Device That Operates In a Cycle and cannot operate unless its involves
Produces No Effect Other Than The the consumption of some energy
Transfer of Heat from a Lower- in the form of work, in addition to
Temperature Body to a Higher- the transfer of heat from a colder
temperature Body body to a warmer body

Warm Environment Warm Environment

at TH at TH

QH QH

R Wnet,in=0 R Wnet,in

QL QL

Cold Refrigerated Cold Refrigerated

Space at TL Space at TL
Perpetual-Motion Machine
 PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES
THERMODYNAMIC
FIRST LAW LAWS SECOND LAW
CONSERVATION KELVIN-PLANCK
OF ENERGY CLAUSIUS

FULFILLMENT OF BOTH VIOLATION OF BOTH

LAWS LAWS OR EITHER LAW

A Must For A Process To DEVICE:

Occurs PERPETUAL-MOTION
MACHINES

High-Temperature Warm Environment

Source at TH at TH

QH PERPETUAL- PERPETUAL-
QH MOTION MOTION
MACHINE OF THE MACHINE OF THE
HE R Wnet,in FIRST KIND SECOND KIND
(PPM1) (PPM2)
Wnet,out Violation Of The Violation Of The
QL First Law Second Law
QL

Low-Temperature Cold Refrigerated

Source at TL Space at TL
 PERPETUAL-MOTION MACHINES
PERPETUAL-MOTION PERPETUAL-MOTION PERPETUAL-MOTION
MACHINE OF THE MACHINES MACHINE OF THE
FIRST KIND (PPM1) SECOND KIND (PPM2)
Any Device That Violates
Violation Of The First Either The First Law or The Violation Of The Second
Law Second Law Law
𝑄̇ $%
𝑄̇ $% 𝑊̇ !"#,%&# Current
Boiler Practice:
Energy Wasted
Boiler at The
Condenser
𝑊̇ " Pump Turbine
Condenser 𝑊̇ !"#,%&#
Pump Resistance Modified to
Heater Increase
Turbine Generator Efficiency??
𝑄̇ !"# 𝑄̇ $%
𝑊̇ 4&54,'! System
Boundary
Condenser Boiler
Steam
Power Plant 𝑊̇ !"#,%&#
𝑄̇ !"# System Boundary
Pump Turbine

Once the system started, electricity produced 𝑄̇ !"#

without any energy input from the outside
FULFILLED THE FIRST LAW: Supplying Energy
VIOLATION OF THE FIRST LAW: to & Receiving Energy from the Outside.
Supplying Energy to the Outside ( 𝑸̇ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 & 𝑾̇ 𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒐𝒖𝒕 ) VIOLATION OF THE SECOND LAW:
without Receiving Any Energy ( 𝑸̇ 𝒊𝒏 ) No Heat Exchange with a Low-Temperature Sink.
Reversible & Irreversible Processes
 REVERSIBLE & REVERSIBLE PROCESSES

THE SECOND LAW OF THE HIGHEST

EFFICIENCY OF A
THERMODYNAMICS HEAT ENGINE ???
KELVIN-PLANCK
STATEMENT:
No Heat Engine Can Have A
Thermal Efficiency Of 100%

High-Temperature
Source at TH

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕,𝒐𝒖𝒕 IDEALIZE PROCESS PERFORMANCE

Qin 𝜼𝒕𝒉 =
𝑸𝒊𝒏
REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE
PROCESS PROCESS
HE

Wnet,out
Qout 𝑾𝒎𝒂𝒙,𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝜼𝒕𝒉,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = <𝟏
𝑸𝒊𝒏
Low-Temperature
Source at TL
𝜂!",$%& SECOND LAW
EFFICIENCY
 REVERSIBLE PROCESS
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
IDEALIZE PROCESS:
DEFINITIONS Not Occur in Nature EXAMPLE OF
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES
In Nature, all process are
“A Process That Can Be irreversible No Friction
Reversed Without Leaving
Any Trace On The Theoretical Limits:
Surroundings” Approaching the
Both The System And reversible process,
State 1 State 2
Surroundings Are increase the efficiency
Returned To Their Initial
States At The End Of The AIR AIR
Process
State 2 State 1
50°C
SIGNIFICANT OF 25°C

REVERSIBLE PROCESS

STATE 1 Cooling STATE 2

Easy to Idealized AIR AIR

analyze due models to Quasi Equilibrium
to the which actual (Very Slow Process)
equilibrium process can 50°C 25°C
state be compared

SECOND STATE 1 Heating STATE 2

LAW
EFFICIENCY IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
IRREVERSIBLE
PROCESS
In Nature, all process are
irreversible

DEFINITIONS EXAMPLE OF
IRREVERSIBLE
“A Process That Are Not PROCESSES
Reversible” With Friction
Both The System And IRREVERSIBILITIES: State 1
Surroundings Are Not IRREVERSIBILITY’S
Returned To Their Initial FACTORS
States Due To the State 2
Surroundings Usually Do Friction, Unrestrained
Some Work On The Expansion, Mixing Of Two
System Fluids, Heat Transfer Across
A Finite Temperature State 1’
Difference, Electric
Resistance, Inelastic State 2 State 1’ State 1
Deformation Of Solids And
Chemical Reaction
No Irreversibility's Factors:
The Process is Reversible

Non-Quasi Equilibrium
(Very Fast Process)
 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
IRREVERSIBILITIES:
IRREVERSIBILITY’S
FACTORS

Friction Unrestrained Expansion Heat Transfer

When Two Bodies In
Contact Are Force To Move Gas Vacuum
Relative To Each Others: 700 kPa 50 kPa Heat
Piston In Cylinder 100°C 5°C 20°C

WORK Initial State Membrane Initial Final

Win State State
Gas Vacuum
700 kPa 50 kPa
Initial
State HEAT
5°C 20°C

Wnet Wfric Gas Heat

Initial Final
Heat 200 kPa State State
30°C
Wfric Heat
Heat Final State REFRIGERATOR

Gas
700 kPa Win
100°C 20°C
Final Friction +10°C 5°C
State Force
Heat Initial State Again
Work Needed To
Overcome The Friction 100% Heat to Produce Heat Initial 5°C Final
Work or Vice Versa State State
 REVERSIBLE PROCESS
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
NO IRREVERSIBLITIES
INTERNALLY EXTERNALLY
REVERSIBLE REVERSIBLE
“A Process With No “A Process With No
Irreversibilities Occur No Irreversibilities Occur
Within The Boundaries Of No Irreversibilities Outside The Boundaries
OutsideThe Of The System During The
The System During The Irreversibilities
Inside The System
Process” System Process”

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Quasi Equilibrium Process: Boundary Heat Transfer Between A
Sufficient Time For Reservoir And A System:
Equilibrium Totally Reversible @ Boundary Temperature Same
Reversible With Reservoir Temperature

Boundary Boundary
Fast at 20°C at 30°C

20°C 20°C

Non-Quasi Equilibrium

Very
Slow Heat Heat

Thermal Energy Thermal Energy

Reservoir at 30°C Reservoir at 30°C
Quasi Equilibrium Internally Reversible Externally Reversible
Carnot Cycle
 THE CARNOT CYCLE

CANNOT BE ACHIEVED IN
High-Temperature PRACTICE:
Source at TH
DUE TO IRREVERSIBILITIES
QH@Qin 𝑊%*#,!"#
𝜂#) =
𝑄$% THE MOST EFFICIENT
HEAT CYCLE
ENGINE
Wnet,out
QL@Qout
𝑊()*,+,* = 𝑊+,* − 𝑊-( CARNOT REVERSED
CYCLE CARNOT
Low-Temperature CYCLE
Source at TL

MAXIMIZED THE
EFFICIENCY
THE MOST THE MOST
Less Required Work (Win) And Deliver EFFICIENT HEAT EFFICIENT
Work Most (Wout) Þ Maximized Wnet ENGINE: REFRIGERATION:
CARNOT HEAT CARNOT
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES ENGINE REFRIGERATION
REVERSIBLE CYCLE
 THE CARNOT CYCLE
q in
P 1 The Most Efficient Cycle T q in
TH
=
co That Can Be Executed T 1 2
ns Between a Heat Source and a
H
Isentro

t.

Isentropic

Isentropic
2 Sink Temperatures
p

Isen

Standard for Comparison

ic

4 TL
trop

4 3
ic

q out TL q out
=c
ons 3
t.
v s
PROCESSES
(1) ® (2) A) PROCESS 1-2 D) PROCESS 4-1 (1) ¬ (4)
TH = const.

Reversible TH

Insulation
Energy Reversible
source Isothermal Adiabatic
at Expansion Compression
TH, QH (1-2) (4-1) TL
Insulation

TL = const.
TH Energy
Reversible Reversible
Adiabatic Isothermal sink
TL Expansion at
Compression
(2-3) (3-4) TL, QL

B) PROCESS 2-3 (2) ® (3) C) PROCESS 3-4 (4) ¬ (3)

Carnot Principle
 THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES
CARNOT PRINCIPLES
THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF REVERSIBLE
& IRREVERSIBLE HEAT ENGINES

FIRST PRINCIPLE SECOND PRINCIPLE

The Efficiency Of An The Efficiency Of All
Irreversible Heat Reversible Heat
Engine Is Always Less Engines Operating
Than The Efficiency Between The Same
Of Reversible One Two Reservoirs Are
Operating Between The Same
High-Temperature
The Same Two Source at TH
Reservoir

1 2 3
Irrev. Rev. Rev.
HE HE HE
𝜂#;,< < 𝜂#;,= 𝜂#;,= = 𝜂#;,>

Low-Temperature
Source at TL
 THE CARNOT PRINCIPLES
VIOLATION OF THE VIOLATION OF THE SECOND
CARNOT PRINCIPLES LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Reversible Process: HE « R @ HP
𝑄(
High-Temperature High-Temperature
Source at TH Source at TH
𝑊'??"@ 𝑊?"@
1 2
Irrev. Rev.
𝑄( 𝑄( 𝑄( ∆𝑄(,!"# = 0 HE R
𝑄(

𝑊'??"@ 2
𝑊?"@ 𝑊'??"@ 𝑊?"@ 𝑄),'??"@ < 𝑄),?"@
1 1 2
Irrev. Rev. Irrev. Rev. 𝑄),?"@
HE HE HE R
𝑄),'??"@
𝑄),'??"@ < 𝑄),?"@ Low-Temperature
(assumed) Source at TL
𝑄),?"@ 𝑄),'??"@ < 𝑄),?"@
𝑄),'??"@ 𝑄),?"@
𝑄),'??"@
Low-Temperature Low-Temperature 𝑊'??"@ − 𝑊?"@
Source at TL Source at TL HE + R

Assumptions to Violation
The First Carnot Principle: VIOLATE THE FIRST CARNOT
𝜂#;,'??"@ > 𝜂#;,?"@ PRINCIPLE 𝑄),?"@ − 𝑄),'??"@

𝑊̇ !"#,%&# No Heat Engine Can Be More

Efficient Than A Reversible Heat Low-Temperature
𝜂#; = Source at TL
𝑄̇ ( Engine Operating Between The
Same Reservoirs
𝑊'??"@ > 𝑊?"@ Violation The Kelvin-Planck
Statement of The Second Law
𝑄),'??"@ < 𝑄),?"@ VIOLATE THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS X
𝜂#;,'??"@ > 𝜂#;,?"@
 THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE
Heat Engine
High-Temperature Efficiency, hth
Source at TH

QH
General Reversible
𝑄) 𝑇)
CARNOT 𝜂#; = 1 − 𝜂#;,?"@ = 1 −
HEAT 𝑄( 𝑇(
ENGINE Wnet,out Comparison
QL Irreversible HE 𝜂#; < 𝜂?"@
Reversible HE 𝜂#; = 𝜂?"@
Impossible HE 𝜂#; > 𝜂?"@ CARNOT
Low-Temperature
Source at TL EFFICIENCY
The Highest Efficiency
High-Temperature That A Heat Engine
Source at TH=1000K Operating Between 2
Thermal Energy
A Heat Engine That Reservoirs At TL And
Operates On The TH Can Have
Reversible Carnot Rev. HE
Cycle Irrev. HE Impo. HE
hth =70% hth =45% hth =80% No Actual Heat Engine
(Irreversible HE) can
reach the Carnot
Efficiency: Impossible
Low-Temperature to eliminate the
Source at TL=300K irreverisblities
EXAMPLE 5.5:
A Carnot heat engine, shown in the figure, receive 500 kJ of heat
per cycle from a high-temperature source at 652°C and rejects
heat to a low-temperature sink at 30°C. Determine (a) the
thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine and (b) the amount of
heat rejected to the sink per cycle
(𝑎) 𝑇"
𝜂%*,+ = 𝜂%*,,$- = 1 −
𝑇(
High-Temperature
Source at TH=625°C 30 + 273
𝜂%*,+ =1− = 0.672
625 + 273
QH=500 kJ
The Carnot Heat Engine converts 67.2% of the heat it
receives to work
CARNOT
𝑄( 𝑇(
HEAT (𝑏) =
ENGINE Wnet,out
𝑄" ,$- 𝑇"
QL 𝑇(
𝑄",,$- = 𝑄(,,$-
𝑇"
30 + 273
Low-Temperature
Source at TL=30°C
𝑄",,$- = 500 𝑘𝐽 = 164 𝑘𝐽
652 + 273
The Carnot Heat Engine reject s to a low-temperature
sink 164 kJ of the 500 kJ of heat it receives during each
cycle
 QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF ENERGY

TH (K) hth
925 K 67.2
800 K 62.1 Quality of
High-Temperature 700 K 56.7 Thermal
Source at TH
500 K 39.4 Energy
QH=500 kJ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % 350 K 13.4

CARNOT
Quantity of 𝑿%
HEAT
Thermal ENGINE Wnet,out EXERGY
Energy (Second Law)
(First Law) QL
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝑿 %

Low-Temperature
Source at TL=30°C

𝜼𝒕𝒉 = 𝑿 %
 THE CARNOT REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP
High-Temperature
Coefficient of Performance, COP
Source at TH

QH General Reversible
1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃A = 𝐶𝑂𝑃A,?"@ =
𝑄( 𝑇(
−1
CARNOT 𝑄) 𝑇) − 1
REF @ HP 1 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃(C = 𝐶𝑂𝑃(C.?"@ =
Wnet,in 𝑄 𝑇
1− ) 1 − 𝑇)
𝑄(
QL Comparison (

Irreversible R@HP 𝐶𝑂𝑃A@(C < 𝐶𝑂𝑃?"@ CARNOT

Reversible R@HP 𝐶𝑂𝑃A@(C = 𝐶𝑂𝑃?"@ EFFICIENCY
Low-Temperature
Source at TL Impossible R@HP 𝐶𝑂𝑃A@(C > 𝐶𝑂𝑃?"@ The Highest COP That
A Refrigerator @ Heat
Pump Operating
High-Temperature
Source at TH=300K
Between 2 Thermal
Energy Reservoirs At
A Refrigerator @ Heat TL And TH Can Have
Pump That Operates
On The Reverse Carnot Rev. R Irrev. R Impo. R
Cycle COPR COPR COPR No Actual refrigerator
=11 =7 =13 @ Heat Pump
(Irreversible R @ HP)
can reach the Carnot
Efficiency: Impossible
Low-Temperature to eliminate the
Source at TL=275K irreverisblities
EXAMPLE 5.6:
A Carnot refrigeration cycle is executed in a closed system in the saturated
liquid-vapor mixture region using 0.8 kg of refrigerant-134a as the working
fluid as shown in the figure. The maximum and the minimum temperatures
in the cycle are 20°C and -8°C , respectively. It is known that the refrigerant
is saturated liquid at the end of the heat rejection process, and the net work
input to the cycle is 15 kJ. Determine the fraction of the mass of the
refrigerant that vaporizes during the heat rejection process, and the pressure
at the end of the heat rejection process
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑠?
1
𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
T 𝑇(
−1
𝑇"
1
𝐶𝑂𝑃! = = 9.464
𝑄( 20 + 273
4 −1
20°C 3 −8 + 273

𝑄"
𝐶𝑂𝑃! =
-8°C 𝑊'#
1 2
𝑄) 𝑄" = 𝐶𝑂𝑃! ×𝑊'#

s
𝑄" = 9.464×15𝑘𝐽 = 142 𝑘𝐽
EXAMPLE 5.6:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅 − 134𝑎 𝑎𝑡 − 8 𝐶:
𝑄" = 𝑚$-./ ℎ01@34℃ = 142 kJ
Saturated Refrigerant R-134a --Temperature Table
Spec. Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy
deg-C MPa m^3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg*K
T 0C p_sat@T vf vg uf ug hf h fg hg sf sg
-8 0.21704 0.0007569 0.0919 39.38 222.6 39.54 203 242.54 0.1583 0.9239
20 0.5716 0.0008157 0.0358 76.8 237.91 77.26 181.09 258.35 0.2924 0.9102

ℎ01@34℃ = 203 kJ/kg

T
𝑄(
142 4
𝑚$-./ = = 0.6995 𝑘𝑔 20°C 3
ℎ01@34℃

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: -8°C

1 2
𝑄)
𝒎𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒑 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟓
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑭𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟒
𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝟎. 𝟖 s

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕@𝟐𝟎℃ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
EXAMPLE 5.7:
A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter, as
shown in the figure. The house is to be maintained at 21°C at all
times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of
135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drop to -5°C.
Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat
pump.
135,000
kJ/h 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃() =
𝑇"
House at 1−
TH=21°C 𝑇(
1
𝑄̇ ( 𝐶𝑂𝑃() = = 11.3
−5 + 273
𝑊̇ !"#,'!
1−
21 + 273
Heat
Pump 𝑄(
𝐶𝑂𝑃() =
𝑊'#
𝑄(
𝑄̇ ) 𝑊'# =
𝐶𝑂𝑃()
Cold Outside Air at
TL=-5°C 135000 𝑘𝐽
𝑊'# = = 11946.9 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑾
11.3 ℎ
 Don't let what
6-41 6-130
you cannot do
interfere with
6-102 6-134 what you can do.
6-120 6-147
6-121 6-148
6-127
7TH
EDITION
 Energy Source
(Such as Furnace)

Qin System
Boundary
Difficulty
Level Boiler

Win Wout Wnet,out

Pump
Turbine
Condenser

Qout
Energy Sink
(Such as the Atmosphere